Press Alt + R to read the document text or Alt + P to download or print.
This document contains no pages.
1999 APR 20 CC PACKETAGENDA
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL
COUNCIL CHAMBERS - 350 Main Street
The City Council, with certain statutory exceptions, can only take action upon properly posted and listed agenda items.
Unless otherwise noted in the Agenda, the Public can only comment on City- related business that is within the jurisdiction of
the City Council and/or items listed on the Agenda during the Public Communications portion of the Meeting. Additionally,
the Public can comment on any Public Hearing item on the Agenda during the Public Hearing portion of such item. The time
limit for comments is five (5) minutes per person.
Before speaking to the City Council, please come to the podium and state: Your name and residence and the organization you
represent, if desired. Please respect the time limits.
Members of the Public may place items on the Agenda by submitting a Written Request to the City Clerk or City Manager's
Office at least six days prior to the City Council Meeting (by 2:00 p.m. the prior Tuesday). The request must include a brief
general description of the business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting. Playing of video tapes or use of visual aids may
be permitted during meetings if they are submitted to the City Clerk two (2) working days prior to the meeting and they do not
exceed five (5) minutes in length.
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate in this meeting, please contact City Clerk.
607 -2208. Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the Cite to make reasonable arrangements to ensure accessibility to this meeting.
ADJOURNED REGULAR MEETING OF THE EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL
TUESDAY, APRIL 20, 1999 - 5:00 P.M.
CALL TO ORDER
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE — Councilmember John Gaines
ROLL CALL
PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS - (Related to City Business Only - 5 minute limit per person, 30
minute limit total) Individuals who have received value of $50 or more to communicate to the City Council on behalf of
another. and employees speaking on behalf of their emplm er, must so identify themselves prior to addressing the City Council.
Failure to do so shall be a misdemeanor and punishable by a one of $250.
CLOSED SESSION: The City Council may move into a closed session pursuant to applicable law,
including the Brown Act (Government Code §54950, et SeMc .) for the purposes of conferring with the
City's Real Property Negotiator; and/or conferring with the City Attorney on potential and/or existing
litigation; and /or discussing matters covered under Gov't Code §54957 (Personnel); and/or conferring
with the City's Labor Negotiators as follows:
CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL - EXISTING LITIGATION (Gov't Code §54956.9(a))
1. El Segundo v. Kilroy, LASC Case No. YC 031166
2. Nelson v. City of El Segundo, LASC Case No. YC 033484
001
3. Chaney v. City of El Segundo, LASC Case No. BC 207453
4. Liability Claim of ESE, Claim No. 97 025A
5. Liability Claim of Robert Mayers and Jerry Johnson, Claim No. 97 025B
CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL - ANTICIPATED LITIGATION
Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to Gov't Code §54956.9(b): -1- potential cases (no further
public statement is required at this time); Initiation of litigation pursuant to Gov't Code §54956.9(c): -2-
matters.
DISCUSSION OF PERSONNEL MATTERS (Gov't Code §54957) — None.
CONFERENCE WITH CITY'S LABOR NEGOTIATOR - (Gov't Code §54957.6) — None.
CONFERENCE WITH REAL PROPERTY NEGOTIATOR (Gov't Code §54956.8) — None.
REPORT OF ACTION TAKEN IN CLOSED SESSION (if required)
ADJOURNMENT
POSTED:
DATE A q
TIME
NAME,
002
AGENDA
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL
COUNCIL CHAMBERS - 350 Main Street
The City Council, with certain statutory exceptions, can only take action upon properly posted and listed agenda items.
Unless otherwise noted in the Agenda, the Public can only comment on City- related business that is within the jurisdiction of the
City Council and/or items listed on the Agenda during the Public Communications portion of the Meeting. Additionally, the
Public can comment on any Public Hearing item on the Agenda during the Public Hearing portion of such item. The time limit for
comments is five (5) minutes per person.
Before speaking to the City Council, please come to the podium and state: Your name and residence and the organization you
represent, if desired. Please respect the time limits.
Members of the Public may place items on the Agenda by submitting a Written Request to the City Clerk or City Manager's
Office at least six days prior to the City Council Meeting (by 2:00 p.m. the prior Tuesday). The request must include a brief
general description of the business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting. Playing of video tapes or use of visual aids may be
permitted during meetings if they are submitted to the City Clerk two (2) working days prior to the meeting and they do not
exceed five (5) minutes in length.
In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you need special assistance to participate In this meeting, please contact City Clerk, 607 -2208.
Notification 48 hours prior to the meeting will enable the City to make reasonable arrangements to ensure accessibility to this meeting.
REGULAR MEETING OF THE EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL
TUESDAY, APRIL 20, 1999 - 7:00 P.M.
Next Resolution # 4113
Next Ordinance # 1308
CALL TO ORDER
INVOCATION — Rev. Timothy Schepman, Saint John's Lutheran Church
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE — Councilmember John Gaines
PRESENTATIONS
(a) Proclamation declaring the week of May 2 through May 8, 1999 as Municipal Clerks Week,
recognizing our City Clerk's Department, and all City Clerks, for the vital services they
perform; their dedication to the communities they represent; and encouraging the community
of El Segundo to visit the City Clerk's office during their Open House May 5, 1999, from
2:00 p.m. — 4:00 p.m.
GG3
ROLL CALL
PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS - (Related to City Business Only - 5 minute limit per person, 30
minute limit total) Individuals who have received value of $50 or more to communicate to the City Council on behalf of another, and
employees speaking on behalf of their employer, must so identify themselves prior to addressing the City Council. Failure to do so shall be a
misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of $250.
(a) Request by Leadership El Segundo class of 1997 -1998 for City approval of beautification
project to place the name "El Segundo" in brush script on the slope between Imperial
Highway and Imperial Avenue near Sheldon Street.
Recommendation — Discussion and possible action.
(b) Request by St. Anthony's Church Hispanic Council for City Council approval of a charity
fundraising permit in connection with a one -day Cinco de Mayo celebration to be held on
Saturday. May 2, 1999, from 9:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. at the Parish Hall.
Recommendation — Approval, provided the City is named an additional insured on the
liability insurance policy for this public charitable event.
A. PROCEDURAL MOTIONS
Consideration of a motion to read all ordinances and resolutions on this Agenda by title only;
Recommendation - Approval.
B. SPECIAL ORDERS OF BUSINESS - None
C. UNFINISHED BUSINESS —
Request the City Council continue the services of AAM Communications for the purpose of
facilitating public noise, overflight, and odor complaints, as a General Expense Account
budget line item.
Recommendation — Approve continuation of the existing Hotline answering service with
AAM Communications for one year. AAM will provide service from 5:00 p.m. to 8:00
a.m. Monday through Friday and 24 hours a day on weekends and holidays at an
estimated cost of $4,800.00.
D. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES, BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS —
2. E) Segundo Community Cable Advisory Committee request for funds to conduct local cable
phone survey. Request appropriation of $4,650.
Recommendation — The Cable Advisory Committee recommends council consider
approving funds for a vendor to conduct a random phone survey in El Segundo, to
gather statistical information regarding local cable programming and service.
Water Subcommittee report by Mr. Mike Rudinica, of Robert Bein, William Frost &
Associates (RBF1 concerning findings of City water well investigation
Recommendation — Discussion and possible action.
004
E. CONSENT AGENDA
All items listed are to be adopted by one motion without discussion and passed unanimously. If a call for
discussion of an item is made, the item(s) will be considered individually under the next heading of business.
4. Warrant Numbers 2502072- 2502314 in total amount of $780,107.57, and Wire Transfers in
the amount of $230,259.97.
Recommendation - Approve Warrant Demand Register and Authorize staff to release.
Ratify: Payroll and Employee Benefit checks; checks released early due to contracts or
agreements; emergency disbursements and/or adjustments; and wire transfers from
03/30/99 to 04/13/99.
5. City Council meeting minutes of April 6, 1999.
Recommendation - Approval.
6. Requested change to returned checks policy.
Recommendation — action by Council to charge $25.00 for check returned for
non - sufficient funds. Present $10.00 charge does not cover cost incurred by City for
returned checks.
Second Reading of Ordinance No. 1307 for the proposed Multimedia Overlay (MMO) District
to provide the opportunity for 1,500,000 square feet of development to be devoted to motion
picture /entertainment and related multimedia production facilities east of Sepulveda
Boulevard. Environmental Assessement 445 (EA -445), General Plan Amendment 99 -1 (GPA
99 -1), and Zone Text Amendment 99 -1 (ZTA 99 -1). Address: City Wide (East of Sepulveda
Boulevard). Applicant: City of El Segundo.
Recommendation —
1) Discussion;
2) Second Reading of Ordinance by title only; and,
3) By motion, adopt Ordinance.
Approval of three separate contract amendments to existing Professional Services Agreements
between the City of El Segundo and: Hannah Brondial -Bowen Associates; Wildan Associates;
and Tina Gall Associates; respectively, to continue existing contract planning support services
to the Planning Division of the Planning and Building Safety Department, and, authorize the
necessary budget transfers within the Planning and Building Safety Department Budget in
amounts not to exceed $80,000 for Ms. Brondial- Bowen, $130,000 for Wildan Associates,
and $16,000 for Ms. Gall, through the current (1998 -99) Fiscal Year ending September 30,
1999.
Recommendation —
1) Approve the following Professional Services Contract Amendments for:
(a) Hannah Brondial -Bowen Associates: Amendment Number 1 to Contract
Number 2666, in an amount not to exceed $80,000 through the current
Fiscal Year ending September 30, 1999;
(b) Wildan Associates: Amendment Number 1 to Contract Number 2669, in
an amount not to exceed $130,000 through the current Fiscal Year ending
September 30, 1999;
005
(c) Tina Gall Associates: Amendment Number 2 to Contract Number 2523, in
an amount not to exceed $16,000 through the current fiscal Year ending
September 30,1999; and
2) Authorize the Mayor to execute each contract amendment on behalf of the City.
9. Award of contract for playground upgrades at Recreation Park and Acacia Park — Project No.
97 -30 (contract amount - $33,023-00).
Recommendation —
1) Authorize a transfer of $13,500.00 from fiscal year 1998 -99 operating budget
account no. 5102 -6206 (Parks Operation — Contractual Services) of the
Recreation and Parks Department.
2) Award contract to the lowest responsible bidder, Green Giant Landscape, Inc. in
the amount of $33,023.00.
3) Authorize the Mayor to execute the standard public works construction
agreement after approval as to form by the City Attorney.
10. Agreement for Professional Services between Prosum and the City of El Segundo to provide
technical assistance for the City's computer and networking systems.
Recommendation — Approve Agreement for Professional Services between Prosum and
the City of El Segundo.
11. Proposed revisions to the class specification for the job classification of Disaster Preparedness
Coordinator. Fiscal Impact: None.
Recommendation — Approve the class specification.
12. Request for Proposals (RFPs) for Audit Services.
Recommendation — Authorize the Finance Department to issue RFPs for the City's
financial audit.
13. Consideration of an increase in dues for membership in the South Bay Cities Council of
Governments (SBCCOG) (fiscal impact - $2,519.00 of AB 2766 funds).
Recommendation — Approve the new annual dues of $2,519.00.
CALL ITEMS FROM CONSENT AGENDA
F. NEW BUSINESS —
14. Proposal to fund and operate a Certified Farmers' Market in the City of El Segundo. Fiscal
Impact: $16,140 for the first six months.
Recommendation — Approve the funding and operation of an El Segundo Certified
Farmers' Market on Fridays from 4:00 to 7:00 p.m. on Main Street in front of City Hall.
G. REPORTS - CITY MANAGER - NONE
H. REPORTS — CITY ATTORNEY - NONE
I. REPORTS - CITY CLERK - NONE
006
J. REPORTS - CITY TREASURER - NONE
K. REPORTS - CITY COUNCILMEMBERS
Councilmember McDowell - NONE
Councilmember Gaines - NONE
Councilmember Wernick - NONE
Mayor Pro Tern Jacobs - NONE
Mayor Gordon —
15. Request for the City Council to direct staff and the Planning Commission to consider
an amendment to the Zoning Code to modify or eliminate the 500 -foot distance
requirement for automobile service uses from residentially zoned properties in the
Small Business (SB) Zone in the Smoky Hollow Specific Plan area.
Recommendation — Discussion and possible direction.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS - (Related to City Business Only - 5 minute limit) individuals who have
received value of S50 or more to communicate to the City Council on behalf of another, and employees speaking on behalf of their employer,
must so identi& themselves prior to addressing the City Council. Failure to do so shall be a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of $250.
MEMORIALS
CLOSED SESSION
The City Council may move into a closed session pursuant to applicable law, including the Brown Act
(Government Code Sec. 54960, et M.) for the purposes of conferring with the City's Real Property
Negotiator; and /or conferring with the City Attorney on potential and/or existing litigation; and/or discussing
matters covered under Government Code section 54957 (Personnel); and/or conferring with the City's Labor
Negotiators; as follows:
Continuation of matters listed on the City Council Agenda for 5:00 p.m., April 20, 1999 under "Closed
Session" (if needed).
REPORT OF ACTION TAKEN IN CLOSED SESSION (if required)
ADJOURNMENT
POSTED:
DATE:
TIME:
NAM
042099ag
0061+
rRECDVEC
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO APR 1 2 1599
INTER - DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM
C TY MANAGER'S 0;:FICE
DATE April 9, 1999
TO Mary Strenn
City Manager
FROM Bellur Devarai
City Engineer
SUBJECT Potential Conflict of Interest Items -
City Council Meeting of April 20, 1999
Is the project within 300 feet of a business or
property owned by a City Council member?
BKD:dr
cc: Ed Schroder, Director of Public Works
NAMEMOSICONFLICT.420
007
Mayor
Mayor
Council
Council
Council
Agenda Item
Mike
Pro Tom
Member
Member
Member
Gordon
Sandra
Nancy
John
Kelly
Jacobs
Wernick
Gaines
McDowell
Award of contract for the playground upgrades at
No
No
No
No
No
Recreation Park and Acacia Park.
BKD:dr
cc: Ed Schroder, Director of Public Works
NAMEMOSICONFLICT.420
007
April 7, 1999
Honorable Mayor and
Members of the El Segundo City Council
350 Main Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
Dear Mayor and City Council Members:
RFCFIVED
ZA NP
.,ITS' MANAGER'S OFFICE
We are writing to request placement of an action item on your April 20, 1999, council
agenda. We would like an opportunity to present our Leadership El Segundo class project and to
seek your approval to proceed.
As you know, the Chamber of Commerce has sponsored Leadership El Segundo for the
past five years. The purpose of Leadership El Segundo is to create a network of informed and
empowered community leaders capable of enhancing the spirit and quality of life that is El
Segundo.
Our thirteen- member class is the fourth in what we hope will be a long list of many. We
attended meetings throughout 1997 -98 and studied such topics as city government, education,
transportation, business development, leadership skills and practices to prepare us for the
completion of our selected project.
Each leadership class is challenged to select a project based on one of two areas,
('ommunity service or Community beauiification. Earlier Leadership El Segundo classes have
completed projects such as Main Street murals, the Character Counts program, Imperial School
equipment. and the development of a children's room at the Police Department.
Our class has selected a beautification project for the northern corridor of the city. We
propose to place the name "El Segundo" in brush script (see attached rendering) on the slope
between Imperial Highway and Imperial Avenue near Sheldon Street (Mortuary Hill). The sign
dimensions will be approximately 12 feet high and 75 feet in length. The letters of the sign will
be manufactured out of '/4 inch aluminum powder coated in reflective white. The sign will be
mounted to the slope with concrete footings and the area will be landscaped with an evergreen
background and a floral oval border. Maintenance of this site will be minimal as the area is
already watered to support the current vegetation and lighting is already installed for the previous
`w sign located at the site.
01 0 8
427 Main Street *El Segundo, California 90245 • Phone (310) 322 -1220 • Fax (310) 322 -6880
Page 2
LEADERSHIP
CP,( (9T'an4
We believe this project will benefit all the community of El Segundo by identifying our
city to all that pass by, whether on the ground or in the air. Other such signs (e.g. Loyola, Culver
City and Hollywood) have become landmarks in their areas. We also believe that it will
demonstrate and memorialize the pride, values, and commitment to the quality of life the citizens
of El Segundo share.
If you consent to placing our item on your agenda we will appear to explain our vision in
more detail, present a visual display of the sign, outline fundraising plans, and answer any
questions you may have. Thank you for your consideration in this matter.
Sincerely,
The Leadership Class of 1997 -98
N�'k L I-&
John ' ' bert
jeb
enclosure
Don Brann
009
427 Main Street *El Segundo, California 90245 • Phone (310) 322 -1220 • Fax (310) 322 -6880
•.
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
City of El Segundo
INTER - DEPARTMENTAL MEMO
DATE: April 13, 1999
Mary Strenn, City Manager f
Steve Jones, Business Services Manager
St. Anthony's Church fund - raising permit
St. Anthony's Church has requested a charity fund - raising permit from the City for
a Cinco de Mayo celebration on Sunday, May 2nd. They have supplied the City
with a detailed description of the event in addition to a copy of their permit to sell
alcoholic beverages. The City Attorney (Chris Cheleden) has also requested they
supply the City with evidence of liability insurance coverage listing the City as
additional insured. Please call me at ext. 713 if you have any additional questions.
010
04/12/99
Benjamin Ramos
St, Anthony's Church
Hispanic Council
El Segundo,CA.
Members of
El Segundo city council
Dear members of the council:
This is a request to sell food and liquor on Sunday, May 2nd, from 9:OOam-- 8:OOpm at St. Anthony's
Parish hall which is located at 205 Lomita St., between Franklin and Grand Av. in El Segundo. ph#
310.414.9730
Parishioners of the Hispanic council of St. Anthony's Church in El Segundo would like to make a fund
raising event on behalf of its new Parish hall project which has been under way during the last two and a
half years. Man), of you are aware that our parish has been involved in the planning and fund raising for
the construction of a new parish hall. More than half of the money needed for this project has already
been raised in cash contributions or in the form of financial promises by supporters of this noble cause.
However, we are still in need of funding for a remaining amount of around $600,000 which has been 440j
acquired in the form of a low- interest bank loan. This money will have to be paid by our parish in
monthly payments of approximately $14,000 during the next five years.
As you can understand, the committee in charge of this project needs to come up with ideas to offset this
tremendous expense. We have been meeting periodically sharing ideas to find the most viable solution
to raise these funds. One of the ideas which has had wide support and acceptance is the planning of
different events during the year. The event at hand is a 5 de Mayo celebration on Sunday, May 2nd, at
St. Anthonv's Parish hall and we think it could be a definite success.
Dear members of the council; we would like you to consider our petition for a one -day
food and liquor sale license to be exercised on the above date. We are expecting an attendance of 400
to 500 people and it will be open to the public. D.J. music will be complementing the event. We will
also be having children games such as Jump for Fun , a Rubber Slide and a Dunk tank. This event is
100% altruistic and all of the proceeds, as stated above, will be funneled towards the construction of St.
Anthony's Church new Parish hall. If you have any questions concerning the legitimacy of this event
phase contact Rc%,. Fr. James F. O'Grady at 310.322.4392. For questions regarding the specifics please
contact me at Hm. 310.322.9544 or Wk. 310.545.6670.
Truly yours, Benjamin Ram —
Member of St. Anthony's New Parish ha steering committee.
011
04 -13 99 06:39
STATE OF CALit; ANIA
DEPARTMENT OF ALCOHOLIC 13LiVERAGL -' COWROL
t �
37 - DAILY ON -SALE GENERAL,
APPLICATION:
License Nontransferabie
LICENSE NO.
Receipt No.
Fee. Paid
Geographicni Code
r:n1
9080301
1227795
$25.00
Pursuant to the authority granted by the organization named below, the undersigmed hereby applies
for the above designated license(s) for the location also dexribed below.
s
ORGANIZATION:
LCK'.ATION ADDRESS
COUNTY-
TYPE OF F,VENT:
HOURS DURING; WHICH
ALCOHOL L HE SOLD:
ESTIMA TI' DD CE:
LICENSE:
ST ANTHONY CHURCH
205 LOMITA ST
E1, SEGUNDO, CA 90245
OTHER
9AM TO 8PM
400
2.R6 l.udlallet (i
A
901-4 TEW'110NENUIVIRTR
The above -named orpaniialiun is herchy licensed, subject to the laws of the Slate, Ttulcs and Regulations of d
Departmonl, and insbuaaiuns contained in Forut ABC -332 (copies available) ui engage in the tenilwary sane of
al x4tolic bLveragc as indicated atxsve. This liccn%c ticies not include oft -isle privileges except wlten issued under
24(345.4.
Good for 05/02/99 Issued for 1 days. Date Issued APR 01,1999.
I. r!7))F
ABC-291 (1 I /9g)
Director of_ lcpholic Beverage Control
By-
,..,..
012
#. r.
St. Anthony Church
710 E. GRAND AVENUE
EL SEGUNDO. CALIF 00245
April 7, 1999
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
350 Main Street
El Segundo CA 90245
RE: CHARITY FUND - RAISING PERMIT
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN:
On Sunday, May 2, 1999 the St. Anthony Hispanic Ministry will
be holding a fund - raising event know as "CINCO DE MAYO ". This
event will be held on the church grounds located at Franklin and
Lomita Streets, in El Segundo. This Celebration will run on Sunday
from 9:00 am to 8:00 pm. We are expecting about 300 -400 people
to attend this event.
Thank you for your assistance and cooperation.
Sincerely,
mes F. O'Grady
Pastor
JFO'G /bh
1
RECEIVED
APR 0 8 1999
BUSINESS LICENSE
DIVISION
low
013
n
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: 20 April 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Unfinished Business
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Request the City Council continue the services of AAM Communications for the purpose of facilitating public
noise, overflight, and odor complaints, as a General Expense Account budget line item.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Approve continuation of the existing Hotline answering service with AAM Communications for one year. AAM
will provide service from 5:00pm to 8:00am Monday through Friday and 24 hours a day on weekends and
holidays at an estimated cost of $4,800.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
Council approved a trial period use of AAM Communications, with a budget of $1,725.00 at its regular meeting of
6 October 1998. The service has been effective for the past 5 months at a cost of only $987.55.
DISCUSSION:
While there were a few initial transitional complaints, the service appears to be acceptable at present. Staff
continues to work with AAM Communications to improve its interface with agencies concerned with the City's
complaints. As a result of the trial period, it appears that costs will range between $260.00 and $400.00 per
month.
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
None
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
ORIGINATED: 1/
Yes
$4,800
$46.250
Date:
001 - 400 - 2901 -6244
Yes
Harvev Holden. Soecial Proiects Administrator
Date: I A-el- , � 1
REVIEWED BY: Date:
/�� t� . &Ih4� ��Uj '97
Bret. B. Bernard. Director of Planning and Building Safety
REVIEWED BY: Date:
TAKEN:
y/r 9
014 1
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Boards & Commissions
AGENDA DESCRIPTION: FISCAL IMPACT $4,650
El Segundo Community Cable Advisory Committee request for funds to conduct local cable phone
survey. Request appropriation of $4,650.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
The Cable Advisory Committee recommends Council consider approving funds for a vendor to conduct a
random phone survey in El Segundo, to gather statistical information regarding local cable programming
and service.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
El Segundo Community Cable conducted viewers surveys regarding local programming in 1987 and
1993. Since many programming and equipment upgrades have been implemented in the cable section
over the past few years, the Cable committee feels it would be helpful to conduct another survey to gather
public opinion about the services and programming currently provided by ESCC.
DISCUSSION:
Over the last several meetings the Cable Advisory committee has discussed which survey format would
provide the best response from the community. Past surveys have been conducted via mail, sent to local
cable customers only with the cooperation of the cable provider. Although helpful, these surveys were
limited to local programming information only, with limited questions due to the size of the mailed
questionnaire. The Cable committee would like to expand the survey to include questions, which will
reveal demographics, and opinions regarding local programming and the local cable provider's programs
and services. The committee came to a consensus that a random phone survey would be the best
vehicle to obtain the optimum response from the community.
This survey will be designed to gather a statistically accurate survey representative of El Segundo
viewers, on which to base future programming decisions.
1. WHO IS WATCHING?
2. WHAT ARE THEY WATCHING?
3. HOW LONG DO THEY SPEND VIEWING?
4. WHAT WOULD THEY LIKE TO SEE?
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
The cable advisory committee received bids from two vendors to conduct a random phone survey in May,
1999. Of the two, the committee came to a consensus that the bid received from EPIC -MRA would best
suit the city's needs. The cost of the bid, outlined in the attached quote for 300 sample calls, is $4,650.
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
4.650
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
4,650
Project/Account Budget:
Account Number:
001- 400 - 6601 -6214
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
4.650
El Segundo Community Cable Advisory Committee
ACTION TAKEN:
990420 Bd & Comm
015
4
EPIC MRA
4710 W. Saginaw Hwy.
Lansing, MI 48917 -2601
5171886 -0860
Fax 5171886 -9176
■ Educational
■ Political
■ Industrial
■ Consumer
■ Market
■ Research
■ Analysis
40-1
March 8, 1999
Ms. Nancy Pfeifer
El Segundo Community Cable Advisory Committee
430 Sierra Street - Apt. D
El Segundo, CA 90245
Dear Ms. Pfeifer:
Pursuant to your recent request, I have prepared a brief background of our company,
information about the principals and staff of our firm, along with examples of selected
prior experience. Of course, if there is anything else you might need, please don't hesitate
to call.
EPIC ■ MRA
4710 West Saginaw Hwy., Suite 5
Lansing, MI 48917 -2601
Voice:
517/886 -0860
FAX:
5171886 -9176
EPIC ■ MRA is a Michigan corporation founded in 1985 and based in Lansing. The
firm's founders set out to create a nonpartisan, independent research firm that would
016
n
EPIC ■ MRA - ESCCAC
Page 2
become the undisputed industry leader in Michigan. EPIC ■ MRA is full- service firm with
expertise in:
• survey research and data analysis
• corporate image and reputation management
• strategic planning and initiatives
• message development, testing, and delivery
• community and media relations and,
• target marketing.
EPIC ■ MRA provides its clients with the information and tools to manage change effectively,
and since its inception, EPIC • MRA has done so for over 400 clients, including state and local
governments, foundations and other non - profits, and businesses and associations. Clients use the
firm's research, analytical, communication, and advisory capacities to identify political and public
policy factors influencing public and private sector decisions; develop and implement policies and
strategic plans; improve internal management; identify stakeholder priorities and create consensus;
and develop clear and concise communication strategies and products to accomplish goals and
objectives.
Principal Staff
Bernie Porn
1%r Bernie Porn is a partner and President of EPIC ■ MRA. He is a graduate of Aquinas College in
Grand Rapids, majoring in urban affairs and schooled in statistics. Porn's chief role
with the firm involves the writing and analysis of the survey research conducted for most of
EPIC ■ MRA's clients. He worked on the staff of the Michigan House of Representatives for
nineteen years, serving as the Director of Communications from 1990 to 1992.
Ed Sarpolus
Another founding principal is Ed Sarpolus, Vice - president of EPIC ■ MRA. Sarpolus is also a
graduate of Aquinas College, majoring in psychology and philosophy with a minor in statistics.
He primarily works in the area of survey sample design and information systems analysis of
surveys, database management, as well as devoting much of his time and effort toward marketing
for the firm. Mr. Sarpolus used his skill with statistical analysis and computer systems with the
Michigan House of Representatives from 1985 to 1992.
John Cavanagh
John Cavanagh is also a founding principal of EPIC ■ MRA and serves as its Secretary- Treasurer.
Cavanagh is a graduate of Michigan State University and received his Juris Doctor degree from
Cooley Law School, being sworn in as a member of the Michigan Bar in 1983. He serves as the
chief financial officer and administrator for the firm and also fills the capacity of general counsel.
Cavanagh formerly worked as a staff member with the Michigan House of Representatives
beginning in 1979, and concluded his work with the House as Director of Public Affairs in 1992.
0 ] 7
EPIC ■ MRA - ESCCAC
Pap 3
Consulting Staff
Kara Douma
Kara Douma is Senior Consultant at EPIC ■ MRA. Douma holds a B.A. with honors in political
science/public administration and a master of public administration from Michigan State
University. In addition, Douma was a Patricia Roberts Harris graduate fellow and attended the
University of Michigan's Summer Institute for Survey Research. She is an expert in survey
research and assists with research design, survey instrument design, and data analysis at
EPIC ■ MRA. Prior to joining EPIC ■ MRA, Douma was Senior Consultant for Survey
Research at Public Sector Consultants, Inc., and worked for several years in the Michigan Senate
EPIC ■ MR4 Support Staff
Anne Clingman, Communications Director, is the chief writer and copy editor of EPIC ■ MRA
publications. Ms. Clingman brings with her over 18 years of professional writing experience,
which includes expertise in press release, script development and advertising copy writing.
Neal Richey, Data Processing Systems Manager, is responsible for most of the firm's custom
programming and production needs and has oversight of the firm's 40 GB hard disk OS -2 work
station system and data entry network. As of this writing, Mr. Richey's experience with data
processing and custom programming work spans over eleven years.
Sherry Wright, with six years with the company, is EPIC ■ MRA's Office Manager, overseeing the
flow of work passing through the office, demonstrating a particular proficiency for coordination
of simultaneous and parallel activities.
All of the EPIC ■ MRA full-time staff are housed at the firm's office in Lansing. EPIC ■ MRA is
also fortunate to have a cadre of part-time data entry and telephone survey personnel, the latter
conducting survey interviews from the firm's East Lansing phone bank.
Selected Prior Experience
Media One
Project Description:
In the Fall of 1998, EPIC ■ MRA was engaged by Media One, a cable television company, to
conduct two surveys among the residents of a small West - Michigan city. The object of the
research was gauge public sentiment and receptivity toward a local ballot question that sought to
incorporate the delivery of cable service into the roster of other municipally delivered services,
such as water and electricity.
1
Iwo
EPIC ■ MRA - ESCCAC
Pale 4
Project Description:
For the 1996 presidential campaign, EPIC ■ MRA conducted statewide voter attitude research for
a consortium of Michigan Public Broadcasting stations, including the affiliate out of Grand Valley
State University, WGVS. The survey work was a prelude to two, coordinated simulcast focus
group sessions from the participating stations, and for which EPIC ■ MRA did the participant
recruiting.
TCI Cable
Project Description:
As part of a survey research effort in selected communities nationwide, EPIC ■ MRA conducted
customer satisfaction polls in several Midwest communities. This 1996 effort provided the client
with data concerning customer preference, and identified the company's strengths and weaknesses
among its respective client bases.
It is hope that the foregoing adequately addresses your needs. Of course, if there is anything else
you need, please don't hesitate to call. On behalf of all of us at EPIC ■ MR& I want to thank you
for looking to our firm for assistance.
Yours truly,
John F. Cavanagh
`.,
019
EPIC■ MRA
4710 W. Saginaw Hwy.
Lansing, MI 48917 -2601
517/886 -0860
Fax 517/886 -9176
■ Educational
■ Political
■ Industrial
■ Consumer
■ Market
■ Research
■ Analysis
V"
March 19, 1999
Ms, Nancy Pfeifer
430 Sierra Street - Apt D
El Segundo, CA 90245
Dear Ms. Pfeifer:
Thank you for soliciting EPIC ■ MRA's input and written quote for survey research "'100
services. Based on my notes and conversation with my partner Ed Sarpolus, I understand
that the El Segundo Community Cable Advisory Committee is looking to conduct a
survey among the approximately 7,526 cable -ready households in the community service
area.
Detailed below, are the services our firm will perform in effecting your research needs.
The quoted prices assume a telephone interview length of approximately five minutes,
administered to between 250 and 300 respondents. Experience suggests that a potential
respondent universe of approximately 7,500 households will Support the quoted sample
size range.
Our response also relies on reports that cable coverage for El Segundo households is very
comprehensive. That is, screening only for respondents in households currently with cable
service will not produce an inordinately high rejection rate due to non - qualification. With
a start date slated for early May, we would begin the process of developing a survey
instrument in the second week of April, with delivery of all of the required reports by May
31.
020
With that said, we offer the following pricing:
�%► 250 Samples @ $4,300
300 Samples @ $4,650
For this fee, EPIC ■ NIRA will:
• Develop the survey instrument in consultation with ESCCAC
• Draw a randomly stratified sample from telephone files for El Segundo City
• Administer the telephone interviews
• Effect data entry
• Generate a frequency report and crosstabulation tables of selected variables
• Prepare a demographic analysis
• Deliver a textual executive summary
As is customary in the trade, our terms normally require a fifty - percent down payment upon execution of an
agreement for services, with the balance due upon presentation of required reports. Although unlikely to come into
play for the instant work, clients are also responsible for actual travel costs associated with delivery of any
requested oral presentations.
It is hoped that the foregoing addresses your committee's questions concerning costs and level of
l%, service. Of course, if there is anything about which you would like greater detail, please don't
hesitate to call.
Again, our thank you for looking to our firm for assistance -- I look forward to hearing back
from you in the not - too - distant future.
Yours truly,
John F. Cavanagh �.
021
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Reports of Committees, Boards
and Commissions
�kw AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Water Subcommittee report by Mr. Mike Rudinica of Robert Bein, William Frost & Associates (RBF) concerning
findings of City water well investigation.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Discussion and possible action.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
At its meeting of October 6,1998, the City Council heard a presentation concerning the initial findings in regards
to the City's water well investigation. At that time, it was determined that a final presentation would be made
to the Council after development of a proposed plan.
DISCUSSION:
All of the necessary information has been collected and an optimal project proposal developed. Attached is
a copy of the material Mr. Rudinica will be presenting at the Council meeting.
�4w After the presentation, staff will be looking to the Council for direction as to how to proceed. If the Council
chooses to proceed with the project, staff recommends that the $1,305,000 identified for immediate
implementation tasks be appropriated from General Fund Reserves. Additionally, staff recommends that an
analysis of funding options be completed (bonding versus reserve funds) be performed and brought back for
Council consideration.
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
Copy of presentation material.
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
N/A
Date:
022
N: \C0UNCIL\PW- APR20.03 (Wednesday 4/14% 8:00 AM) 3
0
ti
N
0
d
N
F
C2
C)
i c
w
a
N
F�
L.
l
9JOSA got
6 ul +liddRS Belem Pataa(oid -
+eta too'tt
%U Polio
r �r . •„ `" r
16LE IF
uo►lNd=3 Nam uodn
_ RjddnS .iatom pasodoAd ( Aiddng Bosam tuaun:)
SIra aqj uo sasga.ow alu (lAtW a ininj jo jagdulr paanpa)j
o taua&auia ue ur sacau ap ssal —
Siddns .mlempunar? [euclr2w pas nun K[luauna jo uopuzi pin paseamul —
S[ddns .tajo,a rguoi2a.i jo SI!p gEia.t pasga.r3ui
aifievogs r(au&mwa Ruunp S[ddns .tajuA% [eZ)o[ a[gvq;)�j —
pa[Io.4uoa ([Iuoo[ aq tC[ajtawtgn I[!m puewap aftm&e jo oIvOS~ —
i(jddns .Yajgnt s,Sj!j jo uor;M jPs.iaArp pue k;rrrgwja.i pasganul
ca
130fojd jo asod.ind
M
CV
O
�rr
1*4w
�%w
APR -13 -60 01:42PM FROM -1ATER RESOURCES
.
C/a
4�
�•1
i�
O
o
M�
0
0
G/a
�r
No V)
* ($)
T -210 P.05/12 F -2T0
ON cps
N
a.�
Q�
�1
n
�3
c�
IS
U
O
�4
a
Gn
WS
C7�
oGO
A
O `IC
.m
v0 n
N
a �
Q�
qu .N
e
n 2 4
APR -13 -61 01:43PM FROM -HATER RESOURCES + T -210 P.09/12 F-2T1
w
U
C �
CK F .•
cc
aO «
cr a? p a
c,
cr
PC
C
r w O p •v y .A" Ca 1� «-
..,
C.
c, co -o
w
cc .0 � p � O -� :r ca
pD C� C ;� oQ N O
o
OMNI ca 00 tu
cts co
04 E U cw // i y p q p
cc
(� a cn
Cod lot
C2 12 cr
Iola >
CO © ca
•
025
I%w
APR -19 -10 01:48PM FROM -WATER RESOURCES
s
liw
own
V
a,
t T -210 P.07/12 F-271
a
0
.n o
CA
O
rp U
N W
co
GA • � O O
U 'd .0 •� V
ca
(U cla
o :� a °' o
o �..
cz � ' �, 00 °' as
cq
c
G
Q
,� ,
.•� O .-� N
.� v1
r-
> cC u
O cn
ca v u
N >, C w ~ O
0
v
cr
s-. cz O crs N
ca s0.�
O O
v�
T3
ca
A
CIS
026
E
00
0
C
4"
O
O
O
cq
N
�
3
a
t
e
0
m
�
�
w
4--4
�J
C
ccr
*
a
e
Q
liw
own
V
a,
t T -210 P.07/12 F-271
a
0
.n o
CA
O
rp U
N W
co
GA • � O O
U 'd .0 •� V
ca
(U cla
o :� a °' o
o �..
cz � ' �, 00 °' as
cq
c
G
Q
,� ,
.•� O .-� N
.� v1
r-
> cC u
O cn
ca v u
N >, C w ~ O
0
v
cr
s-. cz O crs N
ca s0.�
O O
v�
T3
ca
A
CIS
026
A
ti
N
A
W
N
O
.raieM pal.rodwi .io3 looj -acne .rad 8Zg$ sked �[iuw.tna SuD ag,L -
N
iooj -a.rae .cad LS;9$ ie p09ewtis3 sr .c40M punoiS poieari .roj isoD —
H
Isoj a[qugoj l
ails lucid ivaculea.[i
pue liaM agi .coj (swoe p• f •xordde) pue[ winbm isnw �ii:) oq L -
iaans sia ftoQ pub anU;DAV
esodue .eau co ie ja ia2oi pails 39 [[TM II an pue iuv d ivawimm a
gL —
'13-a.rae £96 guidwnd .roj sicf2t.[ .raiuM sp[oq X[luauna ,�irD age, if -a.cab
Z f 8`Z $ucdwnd .roj sig8i.i .iawm w.mi''uoi ureigo of paau [[rM r I!D aql —
.caiuM [[am paiewiun agi jo .rapuieww agi g1!M pua[q pue (iaaj
-axae 8991 f) .taiem Me.c padwnd aqi jo °looS weati lur[ ,j 1uat,ulew L —
CD
N
IV
R
s_
At
(wd 000`Z) laaj -arae 8ZZ`£ :uofianpo.rd .ra1eAk 8urNuuQ -
13afo.rd papuacuuioaag
jsoD aiqugoj,
jo uoiuTdp pay ��afosd popuomm000l lb
l
e
P-
CQ
0
d
r-
N
I
N
O
d
0
N
H
�rN
z
4
0
v
e
d
ws
talh F&ML on Nofi3riwdd 1Tft
taw eeyeaa I voto
USDW"rNrwlwLS3LQN�>��dff-LW18
L .I �. L. . UWJ K %JWWA e1L
qv!A
wean ' ►arras IiQ► P—Wpuldum e
War lawn rote 35MMOI.LMIRS O
e
Meg lama v► PWWOC dklTlo+oNwM9PrPrMer
0a4!oe ow"k PL alww�or•w+we
00,90► ameuv ; PC/ rets3oAAww�n�+�w
I
WWI lesm Pe51 uoweOUAWIDUOLMIU4 WNIVloeeeb
►arvt wars vex► L NOILVOIL83ANIAdi98I18
—
OUIOU►► LAM A@tj41
OaouL► o0rea,� voec 1eINQ ��
0019a+Q eeR►,2► Pwt LilwaAnuwulie+d
ovou►► Smug, *sre 3S8kdNJIH3IJ
oiLvmv ee+£1B► Pal Lv"ueu+eo0r03J
—
ItIOIR► "A q I P09L euw—,iwkmpma -wv
C1,2L amle i0H roO► b*Vm H opm
eeeal,2►r tem-9 _ -pal � raeawreorptsT
owum Gems oat 38VHdN'JIH3Q 3tl
olsivirtrinivi
QjpkjojSjwjrjrj"jvjnjjIr
Wmi
woes wpnm0
•,,,.MY,•e
lag
rags
otet
Wit
J
1
aatlacuiZ 10,3fojd
a.
N
N
4
d
0
N
t
N
9
0
a
s
a
t
uotionpoid IInj jo ivauUanaly3e puu `gucule.ii `dn -pels `uoiian4suoD —
SIMI a.tnInA
cu -e.r2oM saamosa-d Ieaol (IMW OOOZ .mjS ;)qj pue �p!sgns Ie.iapaj
ifurpnlour 'Surpunj iuluaw;)Iddns jo saainos a]eujaije aie2nsanut —
MSIBJL 3urogup
000`s0c6T$ :Ilno jL
saippe; luawleall
000`00V$ pue Ejam jo u -3isap aiaidwoa of iueifnsuoa a.'IH —
W-31SI {s uie.ip W.iols
000'01$ olui a81egisip auiiq ioi itmod Sg(ld[ I u4e1g0 —
000`03 uocieluaWnaop [eiaautuOl[nua dog0 aialdwoD —
(aJae 0' [) 000`5L8$ Sumjo- igldij pue puel po iinbai uielg0 —
(uotianpo.id ui sc [(a,ti\ W41A asn .co j) slc gfj
]so:) ON jaipm pa«nbw auasaj of womaoige aie(nuuo4 —
:Zuauq!tutuoz) :uoi;eluautaidtul a;eigatutui .ioj s%.ise L
sdolS jxo�
e c
m
G\2
0
'T MR > <
' 11 N lC1 D
il
.�' �m
\
O o
\S m 7 o N 3 U! m
C.L m'� 9 3 4
y� CC�p
O D -4 -4
10 m V W. N
f1 m O z R
�a v 4A AC
v� � 4•N_p � � o g � c ohm( mp�rmQ �T ; 7jT�� �
C S O R m O. C-n m�- O j M m
O m Cf lll��D ficl O
CA Cl)
o. a III �i1
3�� A g X 03 �a
T'
$ m��
pR �� A�
S. Q y ICpZ2
m 3 3! r a
� 44 ZZ
v R
y
Z N O
O n y O A 0
m a t1� �lI {pN�� t+NII + �(ao� o ap uI I►.i v1 1aa� T
m CL N41
N NNOI INO .0 5 41WO IDV�
m
x
V � pJo
L\" \_-C \a\ J
�r Z N O O O J D
m C'�, o 0 0
m
x x x �'
N m m m
N N N N
C C C O
m m m
O O a o
A m r
T y A Z
m m
m
m r
m
i
a
M
0
A
Om
yr
F N
m
'o
�C
<Zo
Co
Z
O
030
�l
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
PAYMENTS BY WIRE TRANSFER
03/30/1999 THROUGH 04/13/1999
Date Payee Amount Description
3/31/99
Health Comp
1,149.02
Weekly eligible claims 3/26
4/5/99
Wells Fargo
20,000.00
Workers Comp Acct
4/5/99
IRS
144,453.97
Federal Payroll Taxes PR20
4/7/99
Employment Development
27,049.88
State Payroll Taxes PR20
4/8/99
Fed Reserve Bank of K. C.
1,500.00
Employee Savings Bonds
4/12/99
Wells Fargo
28,000.00
Golf Course Payroll - TPT
4/13/99
Health Comp
8,107.10
Weekly eligible claims 4/2
230,259.97
DATE OF RATIFICATION: 04/20/99
TOTAL PAYMENTS BY WIRE:
Certified as to the accuracy of the wire transfers by:
n
Deputy Treasurer —YYl . yj 12, l g 9
Date
Finance Director /%% /�G�/ Y /l � /5 S
Date
City Manager
or, Date
230,259.97
Information on actual expenditures is available in the City Treasurers Office of the City of El Segundo.
031
MINUTES OF THE
ADJOURNED REGULAR MEETING OF THE EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL
TUESDAY, APRIL 6, 1999 - 5:00 P.M.
,%W CALL TO ORDER - Mayor Gordon at 5:00 p.m.
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE - Councilmember Nancy Wernick
ROLL CALL
Mayor Gordon -
Present
Mayor Pro Tern Jacobs -
Present
Council Member Wernick -
Present
Council Member Gaines -
Present
Council Member McDowell -
Present
PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS - (Related to City Business Only- 5 minute limit per person, 30
minute limit total) Individuals who have received value of S50 or more to communicate to the City Council on behalf of
another. and employees speaking on behalf of their emploi e r. must so identify themselves prior to addressing the City Council.
Failure to do so shall be a misdemeanor and punishable hY a fne of $250.
CLOSED SESSION: The City Council may move into a closed session pursuant to applicable law,
including the Brown Act (Government Code §54950, et sue.) for the purposes of conferring with the
City's Real Property Negotiator; and/or conferring with the City Attorney on potential and/or existing
litigation; and /or discussing matters covered under Gov't Code §54957 (Personnel); and/or conferring
with the City's Labor Negotiators as follows:
CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL - EXISTING LITIGATION (Gov't Code §54956.9(a))
1. In the Matter of the Application of City of Los Angeles, OAH No. L- 9604014
2. El Segundo v. Kilroy, LASC Case No. YC 031 166
3. El Segundo v. Stardust, LASC Case No. YC 031364
4. Fenwick v. Civil Service Commission and City of E1 Segundo, 2 Civil B121282 and Los Angeles
No. BSO44667
5. Nelson v. City of E1 Segundo, LASC Case No. YC 033484
6. Roscitto v. E1 Segundo, LASC Case No. YC 034524
CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL - ANTICIPATED LITIGATION
Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to Gov't Code §54956.9(b): -0- potential cases (no further
public statement is required at this time); Initiation of litigation pursuant to Gov't Code §54956.9(c): -2-
matters.
DISCUSSION OF PERSONNEL MATTERS (Gov't Code §54957) — None.
CONFERENCE WITH CITY'S LABOR NEGOTIATOR - (Gov't Code §54957.6) — Conference with
Rick Kopenhefer, Esq. respecting the E1 Segundo Police Officers' Association.
CONFERENCE WITH REAL PROPERTY NEGOTIATOR (Gov't Code §54956.8) — None.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL ADJOURNED REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6.1999,5:00 P.M 5
PAGE NO 1
032
REPORT OF ACTION TAKEN IN CLOSED SESSION — None
ADJOURNMENT at 6:55 P.M.
Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk
033
MINUTES OF THE
,%or MEETING OF THE EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL
TUESDAY, APRIL 6, 1999 - 7:00 P.M.
CALL TO ORDER - Mayor Gordon at 7:00 p.m.
INVOCATION - Clerk Mortesen
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE - Council Member Nancy Wernick
PRESENTATIONS -
(A) Council Member Wernick presented Commendations to Jason J. Ro and Lucas
Plotnick, Eagle Scouts from El Segundo Troop #762, for their hard work on the
service projects they completed.
(B) Council Member McDowell presented a Declaration to Fire Chief Craig Pedego
proclaiming Saturday, April 17, 1999 as "Super CPR Saturday."
(C) Mayor Pro Tem Jacobs presented a Proclamation of the El Segundo City
Council declaring National Library Week, April 11 -17, 1999 to Debra Brighton,
Acting Director of Library Services.
(D) Council Member Gaines presented a Proclamation of the El Segundo City
Council declaring Building Safety Week, April 4 -10, 1999 to Bret Bernard,
Director of Planning & Building Safety.
ROLL CALL
Mayor Gordon -
Present
Mayor Pro Tern Jacobs -
Present
Council Member Wernick -
Present
Council Member Gaines -
Present
Council Member McDowell -
Present
PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS - (Related to City Business Only - 5 minute limit
per person, 30 minute limit total) individuals who have received value of $50 or more to communicate
to the City Council on behalf of another, and employees speaking on behalf of their employer, must so identify
themselves prior to addressing the City Council. Failure to do so shall be a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine of
$250.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999,7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO I
034
Peggy Tyrell, resident, asked if Council had voted to have a rotating Mayor.
Mayor Gordon stated that they had not.
Liz Garnholtz, resident, spoke regarding the article on LAX expansion and El Segundo
published in the Herald. She felt it was in poor taste.
Julie Warner requested, on behalf of El Segundo Cub Scout Pack 968C, City approval
and support to use Grand Avenue, from Arena Street to Eucalyptus Street, on July 10,
1999 for the Cub Adventure Soapbox Derby Race, from 12:00 Noon to 5:00 p.m.
MOVED by Council Member Wernick, SECONDED by Council Member Gaines to
approve and support the use of Grand Avenue, from Arena Street to Eucalyptus Street,
on July 10, 1999 for the Cub Adventure Soapbox Derby Race, from 12:00 Noon to
5:00 p.m. MOTION PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
Terry O'Brien, resident, spoke regarding the LAX expansion, and the lack of
information being presented by Council on the subject.
Loretta Frye, resident, spoke regarding the proposed grocery store on Virginia Street
and Mariposa Avenue and the request by the School District for use of the Council
Chambers. Stated that the public needs to be kept informed on these issues.
Dorothy Kent, resident, spoke regarding LAX matters. Requested a reporting of the
financial accounts, and how the money is being spent to fight LAX.
Jane Friedkin, resident, spoke regarding the Douglas /Nash Street one -way, and
requested it be changed back to two -way traffic.
Bill Watkins, Superintendent of El Segundo Unified School District, and Kathy Wiley,
President of the School Board, requested approval for the EI Segundo Unified School
District Board to use the City Council Chambers and Conference Room for its Board
meetings on the second and fourth Tuesdays of the month.
Loretta Frye, resident, stated she was opposed to the School Board using the City
Council Chambers.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6,1999,7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 2
G 3 5
how MOVED by Council Member Gaines, SECONDED by Council Member McDowell to
approve the El Segundo Unified School District Board use of the City Council
Chambers and Conference Room for its Board meetings on the second and fourth
Tuesdays of the month. MOTION PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
Lim-
Mark Renner, resident, spoke regarding the April Fool's Day story in the Herald
regarding the Airport expansion.
Peggy Tyrell, resident, spoke regarding the monies allocated to oppose the LAX
expansion plan.
A. PROCEDURAL MOTIONS
Consideration of a motion to read all ordinances and resolutions on this Agenda
by title only.
MOVED by Mayor ProTem Jacobs, SECONDED by Council Member Wernick
to read all ordinances and resolutions on this Agenda by title only. MOTION
PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
B. SPECIAL ORDERS OF BUSINESS -
1. An Ordinance of The City of E1 Segundo, California, adopting the
Uniform Fire Code, 1997 Edition, including Appendices I -A, I -B, I -C,
II -A, 11 -B, II -E, A- II -E -1, II -F, I1 -I, II -J, III -A, III -B, III -C, III -D, IV-
A, IV -B, V -A, VI -A, VI -C, and VI -F; adopting the National Fire Codes,
1999 Edition, Volumes 1 -13; repealing in its entirety Chapter 17.04 of,
and adding Chapter 17.04 to, the El Segundo Municipal Code, which
Chapter related to the Fire Code.
Mayor Gordon stated this is the time and place hereto fixed for a public hearing
on adoption of the Uniform Fire Code, 1997 Edition, including Appendices I -A,
I -B, I -C, II -A, II -B, II -E, A- II -E -1, II -F, II -1, II -J, III -A, III -B, III -C, III -D, IV-
A, IV -B, V -A, VI -A, VI -C, and VI -F; adopting the National Fire Codes, 1999
Edition, Volumes 1 -13, repealing in its entirety Chapter 17.04 of, and adding
Chapter 17.04 to, the El Segundo Municipal Code, which Chapter related to the
Fire Code.
Mayor Gordon asked if proper notice was given and if any written
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999, 7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 3
036
communications had been received. Clerk Mortesen stated that the public
hearing notice was given by the Planning & Building Safety Department, and no
written communication had been received.
Council consensus to close the public hearing.
City Attorney Mark Hensley read Ordinance No. 1298 by title only.
ORDINANCE NO. 1298
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA,
ADOPTING THE UNIFORM FIRE CODE, 1997 EDITION, INCLUDING
APPENDICES, I -A, I -B, I -C, II -A, II -B, II -E, A- II -E -1, II -F, II -I II -J, III -
A, III -B, III -C, III -D, IV -A, IV -B V -A, VI -A, VI -B VI -C, AND VI -F
THEREOF; ADOPTING THE NATIONAL FIRE CODES, 1999 EDITION,
VOLUMES 1 -13; REPEALING IN ITS ENTIRETY CHAPTER 17.04 OF,
AND ADDING CHAPTER 17.04 TO THE EL SEGUNDO MUICIPAL
CODE, WHICH CHAPTER RELATES TO THE FIRE CODE.
MOVED by Council Member Gaines, SECONDED by Council Member
Wernick to adopt Ordinance No. 1298. MOTION PASSED BY
UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
2 Ordinances adopting the 1997 Edition(s) of the Uniform Building Code,
Volumes I, II, and III, with Amendments; the 1996 National Electrical Code,
with Amendments; the 1997 Uniform Housing Code, with Amendments; the
1997 Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings, with
Amendments; the 1997 Uniform Plumbing Code, with Amendments; the 1997
Uniform Mechanical Code, with Amendments; the 1997 Uniform Sign Code,
with Amendments; and, the 1997 Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa, and Hot Tub
Code, with Amendments.
Mayor Gordon stated this is the time and place hereto fixed for a public hearing
on adoption of the 1997 Edition(s) of the Uniform Building Code, Volumes I,
II, and III, with Amendments; the 1996 National Electrical Code, with
Amendments; the 1997 Uniform Housing Code, with Amendments; the 1997
Uniform Code for the Abatement of Dangerous Buildings, with Amendments;
the 1997 Uniform Plumbing Code, with Amendments; the 1997 Uniform
Mechanical Code, with Amendments; the 1997 Uniform Sign Code, with
Amendments; and, the 1997 Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa, and Hot Tub Code,
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999, 7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO.4
037
with Amendments.
1%W Mayor Gordon asked if proper notice was given and if any written
communications had been received. Clerk Mortesen stated that the public
hearing notice was given by the Planning & Building Safety Department, and no
written communication had been received.
Council consensus to close the public hearing.
City Attorney Mark Hensley read Ordinance Nos. 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302,
1303, 1304, 1305, and 1306 by title only.
ORDINANCE NO. 1299
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM BUILDING
CODE 1997 EDITION, VOLUMES I, II, AND III,
INCLUDING THE APPENDIX THEREOF, EXCEPT
APPENDIX CHAPTER 3, DIVISIONS III AND IV, CHAPTER
4, DIVISION I, CHAPTER 12, DIVISION II, CHAPTERS 13,
30, AND 31, DIVISION II; AND REPEALING IN ITS
ENTIRETY CHAPTER 16.04 TO, THE EL SEGUNDO
MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE BUILDING CODE.
ORDINANCE NO. 1300
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE NATIONAL ELECTRICAL
COLE, 1996 EDITION, INCLUDING THE UNIFORM
ADMINISTRATIVE CODE PROVISIONS, REPEALING IN
ITS ENTIRETY CHAPTER 16.08 OF, AND ADDING
CHAPTER 16.08, TO THE EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE
RELATING TO THE ELECTRICAL CODE.
ORDINANCE NO. 1301
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM HOUSING
CODE, 1997 EDITION, REPEALING IN ITS ENTIRETY
CHAPTER 16.09 OF, AND ADDING CHAPTER 16.09 TO,
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999, 7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 5
038
THE EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE
HOUSING CODE.
ORDINANCE NO. 1302
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM CODE FOR THE
ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BUILDINGS, 1997
EDITION, REPEALING IN ITS ENTIRETY CHAPTER 16.10
OF, AND ADDING CHAPTER 16.10 TO, THE EL SEGUNDO
MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE UNIFORM CODE
FOR THE ABATEMENT OF DANGEROUS BUILDINGS.
ORDINANCE NO. 1303
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM PLUMBING
CODE, 1997 EDITION, INCLUDING APENDICES A, B, C, D,
F, G, H, I, AND J, REPEALING IN ITS ENTIRETY
CHAPTER 16.12 OF, AND ADDING CHAPTER 16.12 TO,
THE EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE
PLUMBING CODE.
ORDINANCE NO. 1304
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM MECHANICAL
CODE, 1997 EDITION, INCLUDING APPENDICES A, B, C,
AND D, REPEALING IN ITS ENTIRETY CHAPTER 16.16
OF, AND ADDING CHAPTER 16.16 TO, THE EL SEGUNDO
MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE MECHANICAL
CODE.
ORDINANCE NO. 1305
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM SIGN CODE,
1997 EDITION, REPEALING CHAPTER 16.24 OF, AND
ADDING CHAPTER 16.24 TO, THE EL SEGUNDO
MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE SIGN CODE.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999, 7:00 P.M
PAGE NO. 6 Milo
039
ORDINANCE NO. 1306
�kw AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE UNIFORM SWIMMING
POOL, SPA AND HOT TUB CODE, 1997 EDITION,
REPEALING IN ITS ENTIRETY CHAPTER 16.28 OF, AND
ADDING CHAPTER 16.28 TO, THE EL SEGUNDO
MUNICIPAL CODE RELATING TO THE UNIFORM
SWIMMING POOL, SPA AND HOT TUB CODE.
MOVED by Council Member Wernick, SECONDED by Mayor ProTem Jacobs
to adopt Ordinance Nos. 1299, 1300„ 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, and
1306. MOTION PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
3. Extension of a Continued Public Hearing on a proposed Specific Plan ( "Aviation
Specific Plan ") and amendments to the General Plan, Zoning Code and Zoning
Map to change the existing Land Use Designation and Zoning from Open space
(O -S) to Aviation Specific Plan (ASP) for a 5.4 acre narrow corridor of land
oriented in a generally northwest to southeast diagonal between Aviation
Boulevard and Douglas Street to be used for a public self- storage facility.
(Environmental Assessment EA -427, General Plan Amendment 97-4, Zone
Change 97 -3, and Zone Text Amendment 98 -6.) Address: 700 South Douglas
,rr Street. Property Owner: Southern California Edison. Applicant: Everest
Storage.
Mayor Gordon stated this is the time and place hereto fixed for a continued public
hearing on a proposed Specific Plan ( "Aviation Specific Plan ") and amendments to
the General Plan, Zoning Code and Zoning Map to change the existing Land Use
Designation and Zoning from Open Space (O -S) to Aviation Specific Plan (ASP)
for a 5.4 acre narrow corridor of land oriented in a generally northwest to southeast
diagonal between Aviation Boulevard and Douglas Street to be used for a public
self - storage facility (Environmental Assessment EA -427, General Plan Amendment
97 -4, Zone Change 97 -3, and Zone Text Amendment 98 -6). Address: 700 South
Douglas Street. Property Owner: Southern California Edison. Applicant: Everest
Storage. He asked if proper notice had been given and if any written
communications had been received. Clerk Mortesen stated that proper notice had
been given and no written communications had been received.
City Manager Strenn gave a brief report.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6,1999,7:00 P.M
PAGE NO 7
r. 40
Council consensus to close the public hearing.
No action taken by Council.
4. Public Hearing on proposed Multimedia Overlay (MMO) District to provide the
opportunity for 1,500,000 square feet of development to be devoted to motion
picture /entertainment and related multimedia production facilities east of
Sepulveda Boulevard. Environmental Assessment - 445 (EA -445), General
Plan Amendment 99 -1 (GPA 99 -1), and Zone Text Amendment 99 -1 (ZTA 99-
1). Address: City Wide (East of Sepulveda Boulevard). Applicant: City of El
Segundo.
Mayor Gordon stated this is the time and place hereto fixed for a public hearing
on proposed Multimedia Overlay (MMO) District to provide the opportunity for
1,500,000 square feet of development to be devoted to motion
picture /entertainment and related multimedia production facilities east of
Sepulveda Boulevard. Environmental Assessment - 445 (EA -445), General
Plan Amendment 99 -1 (GPA 99 -1), and Zone Text Amendment 99 -1 (ZTA 99-
1). Address: City Wide (East of Sepulveda Boulevard). Applicant: City of El
Segundo.
Mayor Gordon asked if proper notice was given and if any written
communications had been received. Clerk Mortesen stated that the public
hearing notice was given by the Planning & Building Safety Department, and no
written communication had been received.
Bret Bernard, Director of Planning & Building Safety gave a brief report.
Council consensus to close the public hearing.
Staff directed to investigate the inclusion of the Smoky Hollow district.
City Attorney Mark Hensley read Ordinance No. 1307 by title only.
ORDINANCE NO. 1307
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA,
APPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT NO. EA445 AND
ZONE TEXT AMENDEMENT ZTA 99 -1, AMENDING THE EL
SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE BY AMENDING VARIOUS SECTIONS
OF TITLE 20 (THE ZONING CODE). PETITIONED BY THE CITY OF
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999, 7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 8
041
EL SEGUNDO.
Council Member Gaines introduced Ordinance No. 1307.
Second reading of Ordinance No. 1307 scheduled for April 20, 1999.
C. UNFINISHED BUSINESS - NONE
D. REPORTS OF COMMITTEES, BOARDS AND COMMISSIONS
5. City Council Committee assignments.
Mayor Gordon requested Council to review their appointments and advise him
of any changes they wish to make.
E. CONSENT AGENDA
All items listed are to be adopted by one motion without discussion and passed
unanimously. If a call for discussion of an item is made, the item(s) will be considered
individually under the next heading of business.
6. Warrant Numbers 2501731 - 2502071 in total amount of $1,017,838.28, and
Wire Transfers in the amount of $1,072,557.35.
7. City Council meeting minutes of March 16, 1999.
8. Revised class specification for the job classification of Field Office Coordinator.
9. Request for City Council approval to initiate a Request for Proposal (RFP)
process to conduct a Classification and Compensation Study, HR- 99 -05, for
positions and job classifications represented by the Supervisory and Professional
Employees Association and the City Employees Association.
10. Agreement, Contract No. #2688, for Professional Services between Kerry
Consulting Group and the City of El Segundo to provide management assistance
for the City's computer and networking systems and assist in the development of
the new Information Services Division in the Finance Department.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6. 1999,7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO 9
042
�i
11. Adoption of City's Youth Employment Plan to meet requirements under Safe Iwo
Neighborhood Parks Proposition of 1996.
12. Adoption of plans and specifications for construction of Roller Hockey Rink -
Phase II Site Improvements at Recreation Park. Project No. PW 98 -11
(estimated cost: $70,000.00).
13. Acceptance of the cleaning of air conditioning duct system in the City Library -
Project No. PW 98 -9 (final contract amount $14,407.00). Close Contract
##2667.
14. Acceptance of sidewalk replacement, handicap ramps, and new sidewalks on
Grand Avenue - Project No. PW 97 -26 (final contract amount = $78,307.00).
Close Contract #2626.
15. Monthly lease agreement, Contract #{2690, between the City of El Segundo and
Industrial Contracting Engineers, Inc., to lease a portion of City property at 630
South Douglas Street (Annual revenue of $4,800.00).
MOVED by Council Member Wernick, SECONDED by Mayor ProTem Jacobs
to approve Consent Agenda Items 6 -15. MOTION PASSESD BY
UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510. vao�
CALL ITEMS FROM CONSENT AGENDA - None
F. NEW BUSINESS -
16. New Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) license for alcohol sales of beer and
wine for off -site consumption (Type 20- Off -Sale Beer & Wine) at a new Mobil
gas station convenience store at 765 North Sepulveda Boulevard (ABC 98 -4).
Applicant: RHL Design Group for The Motta Family Partnership - Mobil Oil
Corporation.
Bret Bernard, Director of Planning and Building Safety and Tim Grimmond,
Chief of Police, gave brief staff reports.
Chris Carr, Regional Operations Manager, Mobil Oil, spoke regarding the other
operations that will be available at the site, and responded to questions from the
dias.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6,1999,7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 10
0.43
Joshua Kaplan, attorney for the applicant, stated he would answer any questions.
MOVED by Mayor Pro Tem Jacobs, SECONDED by Council Member Gaines to
determine that the public convenience or necessity would be served by the issuance
of the ABC license, and directed the Director of Planning & Building Safety on the
pending Administrative Use Permit for alcohol sales at the new convenience store.
The Council stipulated, in addition to the previously stated conditions, no more
than 15% of the total floor space will be dedicated to beer and wine sales, and two
employees will be on duty during all hours of alcohol sales. MOTION PASSED
BY THE FOLLOWING VOICE VOTE. AYES: MAYOR GORDON,
MAYOR PROTEM JACOBS, AND COUNCIL MEMBER GAINES. NOES:
COUNCIL MEMBERS WERNICK AND MCDOWELL. 3/2.
17. Request for City Council approval of Professional Services Agreement, Contract
#f2689, between the City of E1 Segundo and Don Lewis, as Interim Assistant
City Manager until an Assistant City Manager can be recruited. Fiscal Impact:
none.
Mary Strenn, City Manager, gave a brief staff report.
MOVED by Council Member McDowell, SECONDED by Council Member
Wernick, to approve Professional Services Agreement between the City of El
how Segundo and Don Lewis, as Interim Assistant City Manager until recruitment for
a permanent Assistant City Manager can be completed. MOTION PASSED BY
UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
18. Request for Council approval to submit a joint grant application with the police
departments of El Segundo, Manhattan Beach and Redondo Beach to the
Alcoholic Beverage Control to fund an education and enforcement program
designed to eliminate alcohol sales to youth in our communities.
Chief of Police Tim Grimmond gave a brief staff report.
MOVED by Council Member \k'ernick, SECONDED by Mayor ProTem Jacobs,
to approve submittal of a joint grant application with the police departments of El
Segundo, Manhattan Beach and Redondo Beach to the Alcoholic Beverage Control
to fund an education and enforcement program designed to eliminate alcohol sales
to youth in our communities. MOTION PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE
VOTE. 5/0.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6,1999,7:00 P.M
PAGE NO. 1 I
044
-1W 1
19. Request for Council approval and permission to use the badge artwork, shoulder
patch and vehicle graphics of the El Segundo Police Department on a new 4410
special edition "Hot Wheels" toy police car to be designed and produced by
Mattel, Inc.
Chief of Police Tim Grimmond gave a brief staff report.
MOVED by Council Member McDowell, SECONDED by Mayor ProTem Jacobs,
to approve and permit the use of badge artwork, shoulder patch and vehicle
graphics of the El Segundo Police Department on a new special edition "Hot
Wheels" toy police car to be designed and produced by Mattel, Inc. MOTION
PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
20. Authorization to retain William H. Liskamm, FAIA, to coordinate Civic Center
Plaza Design Competition.
Jim Hansen, Director of Economic Development gave a brief staff report.
MOVED by Council Member McDowell, SECONDED by Council Member
Gaines, to authorize staff to enter into a contract to retain William H. Liskamm,
FAIA, to coordinate the Civic Center Plaza Design Completion. MOTION
PASSED BY UNANIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 4/0/1. NOT PARTICIPATING:
MAYOR PRO TEM JACOBS.
G. REPORTS - CITY MANAGER - NONE
H. REPORTS - CITY ATTORNEY
Roscitto v. City of El Segundo, LASC Case No. YC 033484, Council voted to defend
and indemnify officer Rex Fowler
I. REPORTS - CITY CLERK - NONE
J. REPORTS - CITY TREASURER - NONE
K. REPORTS - CITY COUNCIL MEMBERS
Council Member McDowell -
Announced a meeting Friday, April 9, 1999 at 8:30 A.M. in the FAA Office at 15000
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999,7:00 P.M
PAGE NO 12
r,45
M
Aviation Blvd. Next to TRW.
- Council Member Wernick -
21. Request for Council to adopt Resolution No. 4112 opposing SBC /Pac Bell's
application for excessive rate increases and encourage SBC /Pac Bell to withdraw
its application until a time when consumers have a competitive choice for their
local services.
MOVED by Council Member Wernick, SECONDED by Council Member
McDowell, to adopt Resolution No. 4112 opposing SBC /Pac Bell's application for
excessive rate increases and encourage SBC /Pac Bell to withdraw its application
until a time when consumers have a competitive choice for their local services, and
have the benefit of public education. MOTION PASSED BY UNANIMOUS
VOICE VOTE. 510.
Spoke regarding the article on Hyperion in the paper. Requested Council
approval to have the mitigation monitor look into this and respond.
Mayor Pro Tem Jacobs -
Spoke regarding her presentation to Rancho Cucamonga. Stated she is
representing the City on the Regional Housing Plan. Announced the Mariachi
Band will be arriving in El Segundo on May 1, 1999, and a fiesta will be held
May 5, 1999 at Chevron Park. Stated that the next Sister City Meeting will be
April 12, at 5:30 in the West Conference Room, City Hall.
- Council Member Gaines -
Spoke regarding MAX meeting, and requested a public service announcement
regarding MAX on our Community Cable. He also requested that the
information be placed on the City web site. He further discussed airport issues.
Mayor Gordon -
22. Oral update report on downtown revitalization.
23. Formation of subcommittee to review cost effectiveness of in -house
and /or contract City Attorney services.
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999,7:00 P.M
PAGE NO. 13
046
Consensus of Council to appoint subcommittee of Council Members
Gaines and McDowell to review the cost effectiveness of in -house and /or
contract City Attorney services.
24. Report on George Brett Day celebration on April 24, 1999.
MOVED by Council Member Gaines, SECONDED by Council
Member McDowell to approve the expenditures of $4511.50 from
Community Events for the celebration of George Brett Day. MOTION
PASSED BY UNANAIMOUS VOICE VOTE. 510.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS -
Mark Renner, resident, asked if the Council approved of a liquor store on Sepulveda
Boulevard.
City Attorney Mark Hensley stated that the City voted that public convenience or necessity
would be served by allowing the ABC to issue a license for alcohol sales of beer and wine for
off -site consumption at the Mobile gas station convenience store, 765 Sepulveda Boulevard.
Lottie Gilley, resident, spoke about the proposed ABC license on Sepulveda Boulevard.
Sandra Mason, resident; spoke regarding the proposed ABC license on Sepulveda Boulevard.
She also spoke on the left -hand turn lanes at Grand Avenue and Sepulveda Boulevard and El
Segundo Boulevard and Sepulveda Boulevard.
Loretta Frve, resident, spoke regarding Senior Citizens groups, and how long she has been
attending Council meetings.
Liz Garnholz, resident, stated she felt the format of the City Council meetings had been
changed.
Eugene Gillingham, resident, spoke regarding the parking at the public lot on Mariposa
Avenue and Main Street.
J. Wilson, resident, spoke regarding formation of the sub - committee to investigate the cost
effectiveness of an in -house and /or contract City Attorney.
MEMORIALS - In Memory of Johnnie B. Wise
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6,1999,7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 14
(` 4 7
_._ . W.
CLOSED SESSION - None
ADJOURNMENT at 10:20 p.m. to April 20, 1999 at 5:00 p.m.
Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk
MINUTES
CITY COUNCIL REGULAR MEETING
APRIL 6, 1999, 7:00 P.M.
PAGE NO. 15
ZIN
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Requested change to returned checks policy.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Action by Council to charge $25.00 for check returned for non - sufficient funds. Present $10.00 charge
does not cover cost incurred by City for returned checks.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
DISCUSSION:
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
Memo and Procedures
FISCAL IMPACT:
(Check one) Operating Budget: Capital Improv. Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance: Date:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required - Yes_ No X
61 Bue, City Treasurer
ACTION TAKEN:
mbin1buestaff
Date: April 9, 1999
X 4 9
To: Honora & Cit Council Members 4/9/99
From: Bill B Subject: Ret
After months of retaining records and detailing costs associated with the return of checks
for insufficient funds, this office is planning to implement a change from $10.00 to
$25.00 to cover the minimum costs associated with returned checks.
The bank is presently charging the city $10.00 for each returned check and we have been
passing that cost along to the initiator. It is now apparent to me that the administrative
costs of handling the check and the loss of interest it would generate to be a minimum of
$15.00 in addition to the bank charge. In some cases such as one I handled recently for
$182.000.00, the cost to the city was over $100 in administrative time and interest
r•u•7uta
The average check returned is considerably smaller than the illustration above, but still
requires a minimum of 15 minutes to process which equates to $9.90 plus loss of interest
plus any extenuating circumstances I.E. traffic ticket to be re- instated, water bill added to
following months bill, building permit requiring an inspector to shut down project, etc. A
copy of our basic procedure is attached for your information.
We intend to make a number of signs to be placed in strategic locations throughout the
city indicating the increase in price prior to implementation. The present plan is to
introduce this action on June 1, 1999 unless the council disagrees with such action in
which case we will act in concert with your wishes. Please call me on X275 if you have
an}, questions.
050
`fir• NSF CHECK PROCEDURES
We receive returned checks from the bank by mail. Note that the returned item will also reflect
on the daily bank balance just prior to receiving it in the mail.
I. Remove the check and staple it to the bottom portion ofthe return notice.
2. Read the check carefully to note wily the check is being returned.
3. Code the notice to the appropriate accounts.
01 -1 107 is the account used for the original amount ol'the check
01- 3819 is the account used for the $10 return check fee (see attached)
4. Make two copies of the return notice for your file.
Now that the check has been coded and prepared for restitution, a letter to the party who wrote
the check is drafted and signed by either the Treasurer or the Deputy 'Treasurer.
I . The icon "NSF on the computer contains the standard letter we send out for returned
checks.
2. Change all pertinent intOrmation as it pertains to the specific person you are writing to i.e.
name, address, amount, check number and date, when payment must be made, and why the
check has returned to the ol'licc, etc...
3. Print out the letter on City letterhead and make a copy for the file.
d. Submit to the "treasurer or Depute fur the signature and mail the original.
5. Attach the original relurn notice, the copies, and the copy of'the letter together and file
alphabetically.
When a party comes to make good on a check everything should be in order, be sure and
coordinate your elli►rts with the cashier in order to make the process more eflicient.
When the party comes to pay fir a returned check, ask if they are prepared to pay by cash or
money order.
Then go to the file and retrieve the packet you have previously prepared, the original check
is returned to the party.
Give one copy of the return to the cashier, keep the original ITUS a copy for the file.
The cashier will give one receipt to the customer and one copy to us. Staple the receipt to
the paperwork and file it, by date, in the "NSI: check" book.
Give to the Deputy to Journal or place in the "To lie Journalized" green folder.
Nine: This is the first strrndnrd procer/nre firr this process, in other ►rordc, it is still n work in
progress. The N.VF Checks notebook is a recant ruldition and neede f nrther upJnting and TLC.
ISIS !//9/99
r51
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: 20 April 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent Agenda
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Second Reading of Ordinance No. 1307 for the proposed Multimedia Overlay (MMO) District to provide the opportunity
for 1,500,000 square feet of development to be devoted to motion picture /entertainment and related multimedia
production facilities east of Sepulveda Boulevard. Environmental Assessment — 445 (EA -445), General Plan
Amendment 99 -1 (GPA 99 -1), and Zone Text Amendment 99 -1 (ZTA 99 -1) Address: City Wide (East of Sepulveda
boulevard). Applicant: City of El Segundo.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
1) Discussion;
2) Second Reading of Ordinance by title only; and,
3) By motion, Adopt Ordinance.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
On 06 April 1999, the City Council held a public hearing on the above referenced item to review modifications to the
Zoning Code for the proposed Multi -Media Overlay District to allow motion picture /entertainment and related multi-
media production facilities to be permitted uses in various zones east of Sepulveda Boulevard. At that time, the City
Council Introduced the Ordinance to amend various sections of the City0s Zoning Code and adopt a Mitigated
Negative Declaration of Environmental Impacts. The attached Ordinance is presented for a Second Reading and
Adoption. If adopted without change, the provisions will become effective in thirty days time.
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
A. City Council Ordinance No. 1307.
FISCAL IMPACT:
None.
ORIGINATED: Date: 13 April 1999
J
Bret B. Bernard, AICP, Director of Planning and Building Safety
REVIEWED BY: Date:
Mary Stfen
ACTION T
ea445 -2.ais
052 7
ORDINANCE NO. 1307
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF EL Iwo
SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
NO. EA445 AND ZONE TEXT AMENDMENT ZTA 99 -1, AMENDING THE
EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE BY AMENDING VARIOUS SECTIONS
OF TITLE 20 (THE ZONING CODE). PETITIONED BY THE CITY OF EL
SEGUNDO.
WHEREAS, on December 1, 1992, the City of El Segundo adopted a General Plan for the years 1992 -2010;
and,
WHEREAS, on December 1, 1992, the City of El Segundo certified an Environmental Impact Report as a
complete and adequate document in accordance with the authority and criteria contained in the California
Environmental Quality Act and the City of El Segundo Guidelines for the implementation of the California
Environmental Quality Act and adopted a Statement of Overriding Consideration; and,
WHEREAS, on November 16, 1993, the City Council did, pursuant to law, adopt a Negative Declaration of
Environmental Impacts for the amendments to Title 19 (Subdivisions) and Title 20 (The Zoning Code) and a new
"Zoning Map, finding that there were no environmental impacts associated with the amendments that were not analyzed
in the Master Environmental Impact Report certified by the City Council for the General Plan on December 1, 1992;
and,
WHEREAS, on November 16, 1993, the City Council did, pursuant to law, adopt Ordinance No. 1212
adopting a new Title 19 (Subdivisions) and Title 20 (The Zoning Code) and a new Zoning Map; and,
WHEREAS. on March 11, 1999, the Planning Commission did conduct, pursuant to law, duly advertised
public hearings on revisions to the Zoning Code, and notice was given in the time, form and manner prescribed by law;
and, the Planning Commission adopted Resolution No. 2439 on March 11, 1999 recommending approval of the
proposed amendments; and.
WHEREAS, on April G, 1999, the City Council did hold, pursuant to law, duly advertised public hearings and
review on revisions to the General Plan and Zoning Code, and notice was given in the time, form and manner
prescribed by law, and,
WHEREAS, opportunity was given to all persons to present testimony or documentary evidence for or against
EA -415 and ZTA 99 -1, the revisions to the "Zoning Code; and,
WHEREAS, at said hearings the following facts were established:
The purpose of the revisions to the Zoning Code are to refine and make appropriate adjustments to the
development standards and other zoning requirements in order to address concerns raised by the community
about the future development of the City in furtherance of the general welfare of the City.
State law requires that zoning be made consistent with the General Plan.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED that after consideration of the above facts and study of proposed
Environmental Assessment EA -445 and ZTA 99 -1 the City Council finds as follows:
ORDINANCE NO. 1307
APPROVING EA -445 AND ZTA 99 -I,
AMENDING EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL. CODE
PAGE NO. 1
`53
n
GENERAL PLAN
1. The proposed Zoning Code Amendments are consistent with the 1992 General Plan, as amended.
ZONING CODE
The proposed Zoning Code Amendments are consistent with the existing Zoning Code.
ENVIRONMENTAL FINDINGS
The Draft Initial Study was made available for public review and comment in the time and manner prescribed
by law. "Ilse Initial Study concluded that the proposed project will not have a significant, adverse effect on the
environment, and a Mitigated Negative Declaration of Environmental Impact will be prepared pursuant to the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA);
2. 'fhat when considering the whole record, there is no evidence that the project will have the potential for an
adverse effect on wildlife resources or the habitat on which the wildlife depends, because the project is in a
built -out urban environment; and,
3. That the City Council directs the Director of Planning and Building Safety to file with the appropriate agencies
a Certificate of Fee Exemption and de minimis finding pursuant to AB 3158 and the California Code of
Regulations. Within ten (10) days of the approval of the Mitigated Negative Declaration of Environmental
Impacts, the City shall transmit $25.00 required by the County of Los Angeles for the filing of this certificate
along with the required Notice of Determination. As approved in AB 3158, the statutory requirements of
CEQA will not be met and no vesting shall occur until this condition is met and the required notices and fees
are filed with the County.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT FURTHER ORDAINED THAT the City Council approves EA -445 and ZTA 99 -1,
and adopts changes to the El Segundo Municipal Code as follows:
SECTION 1. Section 20.08.247 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.247 COMMISSARY.
"Commissary" means a building, part of a building, or structure, which is utilized primarily in the
preparation of food and purveying it to off -site locations. Commissaries within the Multimedia Overlay
(MMO) District shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Director of Planning and Building Safety that
each commissary provides primary service to the multimedia industry.
SECTION 2. Section 20.08.283 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.283 CRAFTS SHOPS.
"Crafts shops (sales, lease, and rentals)" mean an out -door or in -door area, building, part of a building,
structure, or a defined area which is utilized primarily for the manufacture, production, sales, lease,
storage, and/or rental of materials utilized in media related production or in their construction, or other
activities that in the opinion of the Director of Planning and Building Safety are similar.
ORDINANCE NO. 1307
APPROVING EA -445 AND Z'rA 99- 1,
AMENDING EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODF.
PAGE NO. 2
054
SECTION 3. Section 20.08.327 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows: .1
20.08.327 DIGITAL ARTIST.
"Digital artist" means an individual or group whose primary focus is related to the preparation of
computer generated product.
SECTION 4. Section 20.08.613 of Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code is amended
to read as follows:
20.08.613 MOVIE AND ENTERTAINMENT FACILITIES.
"Movie and entertainment facilities" means an out -door or in -door area, building, part of a building,
structure, or defined area, which is utilized primarily for the public presentation of film, television, music
video, multi - media, or other related activities that in the opinion of the Director of Planning and Building
Safety are similar when developed in combination with multimedia production facilities
Facilities may include as an accessory use retail sales, recreational activities, ancillary offices, and other
uses customary and necessary to a movie and/or entertainment facility.
SECTION 5. Section 20.08.614 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.614 MULTIMEDIA.
"Multimedia" means a combination of film, television, music, music video, World Wide Web, or
other related activities that in the opinion of the Director of Planning and Building Safety are
similar.
SECTION 6. 20.08.614.05 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.614.05 MULTIMEDIA ARCHIVE FACILITIES.
"Multimedia Archive facilities" means a building, part of a building, or structure, which is utilized
primarily for the storage of media related documents, equipment, records, and/or historical artifacts
related to the entertainment industry.
SECTION 7. Section 20.08.623 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.623 OFFICES, MULTIMEDIA RELATED.
"Offices, multimedia related" means a building, part of a building, structure, or defined area which is
utilized primarily for the office space directly related to film, television, music video, multimedia, or
other related activities.
ORDINANCE NO. 1307
APPROVING EA-445 AND ZTA 99. 1,
AMENDING EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE
PAGE NO. 3
n 5 5
SECTION 8. Section 20.08.637 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the E1 Segundo Municipal Code
�%W to read as follows:
20.08.637 PICTURE EQUIPMENT SALES.
"Picture equipment sales" means an out -door or in -door area, building, part of a building, structure,
or a defined area which is utilized primarily for the sales, lease, storage and/or rental of equipment and
materials utilized in film, television, music video, multi - media, or other action activities that in the
opinion of the Director of Planning and Building Safety are similar.
SECTION 9. Section 20.08.643 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.643 POST PRODUCTION FACILITIES.
"Post production facilities" means an out -door or in -door area, building, part of a building, structure,
or defined area, which is utilized primarily for support activities necessary and incidental to the multi-
media industry subsequent to production actions.
SECTION 10. Section 20.08.823 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.823 SPECIAL EFFECTS STUDIOS.
"Special effects studios" means space in an out -door or in -door area, building, part of a building,
,%MW structure, or a defined area, which is utilized primarily for the creation of special effects for film,
television. music video, multi - media, or other related activities.
SECTION 11. Section 20.08.857 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08.857 STUDIO /SOUND STAGES AND SUPPORT FACILITIES.
"Studio /sound stages and support facilities" means space in an out -door or in -door area, building, part
of a building, structure, or a defined area, which is utilized primarily for the creation of film, television,
music video, multi - media, or other related activities.
SECTION 12. Section 20.08.867 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code
to read as follows:
20.08,867 THEATER AND PERFORMANCE SPACE.
"Theater and performance space" means an out -door or in -door area, building, part of a building,
structure, or defined area, which is utilized primarily for rehearsal or research and development related
to the presentation of film, television, music video, multi - media, or other related activities that in the
opinion of the Director of Planning and Building Safety are similar. Such areas may or may not be open
to the general public.
ORDINANCE: NO. 1307
APPROVING EA-445 AND !TA 90.1.
AMENDING EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL. CODE:
PAGE NO. 4
056
SECTION 13. Section 20.08.923 shall be added to Chapter 20.08, Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code Iwo
to read as follows:
20.08.923 WEB- AUTHOR
"Web- author" means an individual or group whose primary focus relates to the preparation of or
assistance in the preparation of World Wide Web (WWW) related materials including but not limited
to www pages, advertisements, connections, or other related activities that in the opinion of the Director
of Planning and Building Safety are similar.
SECTION 14. Chapter 20.47 shall be added to Title 20, of the El Segundo Municipal Code to read as follows:
Chapter 20.47 Multimedia Overlay (MMO) District
Sections:
20.47.010 PURPOSE.
20.47.020 PERMITTED USES.
20.47.025 PERMITTED ACCESSORY LAND USES.
20.47.030 USES SUBJECT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE USE PERMIT.
20.47.040 USES SUBJECT TO A CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT.
20.47.050 PROHIBITED USES.
20.47.060 SITE DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS.
20.47.070 LANDSCAPING.
20.47.080 OFF - STREET PARKING AND LOADING SPACES.
20.47.090 SIGNS.
20.47.010 PURPOSE.
The purpose of this District is to provide consistency with and implement policies related to those
locations, which are designated for the Multimedia Overlay (MMO) District. The MMO District is
established to provide creators of multimedia (film, television, music video, multi - media, digital artists,
web- authors, etc.) and their support elements the opportunity to obtain the space, equipment and
personnel necessary to conceive, produce and deliver their work in one location. It is the intent of the
MMO District to allow for the coexistence of uses permitted in the underlying Zone along with the
possibility of multimedia uses.
It is anticipated, although not required, that each type of use will be from two or more of the following
categories: office, sound stages and support offices, post production, craft shops, services, rentals,
theaters and performance, commissary, or archive. It is further intended to ensure that adequate open
space and development regulations will create a favorable environment for abutting uses as well as
ensuring the compatibility and harmonious existence of development within MMO District property.
Businesses located within this District are encouraged to provide street level uses which allow for, and
facilitate, pedestrian activity for area workers and visitors and opportunities for easy interface.
ORDINANCE, NO. 1307
APPROVING EA -445 AND ZTA 99- I.
AMENDING EI, SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE
PAGE NO. 5
057
20.47.020 PERMITTED USES.
The following uses would be permitted in the proposed MMO District:
A. Commissary;
B. Craft shops and rentals;
C. Movie and entertainment facilities;
D. Multimedia Archive facilities,
E. Multimedia related office and post production facilities-,
F. Picture equipment sales;
G. Special effects studios;
it. Studio /sound stage(s) and other support facilities;
f. Theater and performance space; and,
J. Other similar uses approved by the Director of Planning and Building Safety, as provided by
Chapter 20.72, Administrative Determinations.
20.-17.025 PERMITTED ACCESSORY LAND USES.
The following uses would be permitted as accessory uses in the proposed MMO District:
A. Drive -thru or walk -up services, including financial operations, but excluding drive -thru
restaurants;
13. Employee recreational facilities and play area;
C. Parking structures and surface parking lots;
D. Open storage of-commodities sold or utilized on the premises; and,
E. Other similar uses approved by the Director of Planning and Building Safety, as provided by
Chapter 20.72, Administrative Determinations.
20.17.030 USES SUBJECT TO AN ADMINISTRATIVE USE PERMIT.
The following uses would be permitted subject to the approval of an Administrative Use Permit in the
proposed MMO District:
A. The on -site sale and consumption of alcohol at restaurants, drive -thru restaurants, coffee
shops, delicatessens, commissaries, and cafes;
llkimw ORDINANCE NO. 1307
APPROVING EA -445 AND ZTA 99- 1,
AMENDING EI, SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL CODE
PAGE NO. a
M
B. Employee Daycare Facilities;
C. The off -site sale of alcohol at retail establishments; and,
D. Other similar uses approved by the Director of Planning and Building Safety, as provided by
Chapter 20.72, Administrative Determinations.
20.47.040 USES SUBJECT TO A CONDITIONAL USE PERMIT.
Other uses shall be allowed subject to approval by the Director of Planning and Building Safety as
provided by Chapter 12.72, Administrative Determination.
20.47.050 PROHIBITED USES.
All uses prohibited in the underlying Zone(s).
20.47.060 SITE DEVELOPMENT STANDARDS.
A. All uses within the MMO District shall comply with the Site Development Standards of the
underlying zone(s), provided however that a maximum of 1,500,000 square feet of development
shall be allowed in the entire MMO District area; and,
B. The total net floor area of all buildings, as defined in Chapter 20.08, on any parcel or lot in the
underlying O -S, P, and 1' -F Zones shall not exceed the total square footage of the parcel or lot
area multiplied by 1.3, thereby giving a floor area ratio of 1.3:1.
20.47.070 LANDSCAPING.
Landscaping in the proposed MMO District will be provided as required in the underlying Zone(s).
20.47.080 OFF - STREET PARKING AND LOADING SPACES.
Off - street parking and loading spaces in the proposed MMO District will be provided as required in the
underlying Zone(s) and as required by Chapter 20.54, Off - Street Parking and Loading Spaces.
20.47.090 SIGNS.
Signs in the MMO District in the proposed MMO District will be in compliance with the requirements
of the underlying Zone(s).
SECTION 15. The current Zoning Map is hereby amended to reflect the change for the Multimedia Overlay
District for all property east of Sepulveda Boulevard. The corresponding changes to the Zoning Map as set forth in
Exhibit A. attached hereto and incorporated herein by this reference, are also hereby approved.
SECTION 16. This Ordinance shall become effective at midnight on the thirtieth (30) day from and after the
final passage and adoption hereof.
ORDINANCE NO. 1307
APPROVING EA -445 AND'ZTA 99 -1.
AMENDING EL, SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL. CODE
PAGE NO. 7
r 5 9
adoption thereof cause the same to be published or posted in accordance with the law.
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 20th day of April 1999.
Mike Gordon, Mayor
ATTEST:
STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES) SS
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO )
1, Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk of the City of El Segundo, California, do hereby certify that the whole number of
members of the City Council of said City is five; that the foregoing Ordinance No. 1307 was duly introduced by said
City Council at a regular meeting held on the 6th day of April 1999, and was duly passed and adopted by said City
Council, approved and signed by the Mayor, and attested to by the City Clerk, all at a regular meeting of said Council
held on the 20th day of April 1999, and the same was so passed and adopted by the following vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSENT:
ABSTAIN:
Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
ell
Mark D. Hensley, City Attornes. Ea445.ord
ORDINANCE N0. 1307
APPROVING EA -445 AND LTA 99- 1,
AMENDING EL SEGUNDO MUNICIPAL. CODE
PAGE NO. 8
w:l]
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: 20 April 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent
,. AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Approval of three separate amendments to existing Professional Services Agreements between the City of El Segundo
and: Hannah Brondial -Bowen Associates; Willdan Associates; and, Tina Gall Associates; respectively, to continue
contract planning support services to the Planning Division of the Planning and Building Safety Department, and,
authorize the necessary budget transfer within the existing Planning and Building Safety Department Budget in
amounts not to exceed $80,000 for Ms. Brondial- Bowen, $130,000 for Willdan Associates, and $16,000 for Ms. Gall,
through the current (1998 -1999) Fiscal Year ending 30 September 1999.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
1. Approve the following Professional Services Contract Amendments for:
a. Hannah Brondial -Bowen Associates: Amendment Number 1 to Contract Number 2666, in an
amount not to exceed $80,000 through the current Fiscal
Year ending 30 September 1999;
b. Willdan Associates: Amendment Number 1 to Contract Number 2669, in an
amount not to exceed $130,000 through the current Fiscal
Year ending 30 September 1999;
c. Tina Gall Associates: Amendment Number 2 t o Contract Number 2523, in an
amount not to exceed $16,000 through the current Fiscal
Year ending 30 September 1999; and,
2. Authorize the Mayor to execute each contract amendment on behalf of the City.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
The Department of Planning and Building Safety has, during the past eighteen months, variously employed the
(continued Page 2)
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
1. Amendment to the Professional Services Agreements between the City and Hannah Brondial -Bowen Associates,
Willdan Associates, and Tina Gall Associates, respectively.
FISCAL IMPACT:
ORIGINATED:
(Check one) Operating Budget: ✓ Capital Improv. Budget:
Amount Requested: 0 (Budget Transfer $150,000)
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance: Date: 20 April 99
Account Number: From 2701 Personnel to 001 -400- 2701 -6214
Professional/Technical Services
Project Phase: N/A
Appropriation Required - Yes_ No-/
Date: 14 April 1999
Bret 8.
Jrn ard, rIcP, c tor of Planning and Building Safety
Date:
ry tre City Manager
ACTION TAKEN:
1 r62
8
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: 20 April 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND: (Continued from Page 1)
services of Hannah Brondial -Bowen Associates, an independent professional planner; Willdan Associates, a provider
of planning contract professionals; and, Tina Gall Associates, an independent grants administrator/ planner, to
perform various professional and technical services for the Department. Existing Professional Service Agreements,
previously approved as to content by the Department Director and as to form by the City Attorney, are already in place
for these three professional planning firms. The amendments are simply extensions to the existing Agreements. The
amendments will allow these three professional firms to continue service delivery during the Planning Division's
current, continued staffing shortage.
Within the Planning Division, the staffing shortage has left vacant, three of the four budgeted full -time, permanent Staff
Planners. These two positions will remain vacant until after the completion of the Department Management Audit. The
Management Audit Report is expected to be completed in May 1999. The Report's recommendations may include
suggestions for a Department reorganization and /or reclassification of specific positions. Thus, since a minimum of
fifteen to eighteen weeks' time is necessary to formally recruit permanent full -time staff, the Planning Division may
not be completely staffed until after the end of the current Fiscal Year.
Furthermore, it should be noted that Brondial -Bowen Associates, Willdan Associates, and Tina Gall Associates
provide part-time, interim staff services, that, collectively, fall below the number of hours performed during a typical
or average pay period attributable to the current vacant/on leave full -time, budgeted, permanent positions.
DISCUSSION:
In order to continue, uninterrupted, the Division's (and Department's) current service levels, including completion of
existing projects and the provision of such basic services as responding to telephone inquiries, public counter
coverage, and plan reviews, it is necessary to amend the current professional services agreements with Ms. Bowen,
Willdan Associates, and Ms. Gall. To accomplish this, the Department budget requires a transfer of funds from the
Personnel budget line item to the Professional/Technical Services budget line item. The transfer of funds from the
Department's Personnel budget line item represents salary and benefit savings from the vacant, full -time Planning
staff positions. Furthermore, additional funds from two, currently budgeted FY 1998 -1999 Department activities,
Census Awareness and Signs /Inventory Abatement, will also be transferred to the Professional/Technical Services
budget line item to support the temporary planning services provided by Brondial -Bowen Associates, Willdan
Associates, and Tina Gall Associates. The Census Awareness and Signs /Inventory Abatement projects will be re-
prioritized within the Department's future budgeted activities.
Thus, Staff recommends approval of a budget transfer (and use of existing Professional/Technical Services' funds)
together with approval of the three separate Professional Service Contract Amendments for Hannah Brondial -Bowen
Associates, Willdan Associates, and Tina Gall Associates. There will be no fiscal impact to the City's General
Fund.
agendas \1999 \cntamdtl
2 P. 63
AMENDMENT (NO. 1) TO CONTRACT NO. 2666
HANNAN H. BRONDIAL BOWEN, PLANNER
AGREEMENT FOR PLANNING CONSULTANT SERVICES
This AMENDMENT (NO. 1) to: AGREEMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL
SERVICES (Contract No. 2666) is hereby made and entered into by and between the City of El
Segundo ( "CITY ") Hannah L. Brondial Bowen.
WHEREAS the CITY on July 1, 1998 selected Hannah L. Brondial Bowen to continue as
a Consultant to provide and perform various Department services,
NOW THEREFORE the CITY and Hannah L. Brondial Bowen do hereby agree to amend
the AGREEMENT as follows:
1. SECTION 4. TERM. Is amended to reflect that AGREEMENT shall remain and continue
in effect until tasks described in AGREEMENT are completed, but in no event later than,
September 30, 1999 (FY 98/99).
2. SECTION 8. COMPENSATION. The city agrees to compensate consultant for its Services
at a fee of $55.00 per hour, excluding time and mileage for driving to and from the
work site (City Hall) on regularly scheduled work days. Mileage will be reimbursed for
travel to and from City Hall, at a rate of $0.31 cents per mile, in the event attendance is
required at any other time. The total compensation to be paid by City to Consultant
shall not exceed $80,000 for the total term of the Agreement including reimbursable
expenses, unless additional payment is approved by the City Council.
With the exception of the above stated amendments, the AGREEMENT shall remain in full
force and effect and be unaffected by this AMENDMENT No. 1.
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
A General Law City
ATTEST:
CITY CLERK By
Date
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
�✓'" 1 �V C ATTORNEY
r Date
Date
CONSUL ANT
Date ' ? 3 C
Hanna . Bro ial B en
p\pW\cn lanxw01t bb
X64
AMENDMENT (NO. 1) TO CONTRACT NO. 2669
WILLDAN ASSOCIATES
AGREEMENT FOR PLANNING CONSULTANT SERVICES
This AMENDMENT (NO. 1) to: AGREEMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL
SERVICES (Contract No. 2669) is hereby made and entered into by and between the City of El
Segundo ( "CITY ") and Willdan Associates.
WHEREAS the CITY on September 21, 1998 selected Willdan Associates to continue as
a Consultant to provide and perform various Department services,
NOW THEREFORE the CITY and Willdan Associates do hereby agree to amend the
AGREEMENT as follows:
SECTION 4. TERM. Is amended to reflect that AGREEMENT shall remain and continue
in effect until tasks described in AGREEMENT are completed, but in no event later than,
September 30, 1999 (FY 98199).
2. SECTION 8. COMPENSATION. The city agrees to compensate Consultant for its Services
at a rate of $70.00 per hour, with a range of $65.00 to $70.00 depending on the staff
provided. The total compensation to be paid by City to Consultant shall not exceed
$130,000 for the total term of the Agreement, including reimbursable expenses, unless 144d
additional payment is approved by the City Council.
With the exception of the above stated amendments, the AGREEMENT shall remain in full
force and effect and be unaffected by this AMENDMENT No. 1.
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
A General Law City
ATTEST:
CITY CLERK By
Date
CONSULTANT
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
�t^Ct3X ATTORNEY
Date
Willdan Associates
Date
Date
p\p1an.cn1\amnd1wi1
P6
tom, AMENDMENT (NO. 2) TO CONTRACT NO. 2523
TINA GALL, CDBG ADMINISTOR, PLANNER
AGREEMENT FOR PLANNING CONSULTANT SERVICES
This AMENDMENT (NO. 2) to: AGREEMENT FOR PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL
SERVICES (Contract No. 2523) is hereby made and entered into by and between the City of El
Segundo ( "CITY ") and Tina Gall,
WHEREAS the CITY on July 1, 1998 selected Tina Gall to continue as a Consultant to
provide and perform various Department services,
NOW THEREFORE the CITY and Tina Gall do hereby agree to amend the AGREEMENT
as follows:
SECTION 4. TERM. Is amended to reflect that AGREEMENT shall remain and continue
in effect until tasks described in AGREEMENT are completed, but in no event later than,
September 30, 1999 (FY 98/99).
2. SECTION 8. COMPENSATION. The city agrees to compensate consultant for its Services
at a fee of $55.00 per hour. The total compensation to be paid by City to Consultant
shall not exceed $16,000 for the total term of the Agreement including reimbursable
expenses, unless additional payment not to exceed $10,000 total is approved in writing in
advance by the Director of Planning and Building Safety.
With the exception of the above stated amendments, the AGREEMENT shall remain in full
force and effect and be unaffected by this AMENDMENT No. 2.
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO,
A General Law City
ATTEST:
CITY CLERK By
Date
CONSULTANT
By / �_L_
Tina Gall
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
` CITY ATTORNEY
Date
Date
Date /y91
p\0an.cnt\amend2.tg
rss
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent Agenda
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Award of contract for playground upgrades at Recreation Park and Acacia Park — Project No. PW 97 -30
(contract amount = $33,023.00).
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
1. Authorize a transfer of $13,500.00 from fiscal year 1998 -99 operating budget account no. 5102 -5206
(Parks Operation — Contractural Services) of the Recreation and Parks Department.
2. Award contract to the lowest responsible bidder, Green Giant Landscape, Inc., in the amount of
$33,023.00.
3. Authorize the Mayor to execute the standard public works construction agreement after approval as
to form by the City Attorney.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
On March 2, 1999, the City Council adopted plans and specifications and authorized staff to advertise the
project for receipt of construction bids. The project includes upgrading existing playground areas to national
standards.
DISCUSSION:
On April 6, 1999, the City Clerk received and opened the following bids:
Green Giant Landscape, Inc.
Malibu Pacific Tennis Courts
Minco Construction
Ryco Construction, Inc.
Architect's Estimate =
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
Vicinity map.
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
BY:
$33,023.00
$34,435.00
$42,624.00
$93,728.00
$22,500.00
(Discussion continues on the next page......)
Yes
$33.023.00
$27.000.00
$20.500.00 Date: April 7, 1999
301 - 400 - 8202 -8978
Award of contract
Transfer of funds
Mary Strenn.
ACTION TAKEN:
Date:
t
Pagel oft ('•6?
N:COUNCILTW- APR20.02 (Tuwaday 4/13/99 9:00 AM) 9
DISCUSSION: (continued)
The low bid amount was more than the amount estimated by the landscape architect. Discussions with the 140,
bidders indicated that the bids were higher than anticipated due to the relatively small amounts of work being
done at three (3) different locations. Staff is of the opinion that more favorable bids would not be received if
the project were re- advertised.
The total estimated project cost based on the low bid is $34,000.00, including contingencies. The funds
available in the project budget are $20,500.00. Staff recommends transfer of $13,500.00 from the balance
available in the 5102 -6206 (Parks Operation — Contractural Services) account of the Recreation and Parks
Department operating budget. With this transfer, the project can be completed without appropriating additional
funds beyond what is currently budgeted. The Recreation and Parks Department has indicated that the
requested transfer of funds will not adversely impact the department's operations.
Staff has received favorable responses from references provided by the apparent low bidder. Staff
recommends award of contract to Green Giant Landscape, Inc., in the amount of $33,023.00.
r-68 00
Page 2 of 2
N:\ C0UNCIL \PW- APR20.02 (Tuesday 4/13/99 9:00 AM)
r ftw
a 3Ny0N1MtN d0 ally
J I "NMO3 S3130NI f01 �r�
Dp 00)10 MOi
r >
J � w w ► w� w w w A w t �
u
u
o.
�e n69
/011VIAT
'3AT OCSIOG38
AN NOVA
_
W
gou
z
t
4
A�
2
•03A1n/]s
3
SAW ■"
SAW ■13
1`
G
SAW 3m1•
C'SAW &ON-VTO
Y
=MA. WILL3600"
~_
='3At ■1t1
= 3AV I,""
C SAW .1391
3Av t3rnVi
_ v L3. "noii
=IV 203mvis
n
N
r�
� O
�C M`0Mr
O
0
Z
M
W
N
U-
0 J
W
IL
a LL.
O
r
H
MW
z
r
M
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: 4/20/99
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: CONSENT CALENDAR
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Agreement for Professional Services between Prosum and the City of El Segundo to provide technical
assistance for the City's computer and networking systems.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Approve Agreement for Professional Services between Prosum and the City of El Segundo.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
The City Council adopted a Technology Master Plan (Plan) on March 16, 1999 that recommended
creating an Information Services Division within the Finance Department and hiring of an Information
Services (IS) Manager and Network Technician to Implement all aspects of the Plan and to provide
technological support to all City departments. The Information Services function continues to be handled
with a variety of in -house and professional service personnel.
DISCUSSION:
(continued on next page)
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
Agreement for Professional Services between Prosum and the City of El Segundo.
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
5135.1b0
Date:
2505 -6217
None
3
Bret Plumlee, Director of Finance /� y
ono
10
DISCUSSION:
As recommended in the Plan, the City is currently recruiting for an IS Manager and will begin the
recruitment of the Network Technician within the next two months. Additionally, the City Council entered
Into an agreement with Kerry Consulting Group on April 6, 1999 to provide technical expertise during the
interim period while the IS Manager position is being recruited.
Prosum is one of the professional service vendors that has provided technical services for the City
approximately one day per week for the past two years. There area number of current technological
projects in the City that are taking up most of the time of existing informational services and technical
support staff.
It is staffs recommendation to enter into an agreement with Prosum increasing the number of days
informational services support from one to two for the next three to six months. This will enable existing
staff to better handle the current workload until the IS Manager and Network Specialist positions can be
filled.
Some of the technological support services Prosum will be working on include the following:
• Assistance with configuration of City network equipment (routers, switches, and other programmable
network gear);
• Assistance with setting up and maintaining network servers at the appropriate manufacturer service
release and update levels;
• Migrating from Novell Netware to an all NT Server environment;
• Assistance with Year 2000 compliance on network and desktop software
Other support services are listed on Exhibit A attached to the proposed Professional Services Agreement. 4
X71
AGREEMENT
�aw FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
THIS AGREEMENT, made and entered into this 20th day of April, 1999, between
the CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, a municipal corporation, hereinafter referred to as "City" and
the Prosum hereinafter referred to as "Consultant ". In consideration of the mutual
covenants and conditions set forth herein, the parties agree as follows:
1. SCOPE OF SERVICES. Consultant agrees to perform the services set forth
in Exhibit "A" "SCOPE OF SERVICES" and made a part hereof. Consultant represents
and warrants that it has the qualifications, experience and facilities to properly perform said
services in a thorough, competent and professional manner and shall, at all times during
the term of this Agreement, have in full force and effect, all licenses required of it by law.
Consultants shall begin its services under this Agreement on April 23, 1999. Consultant
shall complete each of the services set forth in Exhibit A to the City's satisfaction. If the
City is not satisfied with any such services, the Consultant shall work on such matter until
the City approves of the service. Further, Consultant shall complete the services set forth
in Exhibit A strictly according to the schedule provided therein.
2. STATUS OF CONSULTANT. Consultant is and shall at all times remain as
to the City a wholly independent contractor. The personnel performing the services under
this Agreement on behalf of Consultant shall at all times be under Consultant's exclusive
-1-
072
direction and control. Neither City nor any of its officers, employees or agents shall have
control over the conduct of Consultant or any of Consultant's officers, employees or
agents, except as set forth in this Agreement. Consultant shall not at any time or in any
manner represent that it or any of its officers, employees or agents are in any manner
officers, employees or agents of the City. Consultant shall not incur or have the power to
incur any debt, obligation or liability whatever against City, or bind City in any manner.
Consultant shall not disseminate any information or reports gathered or created pursuant
to this Agreement without the prior written approval of City except information or reports
required by government agencies to enable Consultant to perform its duties under this
Agreement.
3. CONSULTANT'S KNOWLEDGE OF APPLICABLE LAWS. Consultant shall
keep itself informed of applicable local, state and federal laws and regulations which may
affect those employed by it or in any way affect the performance of its services pursuant
to this Agreement. Consultant shall observe and comply with all such laws and regulations
affecting its employees. City and its officers and employees, shall not be liable at law or
in equity as a result of any failure of Consultant to comply with this section.
4. PERSONNEL. Consultant shall make every reasonable effort to maintain the
stability and continuity of Consultant's staff assigned to perform the services hereunder and
shall obtain the approval of the City Manager of all proposed staff members performing
services under this Agreement prior to any such performance.
-2-
073
5. COMPENSATION AND METHOD OF PAYMENT. Compensation to the
�aw Consultant shall be as set forth in Exhibits "B" hereto and made a part hereof. Payments
�kw
shall be made within thirty (30) days after receipt of each invoice as to all non - disputed
fees. If the City disputes any of consultant's fees it shall give written notice to Consultant
in 30 days of receipt of a invoice of any disputed fees set forth on the invoice.
6. ADDITIONAL SERVICES OF CONSULTANT. Consultant shall not be
compensated for any services rendered in connection with its performance of this
Agreement which are in addition to those set forth herein or listed in Exhibit A, unless such
additional services are authorized in advance and in writing by the City Manager.
Consultant shall be compensated for any additional services in the amounts and in the
manner as agreed to by City Manager and Consultant at the time City's written
authorization is given to Consultant for the performance of said services.
7. ASSIGNMENT. All services required hereunder shall be performed by
Consultant, its employees or personnel under direct contract with Consultant. Consultant
shall not assign to any subcontractor the performance of this Agreement, nor any part
thereof, nor any monies due hereunder, without the prior written consent of City Manager.
8. FACILITIES AND RECORDS. City agrees to provide: suitably equipped and
furnished office space, public counter, telephone, and use of copying equipment and
necessary office supplies for Consultant's on -site staff, if any.
-3-
074
Consultant shall maintain complete and accurate records with respect to sales,
costs, expenses, receipts and other such information required by City that relate to the
performance of services under this Agreement. Consultant shall maintain adequate
records of services provided in sufficient detail to permit an evaluation of services. All such
records shall be maintained in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
and shall be clearly identified and readily accessible. Consultant shall provide free access
to the representatives of City or its designees at reasonable times to such books and
records, shall give City the right to examine and audit said books and records, shall permit
City to make transcripts therefrom as necessary, and shall allow inspection of all work,
data, documents, proceedings and activities related to this Agreement. Such records,
together with supporting documents, shall be maintained for a period of three (3) years 140�
after receipt of final payment.
9. TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT. This Agreement may be terminated with
or without cause by either party upon 30 days written notice. In the event of such
termination, Consultant shall be compensated for non - disputed fees under the terms of this
Agreement up to the date of termination.
10. COOPERATION BY CITY. All public information, data, reports, records, and
maps as are existing and available to City as public records, and which are necessary for
carrying out the work as outlined in the Scope of Services, shall be furnished to Consultant
-4-
075
M
in every reasonable way to facilitate, without undue delay, the work to be performed under
this Agreement.
11. OWNERSHIP OF DOCUMENTS. Upon satisfactory completion of, or in the
event of termination, suspension or abandonment of, this Agreement, all original maps,
models, designs, drawings, photographs, studies, surveys, reports, data, notes, computer
files, files and other documents prepared in the course of providing the services to be
performed pursuant to this Agreement shall, become the sole property of City. With
respect to computer files, Consultant shall make available to the City, upon reasonable
written request by the City, the necessary computer software and hardware for purposes
of accessing, compiling, transferring and printing computer files.
12. RELEASE OF INFORMATION /CONFLICTS OF INTEREST.
(a) All information gained by Consultant in performance of this Agreement shall
be considered confidential and shall not be released by Consultant without City's prior
written authorization excepting that information which is a public record and subject to
disclosure pursuant to the California Public Records Act, Government Code § 6250, et seg.
Consultant, its officers, employees, agents or subcontractors, shall not without written
authorization from the City Manager or unless requested by the City Attorney, voluntarily
provide declarations, letters of support, testimony at depositions, response to
interrogatories or other information concerning the work performed under this Agreement
-5-
r'76
or relating to any project or property located within the City. Response to a subpoena or
court order shall not be considered "voluntary" provided Consultant gives City notice of 'r'd
such court order or subpoena.
If Consultant or any of its officers, employees, consultants or subcontractors does
voluntarily provide information in violation of this Agreement, City has the right to reim-
bursement and indemnity from Consultant for any damages caused by Consultant's
conduct, including the City's attorney's fees.
Consultant shall promptly notify City should Consultant, its officers, employees,
agents or subcontractors be served with any summons, complaint, subpoena, notice of
deposition, request for documents, interrogatories, request for admissions or other
discovery request, court order or subpoena from any party regarding this Agreement and
the work performed thereunder or with respect to any project or property located within the
City. City retains the right, but has no obligation, to represent Consultant and /or be present
at any deposition, hearing or similar proceeding. Consultant agrees to cooperate fully with
City and to provide City with the opportunity to review any response to discovery requests
provided by Consultant. However, City's right to review any such response does not imply
or mean the right by City to control, direct, or rewrite said response.
(b) Consultant covenants that neither they nor any officer or principal of their firm
has any interest in, or shall they acquire any interest, directly or indirectly which will conflict
n ?7
in any manner or degree with the performance of their services hereunder. Consultant
further covenants that in the performance of this Agreement, no person having such
interest shall be employed by them as an officer, employee, agent, or subcontractor without
the express written consent of the City Manager.
13. DEFAULT. In the event that Consultant is in default of any provision of this
Agreement, City shall have no obligation or duty to continue compensating Consultant for
any work performed after the date of default and can terminate this Agreement immediately
by written notice to the Consultant.
14. INDEMNIFICATION.
(a) Consultant represents it is skilled in the professional calling necessary to
perform the services and duties agreed to hereunder by Consultant, and City relies upon
the skills and knowledge of Consultant. Consultant shall perform such services and duties
consistent with the standards generally recognized as being employed by professionals
performing similar service in the State of California.
(b) Consultant is an independent contractor and shall have no authority to bind
City nor to create or incur any obligation on behalf of or liability against City, whether by
contract or otherwise, unless such authority is expressly conferred under this agreement
or is otherwise expressly conferred in writing by City. City, its elected and appointed
officials, officers, agents, employees and volunteers (individually and collectively,
1641W -�-
r7R
"Indemnitees ") shall have no liability to Consultant or to any other person for, and
Consultant shall indemnify, defend, protect and hold harmless the Indemnitees from and
against, any and all liabilities, claims, actions, causes of action, proceedings, suits,
damages, judgments, liens, levies, costs and expenses of whatever nature, including
reasonable attorneys' fees and disbursements (collectively "Claims "), which the
Indemnitees may suffer or incur or to which the Indemnitees may become subject by
reason of or arising out of any injury to or death of any person(s), damage to property, loss
of use of property, economic loss or otherwise occurring as a result of or allegedly caused
by the performance or failure to perform by Consultant of Consultant's services under this
agreement or the negligent or willful acts or omissions of Consultant, its agents, officers,
directors or employees, in performing any of the services under this agreement.
If any action or proceeding is brought against the Indemnitees by reason of any of
the matters against which Consultant has agreed to indemnify the Indemnitees as above
provided, Consultant, upon notice from the CITY, shall defend the Indemnitees at
Consultant's expense by counsel acceptable to the City. The Indemnitees need not have
first paid any of the matters as to which the Indemnitees are entitled to indemnity in order
to be so indemnified. The insurance required to be maintained by Consultant under
paragraph 15 shall ensure Consultant's obligations under this paragraph 14(b), but the
limits of such insurance shall not limit the liability of Consultant hereunder. The provisions
of this paragraph 14(b) shall survive the expiration or earlier termination of this agreement.
079
n
The Consultant's indemnification does not extend to Claims occurring as a result of
the City's negligent or willful acts or omissions.
15. INSURANCE.
A. Insurance Requirements. Consultant shall provide and maintain
insurance acceptable to the City Attorney in full force and effect throughout the term of this
Agreement, against claims for injuries to persons or damages to property which may arise
from or in connection with the performance of the work hereunder by Consultant, its
agents, representatives or employees. Insurance is to be placed with insurers with a
current A.M. Best's rating of no less than ANIL Consultant shall provide the following
scope and limits of insurance:
broad as:
(1) Minimum Scope of Insurance. Coverage shall be at least as
(a) Insurance Services Office form Commercial General
Liability coverage (Occurrence Form CG 0001).
(b) Insurance Services Office form number CA 0001 (Ed.
1/87) covering Automobile Liability, including code 1 "any auto" and endorsement CA 0025,
or equivalent forms subject to the written approval of the City.
(c) Workers' Compensation insurance as required by the
Labor Code of State of California and Employer's Liability insurance and covering all
:,
persons providing services on behalf of the Consultant and all risks to such persons under
this Agreement.
(2) Minimum Limits of Insurance. Consultant shall maintain limits
of insurance no less than:
(a) General Liability: $1,000,000 per occurrence for bodily
injury, personal injury and property damage. If Commercial General Liability Insurance or
other form with a general aggregate limit is used, either the general aggregate limit shall
apply separately to the activities related to this Agreement or the general aggregate limit
shall be twice the required occurrence limit.
(b) Automobile Liability: $1,000,000 per accident for bodily
injury and property damage.
(c) Workers' Compensation and Employer's Liability:
Workers' Compensation as required by the Labor Code of the State of California and
Employers Liability limits of $1,000,000 per accident.
B. Other Provisions. Insurance policies required by this Agreement shall
contain the following provisions:
-10-
(1 81
IVOO
(1) All Policies. Each insurance policy required by this paragraph
15 shall be endorsed and state the coverage shall not be suspended, voided, canceled by
the insurer or either party to this Agreement, reduced in coverage or in limits except after
30 days' prior written notice by Certified mail, return receipt requested, has been given to
the City.
(2) General Liability and Automobile Liability Coverages.
(a) City, its officers, officials, and employees and volunteers
are to be covered as additional insureds as respects: liability arising out of activities
Consultant performs, products and completed operations of Consultant; premises owned,
occupied or used by Consultant, or automobiles owned, leased or hired or borrowed by
Consultant. The coverage shall contain no special limitations on the scope of protection
afforded to City, its officers, officials, or employees.
(b) Consultant's insurance coverage shall be primary
insurance as respect to City, its officers, officials, employees and volunteers. Any
insurance or self insurance maintained by City, its officers, officials, employees or
volunteers shall apply in excess of, and not contribute with, Consultant's insurance.
-11-
n82
Iwo
(c) Consultant's insurance shall apply separately to each
insured against whom claim is made or suit is brought, except with respect to the limits of
the insurer's liability.
(d) Any failure to comply with the reporting or other
provisions of the policies including breaches of warranties shall not affect coverage
provided to the City, its officers, officials, employees or volunteers.
(3) Workers' Compensation and Employer's Liability Coverage.
Unless the City Manager otherwise agrees in writing, the insurer shall agree to waive all
rights of subrogation against City, its officers, officials, employees and agents for losses 4410�
arising from work performed by Consultant for City.
C. Other Requirements. Consultant agrees to deposit with City, at or
before the effective date of this contract, certificates of insurance necessary to satisfy City
that the insurance provisions of this contract have been complied with. The City Attorney
may require that Consultant furnish City with copies of original endorsements effecting
coverage required by this Section. The certificates and endorsements are to be signed by
a person authorized by that insurer to bind coverage on its behalf. City reserves the right
to inspect complete, certified copies of all required insurance policies, at any time.
-12-
083
(1) Consultant shall furnish certificates and endorsements from
�ft"' each subcontractor identical to those Consultant provides.
(2) Any deductibles or self- insured retentions must be declared to
and approved by City. At the option of the City, either the insurer shall reduce or eliminate
such deductibles or self- insured retentions as respects the City, its officers, officials,
employees and volunteers; or the Consultant shall procure a bond guaranteeing payment
of losses and related investigations, claim administration, defense expenses and claims.
(3) The procuring of such required policy or policies of insurance
shall not be construed to limit Consultant's liability hereunder nor to fulfill the
indemnification provisions and requirements of this Agreement.
16. ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement is the complete, final, entire
and exclusive expression of the Agreement between the parties hereto and supersedes
any and all other agreements, either oral or in writing, between the parties with respect to
the subject matter herein. Each party to this Agreement acknowledges that no
representations by any party which are not embodied herein and that no other agreement,
statement, or promise not contained in this Agreement shall be valid and binding.
17. GOVERNING LAW. The City and Consultant understand and agree
that the laws of the State of California shall govern the rights, obligations, duties and
-13-
WE
liabilities of the parties to this Agreement and also govern the interpretation of this
Agreement. Any litigation concerning this Agreement shall take place in the Los Angeles `"O
County Superior Court.
18. ASSIGNMENT OR SUBSTITUTION. City has an interest in the
qualifications of and capability of the persons and entities who will fulfill the duties and
obligations imposed upon Consultant by this Agreement. In recognition of that interest,
neither any complete nor partial assignment of this Agreement may be made by Consultant
nor changed, substituted for, deleted, or added to without the prior written consent of City.
Any attempted assignment or substitution shall be ineffective, null, and void, and
constitute a material breach of this Agreement entitling City to any and all remedies at law
or in equity, including summary termination of this Agreement.
19. MODIFICATION OF AGREEMENT. The terms of this Agreement can
only be modified in writing approved by the City Council and the Consultant. The parties
agree that this requirement for written modifications cannot be waived and any attempted
waiver shall be void.
20. AUTHORITY TO EXECUTE. The person or persons executing this
Agreement on behalf of Consultant warrants and represents that he /she /they has /have the
-14-
r,85
M
authority to execute this Agreement on behalf of his /her/their corporation and warrants and
�%W represents that he /she /they has /have the authority to bind Consultant to the performance
of its obligations hereunder.
21. NOTICES. Notices shall be given pursuant to this Agreement by
personal service on the party to be notified, or by written notice upon such party deposited
in the custody of the United States Postal Service addressed as follows:
Cam.
Attention: Bret Plumlee
Finance Director
City of El Segundo
350 Main Street
El Segundo, California 90245
Telephone (310) 607 -2240
Facsimile (310) 640 -2543
Consultant.
Attention: Ken Aster
Prosum
2041 Rosecrans Ave., Suite 350
EI Segundo, CA 90245
(310) 563 -3620
The notices shall be deemed to have been given as of the date of personal
service, or three (3) days after the date of deposit of the same in the custody of the United
States Postal Service.
-15-
086
20. SEVERABILITY. The invalidity in whole or in part of any provision of this
Agreement shall not void or affect the validity of the other provisions of this Agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be
executed the day and year first above written.
By
Title
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
By
Title
ATTEST:
Cindy Mortesen
City Clerk
-16-
AP AED O ORM:
ark .
City Attorney
087
haw
EXHIBIT A
SCOPE OF WORK
1) Provide up to 8 hours per month of Level 1 services including, but not limited to:
• Network design strategy planning;
• Phone support for designated City staff and /or on -site Prosum employees.
2) Provide up to 2 days per week (6 -8 hours per day) of Level 2 support services
onsite as directed by the City's Finance Director or his designee which shall
include:
• Assistance with configuration of City network equipment (routers, switches,
and other programmable network gear);
• Assistance with setting up and maintaining network servers at the appropriate
manufacturer service release and update levels;
11%W . Assistance with desktop configuration and updates;
,b✓
• Assistance with Y2K compliance on network and desktop software;
• Migrating from Novell Netware to an all NT Server environment;
• Setting up reliable and secure Internet access both internally and through a
Virtual Private Network;
• Other specific task assignments by the Finance Director or his designee.
3) Weekly reports of task status for all assigned tasks shall be provided verbally or
in writing to the Finance Director.
4) Task assignments will be made by the Finance Director of his designee and
reviewed each week as part of the above referenced status report.
5) Finance Director may scale back weekly work assignments with 2 weeks prior
written notice to not less than six hours per week of a Level 2 resource.
-17-
0.88
EXHIBIT B
RATES
1) Level 1 rates shall be for a qualified senior network analyst with relevant training
and experience in City network technologies. The rate for this service shall be
$125 per hour.
2) Level 2 rates shall be for a qualified network technician with relevant training and
experience in City network technologies. The rate for this service shall be $75
per hour.
3) Total fees shall not exceed $5800 per month.
-18-
ROOM
Vad
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent Calendar
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Proposed revisions to the class specification for the job classification of Disaster Preparednes Coordinator. Fiscal
Impact: None
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Approve the class specification.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
The attached class specification was reviewed by Fire Department Management staff and revised and updated to
reflect the current duties and responsibilities assigned to the one position job classification. The current class
specification was approved by the City Council on August 6, 1996. The revised class specification has been reviewed
by the City employees Association.
DISCUSSION:
Approval of the class specification is required in order for the Human Resources Department to initiate the necessary
steps in the recruitment and testing process.
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
Class specification in add - delete format.
FISCAL IMPACT:
N/A
(Check one) Operating Budget: Capital Improv. Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance: Date:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required - Yes_ No
ORIGINATED: Date: 4/12/99
o Aistant City Manager
REVIEWED BY:
Man
ACTION TAKEN:
agenda.313
f�.E' ,.-7r.�-
(1q0 V
.Y
Date Adopted:
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS COORDINATOR
Under general supervision, administer and coordinate emergency preparedness planning, ergeniretiem,, and
training for the City in accordance with mandated Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS):
responsible for preparation and maintenance of the City's Disaster Preparedness Plan including budget,
resource materials, community and media relations; serve as a technical advisor to city administration and
Area G Coordinator in the event of a large scale natural disaster or declared state of emergency; and perform
related duties as required.
The incumbent in this non - safety, single position classification is supervised by and receives direction from
the Fire -Gh*e Administrative Battalion Chief. This position is non - supervisory but may direct the work of
others within the scope of performing duties. The Disaster Preparedness Coordinator is responsible for the
administration and coordination of all emergency preparedness planning eperetienei and training functions
for the City. The Disaster Preparedness Coordinator is the liaison between the City and community, media,
and various local, state, and federal emergency organizations and agencies.
Duties may include, but are not limited to, the following:
Coordinate emergency planning and operations within the City and with local, state, federal and
private agencies and /or organizations.
2. Prepare and update the City's Disaster Preparedness Plan in accordance with various local, state,
and federal legislation; end review City Resolutions and Ordinances for accuracy and compliance
with current legislation, codes, regulations and ordinances and incorporate into the City's Disaster
Preparedness Plan.
Coordinate implementation and enforcement of all governing rules, regulations, and codes pertaining
to emergency preparedness and serve as City's emergency preparedness technical advisor.
4. Organize and conduct emergency preparedness training exercises; occasionally assist the Public
Education Officer with response assessments, First Aid, and CPR for city work force, business
community, and other community groups and organizations; oversees the Community Emergency
Response Team (C.E.R.T.).
Train appropriate city personnel on the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) and
ensure City qualification for disaster reimbursement funding.
6. Develop and promote public emergency preparedness awareness including preparing preparation
of brochures, flyers, press releases, and other promotional materials; make oral presentations to City
Council, committees, community and business groups; and conduct in -home resident meetings.
7. Maintain and update emergency resource library and area mapping collection for use by suppression,
prevention, and inspection personnel including electronic, visual, and written formats.
091
, // /(-,, -. __-� /, j - 0 0 ': ��
8. Chair emergency preparedness planning meetings, committees, and boards as assigned by the Fire
Chief end may attend Area G planning and training meetings and seminars.
9. City liaison with media, amateur radio operators, and school district on emergency and disaster
'111111W preparedness; emd provide counsel on emergency preparedness training, administration and
response.
10. Complete, submit, and track claims to Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and prepare
other written and /or verbal reports, logs, and statistics.
11. Test area communications systems for ready effectiveness and efficiency.
12. Maintain City's; Emergency Operations Center at a high level of readiness.
QUALIFICATIONS GUIDELINES
Education and/or EXnerience:
Any combination of education and /or experience providing the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for
satisfactory job performance. Example combinations include a minimum of three (3) years experience in
administration or coordination of a disaster preparedness or emergency services program for a governmental
agency or private emergeney serviees organization. Qualifying experience te- inelude which includes
experience utilizing the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) is preferred.
Considerable knowledge of the objectives, policies, legislation, and regulations governing disaster
preparedness management programs and systems; principles and practices of organizational management,
training and supervision; incident command strategy; Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS);
modern office and records management methodology and technology; cartography; budget preparation;
research methods; grant writing; and resource materials collection. Ability to communicate effectively in verbal
and written form; ability to perform duties responsibly, effectively, and efficiently with minimal supervision or
direction; read, comprehend, and clarify complex statistics, legislation, codes, and regulations; understand
and analyze disaster preparedness programs and training needs and make appropriate recommendations;
prepare simple and complex reports, guidelines, and other written materials; make oral presentations; ability
to satisfactorily perform duties under stressful and /or emergency situations; establish and maintain
cooperative working relationships in the performance of duties. Skill in operating a personal computer and
appropriate software; skill in using various disaster preparedness equipment, supplies and materials.
Work may be performed in a field setting under a full range of environmental conditions and in a traditional
office setting. The Disaster Preparedness Coordinator may work with and /or in close proximity to structural,
environmental, electrical, noise, and mechanical hazards, including various forms of bio- hazardous materials.
Work may be performed under stressful emergency situations in the event of natural disasters and /or declared
states of emergency. Irregular work schedule and work on holidays, weekends, and evenings may be
required. The Disaster Preparedness Coordinator is subject to working on an on -call basis. Physical demands
may include working in confined space - areas,wal king, .running, climbing, bending, twisting, repetitive hand
and arm motions, kneeling, sitting for extended periods of time, crouching, reaching above head and
shoulders, light to heavy lifting, safe operation of various electrical and hand operated tools and /or equipment
and safe operation of various motorized vehicles.
Possession of, or the ability to obtain, a valid Class C California driver's license and a satisfactory driving
record.
092
fire:dp- coord.wpd
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: 4/20199
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: CONSENT CALENDAR
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Request for Proposals (RFPs) for Audit Services
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Authorize the Department of Finance to issue RFPs for the City's financial audit.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
The City's agreement for audit professional services expired following the completion of the FY 1997/98
audit of the City's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report. The Finance Department does not intend to
execute its two -year option on the audit agreement in order to evaluate other possible opportunities within
the industry. Since it is required by Sec. 2.52.060 of the El Segundo Municipal Code to complete a formal
competitive negotiation for a Professional Services Agreement of this size, the Department of Finance is
requesting approval to issue a Request for Proposals (RFP) for all of the required financial and
compliance audit professional services, which include:
1) City's financial statements
- This will not include auditing of business licenses.
2) A Single Audit (A financial and compliance audit of Federal Grants)
3) The State Controllers report.
DISCUSSION:
Continued on Next Page
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
NONE
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number:
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
Date:
No new fiscal impact
ORIGINATED: Date:
9
Bret Plumlee, Director of Finance and
Gavin Curran, Assistant Finance Director
X93
12
DISCUSSION:
Within this Request for Proposal (RFP) the Finance Department is considering a three -year audit
Professional Services Agreement with the possibility to exercise a two -year extension. Each potential
qualified firm of certified public accountants is provided with a general description of the City of El
Segundo, the scope of work to be performed, reports to be issued to the City Council, Auditing Standards
to be followed and technical qualifications and audit approach to be adhered to.
With the many changes in personnel over the past year within the Finance Department this RFP calls
attention to the importance of reviewing the department's policies and procedures and providing
recommendations, if necessary, to improve those polices and procedures. A requirement of 100 extra
service hours is included to use toward the implementation of any audit recommendations.
To ensure only the most qualified certified public accounting firms respond, this Request for Proposals
has placed special emphasis on the technical qualifications and audit approach of each firm. The
technical requirements include independence from the City of El Segundo, as defined by the U.S General
Accounting Office's Standards for Audit of Government Organizations, Programs, Activities and Functions
(1988), a review of the firm's most recent external quality control review report and verification of quality
audit work, a requirement that the firm's professional personnel assigned to the audit must have received
adequate continuing professional education within the preceding two (2) years, and a review of the firm's
most significant engagements performed in the past five (5) years that are similar to this engagement.
Consideration of the audit approach includes evaluation of the adequacy of proposed staffing plan for
various segments of the engagement, adequacy of sampling techniques and the adequacy of analytical
procedures. Overall cost is considered but is weighed against the technical qualifications and audit
approach of each firm.
The Finance Department expects to select an audit firm by June 18 and include the recommendation to
enter into a Professional Services Agreement on the July 6, 1999 City Council Agenda. The Request for
Proposals is available for review in the Finance Department.
094
Y
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: Consent Agenda
AGENDA DESCRIPTION:
Consideration of an increase in dues for membership in the South Bay Cities Council of Governments
( SBCCOG) (fiscal impact - $2,519.00 of AB 2766 funds).
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Approve the new annual dues of $2,519.00
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
The City is a long standing member of the SBCCOG. In the last few years the SBCCOG has been attempting
to transition from on organization staffed with volunteer City staff members to an organization supported by a
contract administrator.
DISCUSSION:
The attached letter from Dee Hardison, Chair of the SBCCOG, lays out many of the issues the COG has dealt
with over the past few years. The bottom line is that, in order for the SBCCOG to effectively represent its
member cities, the COG must continue to utilize the services of a contract administrator. In order the pay the
administrator, the COG must raise its dues as indicated on the last page of the attachment. Previously, the
annual dues to all member cities was $600 per year.
Historically, the City of El Segundo has benefited substantially from participation in the COG. In the last two
�kw (2) MTA Call for Projects, the City has received approbmately $4,800,000. The City has also benefited
SBCCOG cities supporting each other on issues of common concern.
The SBCCOG administration has been woridng with the Air Quality Management District to ensure that AB 2766
funds could be used to pay COG dues. At the present time, the City has accumulated an AB 2766 balance of
$17,317.58 for which we have no identified use. It is recommended that the City Council approve the new
annual SBCCOG dues of $2,519.00 and authorize the use AB 2766 funds to pay the dues.
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
Letter and attached material from Dee Hardison, Chair SBCCOG, dated April 7, 1999.
FISCAL IMPACT:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested:
Project/Account Budget:
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number.
Project Phase:
Appropriation Required:
AB 2766 Funds
• #�
$17.317.58 Date: 4/13/99
mate:
N:ICOUNCUPW-APR20.04 (Tuesday 4/13/98 4:00 PM)
'61
13
South Bav Cities
COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS
April 7, 1999
Dear South Bay City Manager:
i;ECEiVED
APR 0 91999
CITY M ARM Da' �lQ &1%I
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90275
On March 25, 1999 at the regularly scheduled South Bay Cities Council of Governments
( SBCCOG) meeting, the Board voted to concur with the attached paper that outlines the
necessity for a dues increase for the SBCCOG. They also voted to forward the proposal to all
member cities' City Councils for consideration. The South Bay Cities City Managers'
Association has already reviewed a draft version of the paper and at the March 17, 1999
meeting of the Association, an action was taken to support the proposed dues increase.
At this time, I am requesting your assistance in scheduling the dues increase issue on an
upcoming City Council agenda in your City. Our goal is to have all member cities review,
comment and, hopefully, approve the increase by May 10, 1999, so that the SBCCOG can
adopt a budget and make staffing decisions for the coming year.
For your convenience, a sample council item to transmit the dues increase paper is also.
attached. While your City's SBCCOG delegate and/or alternate may be familiar with the
issues and comfortable answering questions, in some instances that may not be the case.
Therefore, the SBCCOG Officers and Board members are available to attend one of your
Council meetings to answer questions or provide background information. Please contact me
at (310) 618 -2801 or our coordinator, Jacki Bacharach, at (310) 377 -8987 at least two weeks
in advance so that arrangements can be made to have someone from the SBCCOG attend.
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to call me or Ms. Bacharach.
Sincerely,
9
Dee Hardison
Mayor, City of Torrance
Chair, SBCCOG
DH:maw
Attachment:
1. Dues Increase Paper
2. Sample Council Item
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN ACTION
1'
4
Carson El Segundo Gardena Hawthorne Hermosa Beach Inglewood Lawndale Lomita Los Angeles Manhattan Beach
Palos Verdes Estates Rancho Palos Verdes Redondo Beach Rolling Hills Rolling Hills Estates Torrance
FUTURE OF SOUTH BAY CITIES COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS:
NECESSITY OF INCREASED DUES CONTRIBUTION BY MEMBER CITIES
lkaw adopted in March 1999 by SBCCOG Board of Directors
404&1111
In 1994 the 16 cities of the South Bay approved the formation of the South Bay
Cities Council of Governments ( SBCCOG or COG). Over the next four years, the
COG's work program was based upon a Subregional Strategy that was developed
in 1993. Due to changes in the organization, competing priorities and increased
demands and expectations with no increase in resources, the SBCCOG in late 1996
held a Goals Workshop to review and reprioritize the COG's goals and objectives.
As a result of the workshop, the following issue areas were identified as the
highest priorities for collective action by the SBCCOG:
• Transportation (includes LAX)
• The Economy
• Crime and Drug Use Prevention
• Livable Communities
`.►' These priority areas would be supported by subregional information sharing being
implemented via the ACCESS program and the COG information sharing /GIS
committees.
Before adopting a new work program to implement the revised priorities, the
South Bay City Managers' Association recommended and the SBCCOG Board
concurred that a Position Paper be developed and forwarded to all member cities.
The Position Paper was completed in August 1997 and provided background
information and a context for the current priorities and action items, and
highlighted many of the SBCCOG's successes on behalf of the member cities and
our subregion. The paper compared our SBCCOG with other similar subregional
organizations and presented a rationale for creating and filling staff positions for
the COG.
After reviewing the Position Paper, the SBCCOG Board recommended that
member cities; 1) receive and comment on this Position Paper; 2) concur with
creating and filling an administrator position for the first year of a phased staffing
program and fund this position from outside resources with the caveat that
matching in -kind funds most likely would be required; and 3) support the
('97
SBCCOG Board in implementing the actions necessary to carry out the
SBCCOG's work program. From September 1997 to November 1997, member
cities responded to the Position Paper and all concurred with the SBCCOG Board
recommendations.
At that time, as now, there were few sources of funding for the management of
subregional COGs. SCAG allowed the allocation of a small percentage of our
OWP funds for the administration of projects.
The Steering Committee of the SBCCOG determined that $60,000 was available to
hire an administrator for one year. This funding included a one -time use of
$50,000 of our total COG's Overall Work Program (OWP) funds from SCAG and
$10,000 of our COG dues (carryover dues from 1997 -98 and commitment of a
portion of the 1998 -99 dues).
An RFP was written, interviews were held and Jacki Bacharach & Associates was
hired as our SBCCOG Coordinator from May 1, 1998 to April 30, 1999.
Additional funding from SCAG allowed the COG to extend Jacki Bacharach &
Associates' contract two additional months until July 1, 1999.
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
The SBCCOG has shown that cities can be very successful working together as a
subregion. We are committed to maintaining and protecting local control and not
overlaying or imposing another regulatory layer of government. As a nascent
organization we have achieved much, but challenges remain and opportunities for
mutual gain continue to present themselves.
SCAG has established subregions as a part of their structure and as such the work
required of the subregions has increased significantly. Specific SCAG projects for
the past year have included:
• Implementation of the 1997 -98 Overall Work Program (OWP)
• Obtaining $249,000 in 1998 -99 OWP project monies
• Development of all OWP Scopes of Work
• Coordination and development of OWP RFP process, selection, and
contracts
• Beginning negotiations with SCAG for 1999 -00 OWP funds
• Dissemination of SCAG information such as the Regional Housing Needs
Allocation (RHNA) data to cities for review
M
2 f?9�
Many of our SBCCOG projects for last year were not SCAG driven. As a
r�1r• subregion, the COG has been able to influence regional decision - making. We have
been the facilitator and the forum for ideas such as the following:
• Submitting 20 MTA 1999 Call- For - Projects Applications from nine cities
• Coordinating through the SBCCOG the 1995 & 97 Call for Projects from
which 13 of our member cities have directly benefited.
• Implementing the Tri- Cities Bikeway project by acting as liaison between the South
Bay cities and the MTA.
• Hosting Legislative forums which included Federal and State elected
Representatives, Supervisor Don Knabe, and South Bay City Managers
• Sponsoring of Dispute Resolution Training for 30 people from South Bay cities
• Speaking out as a subregion on:
• NPDES
• Residential care facilities
• Southern Pacific rail corridor
• Water Reclamation Board rebate
• 310 area code split
• Congestion Management Program
�kw • Preparing a quarterly newsletter about the subregion
• Coordinating with South Bay Economic Development Partnership in promotion
of the South Bay as a subregion
�tw
• Serving as a network of resources to gather informed input concerning the
proposed expansion of LAX
• Monitoring the activities of MTA, SCAQMD, County of LA and other relevant
agencies as to their impacts on our subregion
• Sponsoring the on -line South Bay Smart Shopper project and a South Bay web
site
Through the COG, we have been able to increase our voice in the region,
essentially providing additional staff support, both technical and practical, for our
member cities. We can send one person to meetings and share the information
instead of each city sending their own person.
With dedicated staff, the COG has been able to act in a cost effective, timely
manner providing an identity to the projects and actions we have in common. If
each city had to provide dedicated staff or hire a consultant to work on each of
3 099
these projects separately, the cost would be much greater, it would more time and
the products would not be as useful to the whole South Bay.
Many of these projects were only possible because the SBCCOG had the services
of a paid coordinator responsible for running the COG. To supplement the work
of our coordinator team, a few cities still provide a disproportionate amount of
volunteer support staff. For the past year the value of this staff time has been more
than sixty hours with a value in excess of $32,000.
NEXT STEP!
The SBCCOG will have completed our first year with a coordinator on May 1,
1999. In our Position Paper of August 1997, we stated that the COG would come
back to our member cities for further direction.
It is now decision - making time for SBCCOG - The subregion is at a
crossroads! We run in place as other subregions gain advantage: Alameda
Corridor East, Multimedia Centers, Bio- Technology....
Our contract with Jacki Bacharach & Associates expires on July 1, 1999. The
$50,000 from SCAG to pay for a coordinator was a one time grant. Our funds from
SCAG for the 1999 -00 OWP will probably only include about $25,000 for
administration.
With only $25,000 from SCAG and the current total COG dues of $9,600 (most of
which goes to pay for our secretary who prepares the agenda and takes the minutes
of the monthly board meetings), it is very apparent the COG will not be able to
hire a coordinator for 1999 -00.
Returning to using only volunteer staff support from a few of our member cities is
no longer realistic if SBCCOG is going to compete with the other subregions in
LA County and Southern California. Most all of the subregions now have an
organization, which includes paid support staff. Because of this, these subregions
are very effective in getting the limited Federal, State and Regional funds for their
subregion. For the SBCCOG to be heard effectively and to get our "fair share" of
those funds, we also need to continue to have an effective subregional organization
with dedicated professional staffing.
The SBCCOG has sought funding from other agencies such as the EPA
Sustainable Communities Grant to further meet our funding needs. In the past few
years, SCAG, SCAQMD, and MTA have all cut back on their outreach to cities so
4 -100
COGs are assuming a liaison role they never had before and the regional agencies
are relying more on COGS to perform this function. The SBCCOG is currently
seeking grant funding from MTA, SCAQMD and additional monies from SCAG
to support our efforts with these outside agencies.
But there are other collaborative efforts that the COG can pursue if resources for
coordination and implementation were available. At our recent city Managers'
Forum, the following collaborative efforts between the COG and our member
cities were suggested:
• Coordinating member cities sharing of information technology, such as a
common GIS system, which would be helpful in obtaining grants
• Creating opportunities for joint meetings and lobbying with our Federal, State
and County legislators on member cities issues
• Coordinating training courses for the staffs of our member cities
• Serving as a clearinghouse of information such as: salary surveys, average cost
of refuse contracts, location of clean fuel facilities, etc. for our cities
• Coordinating cost - cutting joint purchasing options for member cities
RECOMMENDATION
�kw The Board of Directors of the SBCCOG at its meeting in March approved an
increase in dues to allow the collaboration between the COG and member cities to
grow so that the COG is able to continue to foster mutual benefits.
The Board of the SBCCOG further recommends that the budget for 1999 -00 fiscal
year be set at $98,000. It has been apparent for some time that $60,000 wasn't a
realistic amount for a coordinator. With only $10,000 from dues for non -SCAG
related expenses, the coordinator team provided many services during this past
year for very little compensation.
With the $25,000 available from SCAG, there would need to be an additional
$73,000 from member cities to achieve a budget of $98,000.
The Board of Directors believes the fairest way to reach the $73,000 is to first
establish base dues of $1500 for each city. Then using the City of Rolling Hills as
the base city, determine the additional dues for each city based on its population
above the base (see attached chart).
5 101
The COG realizes that finding funding within the General Fund may not be
available for all of our cities, but we know that there are other sources of
funding for the increased dues besides the General Fund of the city. Cities in
other subregions use some of their AB2766 funds and /or Proposition A & C
Transportation funds to make their dues commitments. COG membership is
an acceptable use of these funds. The SBCCOG would certainly assist any
city in the administrative paperwork of the use of these funds for COG dues.
ON ST 13 .0 '
There is no going back. Regional organizations are cutting back their outreach and
relying more on the COGS in reaching cities with funding and programs. The
SBCCOG does not want to create a new bureaucracy, but we want our fair share at
the regional table. The Board of Directors believes that the increased cost of
SBCCOG dues to each city will be returned many times over in what we can
accomplish together in programs and projects to benefit our cities.
The SBCCOG believes it has accomplished a great deal during this past year with
a minimum level of support staff. To even maintain this same level of support,
there needs to be a member city dues increase. Without the dues increase, the
SBCCOG will cease to be an effective subregional organization! There is no city
or cities that have the resources to provide a level of staff support to keep the COG
functioning at this new increased level.
The Board of Directors of the SBCCOG requests that each member city
review this proposal and adopt the dues increase.
6 102
* *SAMPLE CITY COUNCIL ITEM **
Honorable Mayor and Member of the City Council:
SUBJECT: City Council consideration of an increase in dues for membership
In the South Bay Cities Council of Governments to cover the costs
of administering multijurisdictional work projects.
BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS:
SBCCOG Successes
The South Bay Cities Council of Governments ( SBCCOG) is a voluntary
organization of sixteen cities under a joint powers authority to address shared
transportation problems. This cooperative action dates back to the 1970s when
the South Bay Cities Association was formed. Over the years since then, the
regional planning emphasis has been decentralized to subregions, creating an
opportunity for communities to undertake more meaningful policies and projects.
Concurrent with this change has been the enactment of criteria for joint
sponsorship of transportation and infrastructure projects in determining funding
`,,,, allocations.
The SBCCOG was established in 1994, and the member jurisdictions set about
developing common goals, objectives and priorities for programs that would
enhance the quality of life for all who live, work and visit the South Bay. In 1997,
each member city adopted these goals and strategies as they were articulated in
a Position Paper. Included in the Position Paper was a discussion of staffing
and funding options. Implicit in the adoption of the SBCCOG's priorities was the
acceptance of an administrative structure for the organization.
Since the SBCCOG's formation, the members have been actively seeking
funding for key mobility projects. Through the SCAG Overall Work Program
(OWP), which channels federal transportation planning dollars to the subregions,
the SBCCOG undertaken several projects that have established a framework for
our cooperative needs. In the SBCCOG's 1998 -99 OWP, over $249,000 from
SCAG will be used to:
Develop a subregional prototype transportation model and refine the
network of roadways that currently exist in the SCAG model
Examine the impact of truck movements on South Bay streets
and develop mitigation strategies for bottlenecks
.1 n .i
AN
• Expand and enhance the shared database of population,
socioeconomc and transportation data
Develop quantifiable "livability" strategies that member jurisdictions can
utilize in making community development decisions
Monitor and provide the South Bay's input into the 1999 SCAG
Regional Transportation Plan amendment, the 2000 Air Quality
Management Plan update, and the full Regional Transportation Plan
update in 2001
In addition to SCAG funding, the SBCCOG has maximized our funding from the
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) for our ongoing
and highly South Bay Signal Synchronization Project.
Several of the SBCCOG member jurisdictions have also received funding from
the MTA for their transportation needs:
Widening of Aviation Boulevard in El Segundo
New interchange and improvements at Arbor Vitae and 1 -405 in
Inglewood
A website designed to promote the SBCCOG's local businesses via the Internet
and comingle important information on local services and facilities has gone
online. It is funded through the South Coast Air Quality Management District
(AQMD) and is expanding with new listings on a regular basis.
Along with the SBCCOG's active undertaking of transportation and air quality
enhancement programs, the jurisdictions have provided a forum for collective
monitoring and action on issues such as:
• Expansion of LAX
• NPDES
• Residential care facilities
• Water Reclamation Board rebates
• 310 area code split
• Congestion Management Program
For the upcoming year, SBCCOG communities have collectively promoted 20
applications for funding of key transportation projects for the MTA's Call for
Projects.
Administrative Needs
The SBCCOG's expanding workload requires a great deal of coordination,
oversight, contract administration, and project tracking. Most of the SBCCOG's
projects are conducted by consultants, and it is necessary to monitor and report
to SCAG, MTA and the AQMD on a regular basis.
2 104
P
16 W-A
r
Until the past fiscal year, the administrative function for the COG was fulfilled by
consultants and via the voluntary efforts of several member cities. In 1998 the
SBCCOG contracted with Jacki Bacharach and Associates to provide the
needed administrative functions. However, funding for this critical SBCCOG
function has been limited. Initially, the SBCCOG received a one -time award of
$50,000 from SCAG to cover these administrative needs, and, coupled with
existing dues, we were able to begin organizing much of the work. However, a
maximum of up to ten percent of a subregion's OWP funds can be applied to
administration, and, for the upcoming fiscal year, this will amount to only
$25,000. This, added to the $9,600 expected from dues, will only pay for half of
the OWP oversight we need, and will not cover the administration of non -OWP
projects.
Options for receiving outside funding for the SBCCOG's administration are few.
Although we will actively seek funding from agencies such as the MTA, the
AQMD, and other sources, these monies cannot be used for project oversight.
Even if funds were applicable to project management, the SBCCOG could not
anticipate discretionary funding for future fiscal years. Thus, the ability of the
SBCCOG to fully finance the management of its programs could not be assured.
The SBCCOG Board of Directors has delineated this dilemma in a paper entitled,
"Future of South Bay Cities Council of Governments: Necessity of Increased
Dues Contribution by Member Cities." The paper expands on the SBCCOG's
successes and the concerns for the future. Given the uncertainty of outside
funding for the adminstration of the SBCCOG's programs, the member
jurisdictions can insure a source of support by contributing more through their
dues. To do this, the paper recommends a population -based dues formula
which addresses equity among cities of varying sizes. The paper, inclusive of
the proposed dues structure, is attached to this item.
Assuming the proposed dues structure is enacted by all member cities, the
SBCCOG will be able to continue achieving the collective goals adopted in the
Position Paper. With the administrative oversight in place, the SBCCOG will be
better able to receive information on regional policies, respond to these issues,
and expect to be proactive in promoting our unique South Bay needs in
competition with those of other subregions.
3
105
ANN
RECOMMENDATION:
The City Manager recommends that the City Council review material relating to
the administrative needs of the South Bay Cities Council of Governments and
adopt the proposed dues for the City of
Respectfully submitted,
City Manager
Attachment: Discussion Paper on SBCCOG Administrative Needs
and Proposed Dues Structure
4 t06
MA
100
M
OR
SBCCOG - Proposed Dues
City
Population
Total Dues
Carson
90,554
$7,760
El Segundo
16,424
$2,519
Gardena
57,986
$5,457
Hawthorne
78,573
$6,913
Hermosa Beach
19,098
$2,708
Inglewood
118,484
$9,735
Lawndale
30,191
$3,492
Lomita
20,502
$2,807
Manhattan Beach
34,898
$3,825
Palos Verdes Estates
14,317
$2,370
Rancho Palos Verdes
43,657
$4,444
Redondo Beach
65,755
$6,007
Rolling Hills
2,016
$1,500
Rolling Hills Estates
8,404
$1,952
Torrance
143,601
$11,511
City Totals
744,460
$73,000
SCAG $25,000
TOTAL BUDGET $98.000
Current Dues: $600 x 18 cities = $9,600
ASSUMPTIONS
1. TOTAL BUDGET
$98,000
2. SCAG
$25,000
3. CITIES
$73,000
4. BASE DUES
$ 1,500
5. POP DUES
6. TOTAL DUES
TOTAL
Minimum paid by each City (total paid by Rolling Hills)
Proportionate to City's pop in excess to that of Rolling Hills
BASE DUES + POP DUES
N1PR0JECTSISBCC0G.PR0 (4/13/99) 1 0 '7
EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: April 20, 1999
AGENDA ITEM STATEMENT AGENDA HEADING: New Business
AGENDA DESCRIPTION: FISCAL IMPACT $16,140
Proposal to fund and operate a Certified Farmers' Market in the City of El Segundo.
RECOMMENDED COUNCIL ACTION:
Approve the funding and operation of an El Segundo Certified Farmer's Market on Fridays from 4:00 to
7:00 p.m. on Main Street in front of City Hall.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND:
On December 16, 1998, the City Council considered an Action Plan developed by staff to implement
portions of the Downtown Task Force's report entitled "Developing A Vision for Downtown El Segundo."
One of the action items included the formation of a Farmer's Market. On January 5, 1999, the City
Council approved an Action Plan including a budget of $145,000 for the following programs: Civic Center
Plaza Design /Development, Downtown Events Programming, Specific Plan, and Retail Recruitment. They
are in various stages of implementation. The Downtown Revitalization Subcommittee has reconsidered
the merits of retaining a retail recruiter (given the shortage of available retail space) and has instead
recommended shifting a portion of these funds over to the Farmer's Market project.
The cost to operate the market for the first six months is estimated to be $16,140. The annual cost is
estimated to be $26,280.
DISCUSSION:
The first task was to solicit a feasibility analysis from the Southland Farmer's Market Association. The
recommendations of this analysis indicate that the people in the area would be well served by a Certified
Farmers' Market. A Farmers' Market would be most successful if the City chooses a site that serves the
market, with the right day and operating hours, and selects a site with ample parking.
They specify that the best site would be one that is a visible part of the downtown area and that has
adequate parking for 100 shoppers at any one time. The report also specified several optimal hours of
operation, which would serve both the farmers and the local community, including Wednesday
afternoon /evening, Saturday afternoon, Tuesday morning, and Friday afternoon or evening.
On April 12, 1999, an advisory committee composed of downtown merchants, property owners and
business leaders met to discuss the results of this study. After considering the Association's
recommendations, the committee agreed to support a Farmer's Market in El Segundo and recommended
that it be located on Main Street in front of City Hall, and that it be held on Friday afternoons, from 4 to 7
p.m. Not only does this time and location follow the recommendations of the Southland Farmer's Market
Association, but it will aid in developing renewed interest in downtown El Segundo. The projected target
date for the opening of the Farmer's Market is the beginning of July 1999.
In order to get the market up and running, Mary Lou Weiss, who operates the City of Torrance Farmers'
Market, will be hired to conduct planning and preparation to open the new market.
The Recreation and Parks Department will have primary responsibility for the Farmers' Market, including
all staffing and operation. Staff estimates that the projected cost for six months will be $16,140.
ATTACHED SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS:
1) Farmers' Market Budget
2) Feasibility Analysis
FISCAL IMPACT:
Operating Budget:
Capital Improvement Budget:
Amount Requested: $16,140
Project/Account Budget: $75,000
Project/Account Balance:
Account Number:
Appropriation required: $16.140
10814
ORIGINATED BY:
Jim Fau irec76r�? Recreation and Parks
n
Jim yansen, Director of Economic Development
DATE: April 13, 1999
JEWE,D BY. DATE: r , ity Manager
1111f,9
ACTION KEN:
990420. NB -mkt
109
4
n
CERTIFIED FARMERS' MARKET
SIX MONTH
OPERATING BUDGET
MARKET MANAGER (1,040 HOURS AT $12.76 PR HOUR) ......... $ 6,640
MISCELLANEOUS PART TIME STAFF ..... ...............................
500
OVERTIME FOR SETUP AND CLEANUP . ...............................
1,000
ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION ......... ...............................
2,500
OFFICE SUPPLIES ............................. ...............................
450
POSTAGE......................................... ...............................
350
1#41r►
COPYING CHARGES .......................... ...............................
500
PERMITS AND CERTIFICATIONS ........ ...............................
1,000
MILEAGE........................................ ...............................
200
MARKET CONSULTANT ................... ...............................
3,000
TOTAL
$16,140
Certified Farmers
1 I()
Feasibility Analysi
for a proposed Certified 1 armers' Market in hi begunao
created by Southland Farmers' Market Association
1308 Factory Place, Unit 68, Los Angeles, California 90013
fax 213 - 244 -9180 Phone (213) 244- 9190 -- March 8, 1999
As in all potential markets, the concept of a Certified Farmers Market
(CFM) in the downtown area of the City of El Segundo has both strengths and
weaknesses. There are more CFMS in the El Segundo area than anywhere else
in the state. Within twelve (map) miles, there are 22 existing markets, and four
additional markets that have failed.
Of those markets within five miles, there are only three (and one failure).
One of these markets is not a particularly "strong" market.
An excellent market site is CRUCIAL for a market's success. The two
most important initial decisions that hamper or boost a market are:
FIRST - Operating hours and day SECOND - Market site
Much consideration should go into the choice of the site and the operating
day and hours. These choices should never be changed, once made. No
specific site or operating days /times were considered in this analysis.
STRENGTHS
1) This market would operate in a distinct community with a readily accessible
residential population surrounding the market site.
2) Depending on the site chosen (which will be discussed further later in this
report), the market visibility could be excellent.
3) The area is a functional and pleasant place.
4) The market area is peopled by families.
5) There is a good mix of income, educational, and age levels.
6) Most people work close by, facilitating good selection of market hours.
WEAKNESSES
1) The proposed area does not, depending on day choice, host a generous existing
supply of foot traffic (assuming the market is on Main Street).
2) Customer parking is available, but not in over - supply.
3) The region is saturated with existing farmers' markets.
4) Transience (majority of renters) and family size are concerns.
5) Number of people available (density, etc.) are a major concern.
1]1
M
page 2
Every market, from the largest in the state on along, have weaknesses.
The questions are: how important to the market's operation are these weaknesses,
and how to compensate for these weaknesses (while getting full value from the
market's strengths).
Five actions that could strengthen your opportunity for success are:
* Attracting people from outside the city
* Choosing the right day and operating hours
* Selecting a market site that serves ft market
* Selecting a site with more - than-ample parking
* Creating a market that is distinct from nearby markets
SELECTING HOURS OF OPERATION
There are a number of operating schedules available that I believe would
serve farmers and the local community (the two components without which the
market will not work).
Your best choices (in this order) are:
A/ Wednesday afternoon/evening
B/ Saturday afternoon
�kw C/ Tuesday morning
D/ Friday afternoon or evening
E/ Monday
F/ Sunday afternoon
Your worst choices are:
a/ Saturday morning
b/ Sunday morning
c/ Wednesday morning
d/ Thursday
One of the factors in choosing an operating time is the community's work
schedules. In this case "community" is defined as those in the area, ad those
you wish to attract. The average person in El Segundo leaves for work between
7:00 am and 8:00 am and takes 15 minutes to get to work. So, you have great
flexibility even during a daylime market on a weekday. Working eight hours, the
average person is home from their commute between 4:00 and 5:00 pm.
112
Page 3
Most successful markets are four hours in length. So, for mornings, the
market in El Segundo might operate between 7 am to 11 am and 9 am to 1 pm.
Or mid -day between 11 am to 3 pm (these markets are much more rare) . Or for
evening markets from 3 pm to 7 pm or 4 to 8 pm. Operating past dark (at least
in the winter) creates other considerations ... safety, suitable weather and
temperature, and lighting needs.
CHOOSING A SUCCESSFUL SITE
A market site that makes the market a visible part of the downtown area,
an attraction NOT simply convenient to the retail area, but a integral part of the
retail area would be quite an advantage.
Parking for 100 shoppers at any one time is minimum recommendation.
We recommend that space for farmers be 15,000 square feet or more. Additional
site considerations are surface /paving, ambiance (landscaping, etc.), shade or
wind protection, and consumer safety.
This marketing effort would need to sharply define the audience, and go
after that audience. Business -as -usual won't generate the new people, vitality,
and money that is needed for a market in El Segundo be thrive.
Funding is needed to create a viable market. Commitment of funding (its
availability or unavailability) is not known, so it is not considered in this analysis.
The people in the area would be well served by a Certified Farmers' Market in
regards to their likely preferences for fruits, vegetables, and other farm products.
The probability of success for this market, as proposed, is 71 % . And this scale
is a realistic one ... 100% is modeled on existing (thus possible) markets.
Anything above 66% is strong. So a market in El Segundo, properly done, has
an above average chance of success.
March 8, 1999
Mark Wall
Southland Farmers' Market Association
1308 Factory Place, Unit 68, Los Angeles, California 90013 .404
fax 213 - 244 -9180 Phone (213) 244 -9190
113
City of El Segundo
Inter - Departmental Correspondence
Date: April 13, 1999
To: City Council
From: Mike Gordon, Mayor
Subject: Zone Text Amendment in Smoky Hollow Zone
�hw I am requesting that the City Council consider the following amendment to the
Zoning Code. This amendment is to modify or eliminate the 500 -foot distance requirement for
automobile service uses from residentially zoned properties in the Small Business (SB) Zone in
the Smoky Hollow Specific Plan area.
mg:mb
n
114
15
0
3
o3 0
UA
lu
0
to to
2 Z
LLJ U U
p O
>j >
D
0
Z
Vl NP7�CO/OH Nt°R,O ♦`!�p?��
WY ppp P OI t'f N f7 If) ♦ OI Yf W a
N F t0 N 1(f O� � V Yf
-i O Ep tO P N Ln o oI N
� � m
to a
w �5 E
p � `° b
w tY
_
z
`_X`wptm
2 <cc�jJ p�`o}� aww 3 W
7 O w 1 U) i
LL f.� � w tnw
w W S to < �d w z z O 4
z����LL
N O O O O r N♦ t0 P O 01 fV p� 1f1 1ff ® 1O f0
w $ !�
gw i
P Z cc
0 E
C �0_� .2 z 3
J O
p V
LLJ
L U m U.
0
Y
W
U
E
W
a
U
Y
a
a U
M
EE 'v
b�c
F
J2 a
n
o
3 3�
a N
�0
U)
11
w
u
Q m
rl
Q'
W
QW
� O
U
a
E
a
a
W W
11
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
WARRANTS TOTALS BY DEPARTMENT
AS OF APRIL 9,1999
DEPT#
NAME
TOTAL
GENERAL
FUND DEPARTMENTAL EXPENDITURES
Streets
GENERAL GOVERNMENT
53,613.37
1101
City Council
96.94
1201
City Treasurer
631.08
1300
City Clerk
3,788.52
2101
City Manager
169.34
2201
City Attorney
37,764.88
2301
Human Resources
1,695.13
2401
Economic Development
5100,5200
2500
Finance
25,589.85
2601
Government Buildings
10,673.48
2701
Planning
6,446.47
2900
Nondepartmental
121,004.37
6100
Library
5,838.92
6601
Community Cable
(28.39)
780,107.57
$ 213,670.59
PUBLIC SAFETY
3100 Police 9,585.71
3200 Fire 7,534.46
3301 Building Safety 1,098.92
$ 16,219.09
PUBLIC WORKS
4101
Engineering
404.68
4200
Streets
53,613.37
4300
Wastewater
12,712.75
4601
Equipment Maintenance
862.01
4801
Administration
33.97
$
67,626.79
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
5100,5200
Recreation & Parks
$
25,705.24
EXPENDITURES
$
325,221.70
CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT
2,391.25
ALL OTHER ACCOUNTS
452,494.62
TOTAL WARRANTS
$
780,107.57
r-4
4)
Cn
ro
a
1J
f4
O
In
•� O
aq
u 0
u
a
>, w
s1
00
Ln
xH
\ H
OL U
C
b
C
ro
O
w
O
M
Ln
O
r-1
0\
O1
1J
ON
to r-1
y1 M
::s r-I
0\
Iw
00
roi
4J
O
FI
x
U
41
U
I
o r
m m
0
r
0
0
0
o
0%
N
0
m
0
o
N
m
H
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ln
r
m
LD
I H
I
Ln Un
H LD
LD
o
0h
m
w
O
o
o
o
w
H
m
LD
o
m
CD
N
rl
to
O
r
o
r•1
to
%D
H
o
Ln
LD
r
0
r
m
r
O
I v
I 01
I ro
Ow
LD 0\
Ln
Ln w
LD Ln
O
H
m
O
m
H
r
Ln Ln Ln
O
0) %D H
r N M O
OO
r
Ln to
0
O
0)
O
O
N
ri
O
000
O
o Ln
0 L Ow
1100
m
01 1
00
O
N
m
O
m
H
O
0 0 0
O
0\ 00 0
01 N O Ln
LD 0\
Ln
Ln w
LD Ln
O
H
m
O
m
H
r
Ln Ln Ln
O
0) %D H
r N M O
Ln Ln
w
N %D
m Ln
O
w
%D
Ln
N
Ln
O
Ln Ln Ln
Ln
ON H 01
O N Ln 01
r-1 Cl
LD
m
e-1 m
O
r-I
N
Hr1
N N
O
r•1
H
w
01 M M
LD M
r-1
coo
O
Hr-1N
H
i I
\\
\
\\
H
\
\
\
\
\
U I
m m
m
O\ m
m m
m
m
m
m
01
m
m
0\ 0\ 01
01
0) m O%
M m m m
41 I
m 0\
m
01 Oh
01 ON
m
m
0\
01
01
01
cn
m 01 m
O\
ON 0\ 0\
01 01 m m
r- r-
MM
r
r
Ln
1.0
Ln
rn
N
HHH
N
rrw
rwrLn
• I
HN
N
Hr1
N N
11
H
H
N
H
H
r-1
coo
O
Hr-1N
0HN N
i I
\\
\
\\
\\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ \\
\
\ \\
\ \\ \
(',r I
M M
Ln
M M
M M
M
M
M
M
M
N
M
w w w
w
M M M
Ln r r m
H r
co
O
O O
O O
O
O
O
O
o
O
O
O O O
O
o 0 0
O O O O
I
H m
r
v I
M N
O
w
Ln
N M O
U
w
M
O
M
O
rl H 0
OLn M
-.-1 1
H rl
\
N r-1
M M
H
%D
M
LD
H
O r-1 N
H
N N O\
LD r w Ln
0 1
m m
w
N H
0\ 01
M
N
01
w
M
w w w
O
Ln Ln m
m 01 N w
r7 I
ONo
M
ON
r-1H
O
O
r-1
N
M
www
I
mmm
OHNN
(: I
LD r
$
(14 N
Ln Ln
O
M
H
O)
M
01
M
Ln Ln Ln
ON
Ln Ln Ln
O O O O
H 1
rl H
LL
w w
Ln Ln
O
M
H
01
w
0)
m
r r r
O%
M M M
r•1 H r-1 rl
4) 1
I
rot
q
b1
1
cl
ro 1
u1
I
I
N I
1
1.1
ro�
1J i
a
U
O
z
U
~
°
off
z
O
I
a
`
u
a
coo
w
H
u
F
°
x
H
cn
z
u1
E
cn
�
w
a
a
F
M
H
o
w
w
w
Z0.0
a
110
A
HA
M.Q
A
A
z
4.0
4.Q
R A
A
WA
A
1
>4 ::j
z
D�
>+:3
u' �l
-::s
x:j
::s
O:3
OC
.2I
A
F
z
W
CL
>C
H
U
u
1
W ..
..
z..
,..,..
F.4 ..
w..
u..
w..
,..,..
w..
a..
a
..
..
w..
1
U) a)
W 4)
H O
w 4)
U. 4)
u 41
41
z 4)
°o
C94 4)
4)
4)
41
4)
41
a 4)
�o
zo
zo
�o
�o
�o
uo
o
aU
o
0
0o
zo
Ho
1
zu
wu
OU
wu
EU
Ou
Du
zU
uU
uU
u
cnu
0
U
I
G4
cn
(n
Cn
(n
O
H
E
H
H
H
Pl
W
�+
W
W Z
W
O r.
a�
h G
>
W C
0
E z
E G
a G
a�
a 9
a G
G
Z
�m
am
amro
am
am
am
04m
�m
m
m
m
m
Q. ron
ca
I
co
I
I
14 I
0 1
01
r
Ln
M
r
N
ID
m
H
w
m
M
Ln
o
LD
'b 1
O
Ln
N
O
m
r
N
w
O
01
w
w
LD
N
w
(., I
r
m
O
OL
M
w
r
w
O
O
O
Ln
O1
w
01
1
r
N
O
H
H
m
N
M
r
w
O
r
m
N
Ln
> 1
o
ri
O
1-1
H
O
O
11
O
O
O
O
O
o
O
1
m
0)
m
(n
m
0\
0)
O%
0\
O\
01
m
01
01
O\
I
01
0)
01
01
m
m
m
m
m
0\
01
01
O)
0\
0)
I
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
v I
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
o
O
JJ I
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
ro I
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
w
q l
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
I
I
I
N
M
w
Ln
w
r
m
m
O
H
N
M
w
Ln
%D
I
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
�C I
o
O
o
O
o
O
o
O
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
U 1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
[ 1
in
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
to
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
Ln
U I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Z :abed
6Z'£LT
66 /EZ /EO
ZZ61E
96'T9
66/9T/EO
8601E
OT'SST
66 /8T /EO
TT6TE
qn :apoO xueg
SE'ZS£
66 /LT /EO
960TE
SZVIdSIVW QNOWVIQ HnZg
EZT00
66/SO/60
TOTZOSZ
qn :apoO Xueg
ZZ'996
ZZ'996
66 /EZ /EO
696Z9Z
OZngIHZSIQ UHZSVW 21HOWx3VgE1
9LS60
66/SO/60
OOTZOSZ
9S'TZ8
61'6ZL
66 /8T /EO
£8106
qn :apoO xueg
L£'L6
66/6T/EO
68TOb
SdaZndWOO OddIg
E6060
66 /SO /6O
660ZOSZ
qn :apo0 xueg
ZE'6
Z£'6
66 /LT /£0
E6SZ8
ONI 'SIS"D HKg
EESET
66/SO/60
860ZOSZ
qn :apo0 xueg
00'S96'T
00'S96'T
66/6Z/EO
66
XZddnS 300d 19 SON39 dHXVB
8SSEO
66/SO/60
L60ZOSZ
qn :apoO xueg
VIE '9E
6E"9E
66 /ST /EO
00,Eb9SES
NHWNIVZHHZNH HOg7,Vz 19 dHXVS
OTL60
66/SO/60
960ZOSZ
08'6£9
OT'OZE
66 /ST /EO
OETZZSZ00£
qn :apoO xueg
OL'6TE
66/80/£0
TL990SZOOE
HHZ —OZ) HOZ7,VZ I HEMS
66000
66/SO/60
S60ZOSZ
qn :apoO xueg
S6'TZ
SV TZ
66/80/£0
8ZOT98EOOZ
HHZ ' "00 HOZAVZ 19 HHXV9
E6000
66/50/60
660ZOSZ
qn :apoO xueg
6Z'91
6Z'9T
66/9T/EO
S6866TTOOV
HHZ ' -OO HOgAVZ 19 HHxVg
26000
66/SO/60
E60ZOSZ
qn :apoO xueg
OL'86
OL'86
66 /TT /EO
S6TL61T006
dOZxVZ 19 HHxVS
6661T
66/SO/60
Z60ZOSZ
qn :apo0 xueg
00'9T
00'9T
66/6Z/EO
66
HHZ ''ONI 'XSQNI HAIZOWOSnV
S9690
66/SO/60
T60ZOSZ
ZL'06Z
ZS'LT
66 /TE /EO
ZEZL -OOZ
SZ'TE
66/6T/EO
8£- 8T6 -OT£
SZ'TE
66/6T/EO
6S- 066 -OT£
qn :apoO xueg
OL'09T
66/6T/EO
ETST89EZ
SaOIAdaS SSTISHIM 1191V
89090
66/50/60
060ZOSZ
qn :apoO xueg
6Z'TT
6Z'TT
66/8Z/ZO
Z8-6T6 -01E
aZSVXVd SLNnOOOV Z19ZV
069SO
66/SO/60
680ZOSZ
EU EET
E6'10T
66 /OT /EO
108696STOO
qn :apo0 3lueg
OV TE
66/01/£0
OZELZSET00
HHZVM Q -VHHMOdHV
L9Z90
66/SO/60
88OZOSZ
00'6T6
00'SZZ
66/SO/60
666180 -60T
qn :apaD xueg
00'68T
66/SO/60
666T80 -60T
ONI 'ZHOdSNVffl QHHOWHV
S69ET
66/SO/60
L8OZOSZ
------------ - - -
Te '1os xoagO.
- -- --------- - - - -
Pied -4unowV
-- -- - - - - --
alva-AUI
---- - - - - --
aDTonul
----- - - - - -- --- - - - - -- ------------------------------
ageQ PA /ueO sn -4e -4S
- -- - --
JopuaA
-- - - - - --
a -4 e(I
--- - - - ---
xz)agO
OCM93 S IIH 30 AZIO
SO:ES:OT 666T/ET/60
Z :abed
(gJOgS)
JsTq NDGg0 AJOIsTH /buTpue�sa n0
jsTjno a
fn
d)
Ul
0
a
4--1
14
0
A
U)
r, O
aQ
x
u u
vW
U
.a
>. W
>4
-1 WO
-H
E.
\ H
0� U
C
. r1
ro
ro
a�
W
O
Ul
O
M
U1
O
r-1
m
m
4.L m
to r-1
r-I \
JJ rr1
0 H
01-
IV
00
b
O
F
x
U
G)
U
.. C
o
O
Ln
o
O
O
Ln
O
O
r
co
o
OD
Ln
m
O
O
0
OD
O
0
o
m
o
O
r-1
Ln
r
a
fn
L
M
,-4
o
w
o
w
r-1 O
m
Ln
o
w
w
%
O
o
tD
a�
00
.-t
N
O
O
0
LD
O
ri
N
w
V
0
'--L
i b
-1 CO
O
\D
ri
Ln
N
O
rl
V1
m
V1
1a
r-1 r-1
O
rn
U
ON O
O
0 ri 1b %D O O
O
O
O
Ln
O
O
f
m m
0
ao Ln
O LD
O
O m N m ra W
O
O
O
4D
O
O
1-1
OD LD
r-
w M
H r-1
O
N %D N O W OD
O
V1
V1
O
In
O
d1
r, w
W
r-1 O
w 1-1
N
Ln W Lf) O L` Ln
O
O
LD
O
r-1
N
(r1
O
H w
O
V1 rn W ON LD Ln
r-1
U)
N
O
r-1
V'
(n V'
ri
17 V V1 N N
r-1 r-1
Q) I m m m mmmmmm m ON m m m m m mm m m m
45 I m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m 0) m 0)
Q I LD ON r- m m m m m m m m N ON r-1 %D LD Ln V. H r-1 m
• I N O 1-1 N N N N N N N N O N O N H N N N r-1 N
I rr1 N M M m m M M m M m V1 M V1 M en M rn m m fr1
M I O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O
m
W
r OD
a U1
U , m
•r1 I OD co m V1 Ln l0 O O V' w r 11
O 1 m m U) Ln Ln Ln U) LD N O w U) O
> I r-1 m V1 V1V'V'V1V1 U r-1 r- w r
N 1 m r r r- t` L` r- m m a m m m ri Ln Ln co m m
H 1 rn r♦ m Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln m (M a m m m H r� r r, m m
1
� I
rol
Q�
\ I
I
it
U 1
I
I
U) I
I
y.l I
ro�
1J I
I
z
1 W U
U) O
C r7 z a
I H Q 0 a
C14 z m w H F
w O F O a w
F a m En .7
U) rFr�� a En
I A WA A aLA A WA A aA A I-aA 9A A A A
2 :3 O 7 F W w W
0
I 1 cn En wv 4Q) 14 (1) v a v =) � v .. z,y 4.)
I'd. .
Qro Hro Qro ro zro aro Oro ro ro zro ro ro Hro
I H
0 0 $ 0 40 G. 0 a 0 0 h 0 0 >4 0 00 z 0 z 0 rl 0
L) IQ u U 0 .0 0 4u u U a U � u 0 0 \U
z w x a w
w w x Qz x a > a .e > e q e p a
D 3q DO as as 4q .4 r- �O Hr... Wq za a Wq WG 0Z
l a O ro ro D ro O ro - ro 4 m ro m m u ro w ro ro x ro x it H (v
CQm w a) co uco UM UM L) M Um um uCQ uQQ um ua)
I
I
I
Sa I
0 1 m m N W rn O O N N rn w d O m O
ro I N w r- U1 Ln rn Ln m m W W W L- m m
(.' I H OD N H w rn O ri 1D I.D m N N OD 1•1
1 0 r-1 V1 O r+1 11 O 1-1 rn rn N O O O r-1
> 1 0 r-1 O O H H O H H r-1 O O O r-I r-1
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
ON m m m m m m m ON m m m m m m
I Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Lf) Ln U) Ln Ln Ln Ln U) Ln Ln
1 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
I \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
M 1 V V sr V
Q 1 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O
1
I
I r-4 N r•1 V Ln w f- co m O ri N M V Ln
1 0 O O O O O O O O 1-1 r-I r-4 r-1 H r-1
1 r•i r-1 ri 14 r-1 r-L r•1 H ri r-1 ri r-1 r-I r•1 ri
U 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
y 1 o O O O O O O o o O O O O o O
.0 I Ln Ln U) Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln U) Ln Ln U) Ln
U 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
In
O
m
O
O
w
�D
w
N
I w
d1 n
r-1 I O
O
O
O
w
O
w
In
w
to
N
1
I
n
II
ro I o
a�
0
o
,�
in
rt
o
0
0
o
m
o
Cl
tri
y n
0 1 w
N
o
r
-10
r
o
r
w
o
o
w
m
ro
01 n
E 1 1 0
.-a
o
r•1
Ln
r 1
r1
r1
a
ro II
I Ln
_
1
II
Cl �
I
�
u
u
U �
�
n
n
n
u
n
�
�
I
0
0
O
O�0�r-1lDmmlflr00rr1rChr
o
m
O
O
00
Ow
w
lfl
lD
w
Ln
N
�
1
1
'
1
11
•rl I O
O
O
MAD�D1DrlOrNMLnNmQ10
O
w
I
II
rot
o
......
�D .Dori r� w r� ui v ri ui a rn w
1n
r1
O
w-1
w
o
o
o
o
w
'
n
11
a I w
1 0
N
r•1
o
w W r4 rr1 w r•1 w Ln m r m w r•+
�D
r
O
Ln
Ln
%D Ln
M
m
r1
'
u
i-1 1 Ln
1-1
ri 1
r 1
'
u
O
1
u
E 1
'
II
rs 1
II
rn
m
mrnmrnmmrnmmmo,mrnm
rn
rn
mm
01
m
m
m
a%
(3)
(7%
0N
11
II
(ll 1 Q\
1.1 1 01
O�
01
01 01 01 O� 01 Q\ Qt O� Q\ 01 Q1 0� O� O�
O)
01
01
\
O\ ON
\\
\
\
\
1
u
rot\
\
\
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
\
\
N
wr-1
O)
0�
N
II
A N
m
In
m N N rl m wrO\O�MO�01m
N
w
N
HN
r-1
O
II
1 0
r-1
N
N
r-I r-IN N N N r-1 N N N r•1 NON
N
O
\
\
\\
\
\
\
\
II
\
\
\
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\
\
rl
r'1 M
M
N
M
r1
II
('.. 1 w
N
rl
M r1 M r+1 M M r1 rr1 r1 rl M rl ri rl
M
ri
O
O
O O
O
H
O
O
II
II
H 1 0
O
O
00000000000000
O
'
'
II
1
0000000 ri 1-1 0 0 1-4 mr•1
1
II
II
Cl
r-1 r N w r m w r-1 m N w O m w
1
II
U 1
w rf) r-1 O w 0) w r-1 N H In 0% N N
w
011f1
N
m
1
1J II
..-I 1 0
tflwOw\ONNrwr OONO
N
�w
Sa II
O N
Nmr orn In W OD r- w1norcn
I
my
m
O
01
i
mw m N m ON r- o O m rl r-I r10
O1
m
ON
1•1 r-1
lfl
ri
w
ON
1
m
01
r•1 ri ri r-1 ri rl r-1 H r•1 r•1 r-I r-4 ri r-1
O\
O\
0)
r•1 r-1
N
N
m
aN
1
r-1 ri r-•1 .--1
1
'
yJ II
1.1 1
1n u
b
1
aq II
�
u V I
\
1
.gym u
rt �
�4
I
O G n
4-)O II
m 1
11
X H
H II
}.!
'
0� U
UJ
•ri II
1
�
1
ro
11 i
�
1
yJ
rn
II ,
u
x
U)
U
u
U
b
2
ii U
U
H
I
0
11 1 Q
a
a
H
1
u m
W
_
u v)
C1
W
1
II
ri)
rn
H
U
u
O
W
O
x
A
O A
A
A
W A
A
cn A
A
A
wa
O
A
K A
U
H 7
O
a
W
w
u >�
A
f!1
w
z
w ..
Ob
b
010
ii wb
a b
H oo
Hb
Hb
pb
H O'O
u Eo
G.o
Ho
o
u
o
.4 0
4u
0
o
oou
uo
wu
OU
z�u
�o
u
a�Zu
1 u
u
W.0
au
Wu
�u
u
a
>
ii >4 5C
iH k
x
x
k G
O C
1
u HG
HG
�
Wr.
010
W
cnro
Hro
Hro
�ro
aro
W ro
'
n 1 HM
Hro
Oro
Oro
U Cl
U Cl
U W
U W
U Ci
A Cl
A Cl
A CI
'
u U C!
u 1
U C1
U Cl
U m
I
1
II 14 1
II 0
o
O
r
m
o
O)
N
r
o
m
o
ri
ri
u b ri
r
m
W
Orn
r1
m
w
r
u1
w
it C: 1 m
U1
%D
N
r
m
w
m
N
r+l
•-1
'
II U 1 N
rl
rr1
N
r-1
O
O
O
r- 1
1
II 'J 1 ri
H
ri
r-1
lfl
O
II
II 1 0,
Q\
D\
O)
O�
01
O)
O�
O\
O1
m
O\
M
OA
m
Q1
m
Q\
m
Q1
1
rl
O\
II \
0\
\
O\
\
O\
\
\
\
\
to
\
to
\
\
\
\
1
rn
11 1 to
to
N
1n
to
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
••
O
11 y 1 0
11 J-1 1 \
O
\
O
\
O
\
\
\
\
\
w
\
w
\
w
\
w
\
w
1
1
ra
u ro w
w
w
w
w
0
w
0
w
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
11 q 1 0
0
0
0
1
m
n
'
0)
11
1
11 rn
W r1
u 1
11 ' �D
r
m
o
N
r-1
N
N
N
r1
N
w
N
U)
N
%D
N
r
N
'
r-1 \
II 1 r•1
ri
H
r-1
r-1
r♦
r-1
r•1
r•-1
r-1
r♦
1
1! m
II X 1 r-1
ri
r•1
r-1
N
cq
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
r .-I
II U 1 N
u
N
N
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
1
O\
II 1 0
0
O
0
O
O
1n
rn
Ln
rn
In
In
1n
Ln
I
�w
II j'. 1 N
Lf)
to
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
0 O
U I N
N
N
N
H
O
rr
ro
a
J-1
la
0
L!
W
aQ
xz
u0
vw
.c m
U
a
o U.
4-1O
In
X E~
\ H
Cn U
. rl
b
Q5
In
O
m
rn
.LJrn
rn ri
rl \
JJ M
::$ H
01-
Iw
00
it
41
O
E+
x
U
Gl
U
0
0
In
M
�D
m
H
%D 0
0
0
%D
0
0 m
0 0
0
0
ri
o
0 m
m N
O
N
N M
,-a
o
rn
Ln
rn
OD
N
H
%D
ro 1 0 lD O O O w O O 00[ -f-H0 mmmwmNMm[- Hm V1NOMNW Inw
-H 1 0 O O O O r--1 O O Nmr -1[, m 1D MI, I-w Mvm r-IW mm MI. v m N V'r•1
M 1 .
pr 1 In m N O m N o\ N d [- m N m 0[, I, O mH m N m m 1•-4 m H m m w w m w I-
I M r-1 O O% I- In mMNW H d1 Nw MNM rn mNN H
y! 1 \D m N 1-1
C I
1 0\
0 1
E 1
I
I
N 1 01 ON 0) ON ON Q\ o\ 0) 01 O\ O\ 01 0\ 01 m o) m m 01 0\ o\ O\ 01 0\ 01 O\ 01 01 01 0\ 01 m m
LJ I 0) O\ m 01 01 0\ o\ 41
rot\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
Q I N r-1 O N M N r♦ M C, w w[, w I-w N m N m N d1 V1v V'd1 V1 VIM Mtn In M0
• 1 0 r-1 M O N N r-4 r-I 11'-11 -4 H 1414 1-1 -4 N r-I N N N N N N N N N N N N NM
[' 1
-w M M V M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
H 1 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
I
1
I
1 H M
U 1 O m mr- m mN[- M m w O O m m m m r-1 O r� m N M O m O[,
-r•1 1 1` M m OE M In a% Ln V'f vNmMvM V v V Mr-I IO N M[,O
0 1 M d1 a% r. w m r- o)r- r- qa) V1 m M M M M M M H H H r w H In
> 1 1` In MMMMMMM d1v d1 V1 v In In In Ln In Ln In In U1 Ln In U1w
r: 1 01 D% 01 01 w o1 (14 1
H 1 m 01 01 01 w m N In w w w%D%D W%D w w w w w w w w w w%D%D w w w%D W
Ul 1
41 1
ro 1
Q �
1
c1
rot
ul
I
I
N I
1
IJ 1
ro 1
4 I
r I
O C7
I
a ch
U z H u El
w 0 w a
10 H i
F O
0 w a
a z Q O F U
1 A A OA WA D4.0 OA A A •A
I a O fns a7 z7 xO w:j :J C/) :J
H.... a.. ].. `'.. w..
H
1 zv av 4Q) av zw 14 0) U0) v my
1 w 10 10 b ro 0 ro a ro 4 r0 ro b
1 Q .0 -0 U) 0 HO FO O O U) 0
1 u 4 �ryU HU UnU wU >1U U 0U
Fx Wx Sx 4x wx ax wzx OUx 1Z-Ix
I
-I r. zO G >O >O �v $C CnC Q
1 w ro w ro w ro w ro H ro 0 10 O ro m ro Q ro
Qm Qm Qm Qm Q Cl co Qm wm 14
I
I
I
�4 I
0 1 0\ N N r-1 O H m M %D
'b 1 1` r- m 01 0) m H H M
(: 1 r•1 w M w w f- N V1 m
Q) 1 0 M M M M r-1 M O H
> 1 0 r-i ri H H O r-1 0 0
I
ON m 01 CA m m m 0\ Oh
I o\ 0\ m O\ 01 m m 01 0%
I In In In to In In In In Ln
v
10 0 0 o O o 0 0 0
ro 1 w w w d1 w w w w w
Q l o 0 o O O o 0 0 0
I
I
1 m 01 O H N M V In W
I N N M M M M M M M
x I H H 1•1 r-1 H H H r•-1 H
U 1 N N N N N N N N N
v 1 0 O O 0 O 0 0 0 0
1 In In In In to In to In In
U I N N N N N N N N N
I
v
ro
L
o
O
o �o
w
rn o
r
U) <n I w
w a
l0 M
r-1 I
O
O
0
m
o
O
0
O tn
O
N N
o
ao
I ..
II
ro I
O
O
O
.-1
H
O)
N
In
CO
co
N I v
I (11
It
0 1
d
O
In
VI
N
N
N
In
m
dl
()
'-'
w fn
N it
v
`n
w
Ln
r
1-4
_
I a
v
�
'
I
�
I
I
'
1
I
O
0 0 0
O
W
w
w
O
O
m
m r
O
I I
In
C I
I
O
O
O
O
O O O
O
Ul
N
In
I
O
O
V
N
N
II
t
O
m
Ul
O D V N
m
0)
d
U
O
O l0
fro
III I
I
V'
Ul
0
In
0 V r
m
.1
H
V
N
I
r-1
I
it
I
I
I
u
O I
II
g I
I
II
u
I
1
1
I
u
n
II
I
0)
m
O)
0) 0) m
m
0)
Q�1
m
Q)
m
0)
mm
O) 01
I
a%
0)
II
U I
0)
0)
m
0)
0)
Ol m a%
0)
0)
Q1
\
\ \
\ I
\
\
N
m
m ri
rO +
I
r4
O
N
N
aO m OD
N
r1
ri
r•1 N
o
O
r I r1 r I
O
III
Gi ' I
l
+ m m
M
O
O
O
O
0
CD
O
O
O O
1
I
I
H
CD
0
0
0 0 0
I
II
OD
I
II
I
Prl
I
II
O
II
I
lU I
to
O
N
O
N
II
U I
O
0)
N
U)
N
N
r r
}J II
II
.,..1 I
O 1
O
N
O
N
W Ul O
N
N
0)
0)
r
O
U)
O
O
,--1
w
U)
N (1)
m 0)
I
y..l
O II
O) O) O
(4)
R'
Ix
a%
�
Ln
N
m
(y
w
I+) M
0) 1
II
C: I
0)
0)
fY
al'
N N r')
N
a
O)
H
r--I
N
V'
r1
ri
N N
0)
I
•�,
m II
It
H I
m
m
LL
GL
In In In
In
u v I
I
'
U)
it
.,to II
Q I
I
I
a Q II
I
zz
.O I
I
x D
II > I
1
U 0
\
'
Iuw
II a I
'
.gym
n it I
1
1,4
II
O w
II
1
11 O
to
E-
H
II 1J I
1
Mu
II m I
1
•,4
u I
O
O
H
U
1
I
b
II
�Wg
�%
m
m
z
I
G
to
II
£
.2.
O
U)
Q
En
FC
U
F
4-)
II I
U
a
W
. 4
'�'
z
:1
I
In
II
[_.
Cx
w
W
Q
H
m
a
as
I
It
O
x
x
m
a
p
II 1
W
V
V
O
O
CL
CQIJ
1
1
II I
W
H
M
A
Q
W
z
x
U
z
W
u
IiI
W
[:
w
G4
W
7
a7
U
H
U
H
°
W
a
1
i
a
a
rx�
rY
OA
W.0
F
>
A
FA
O
UA
U A
Wb
A
AA
A
A
A
WA
W
O�
m 7
w �
:3
u
Ix::s
U7
G.::1
G1.:5
x::5
xa
a::s
H7
F�
��
a�
ii..
O..
O..
O..
o..
o..
o..
A..
zW
O v
W v
v
It
v
A v
'o
A v
A v
10
A v
z10
Ow
no
b
m y
•O
v
2:10
z v
sC v
0
R v
a
-,a
g
O
O
5)b
O
0
910
0
O
>40
W O
O
XO
I•1 O
m O
U O
RO
r7 O
U
u
m0
qU
C9U
C7U
C7U
C7U
C7U
0u
U) L)
UU
U
\U
WU
E- U
�U
W
mx
w
U) -'4
W
mx
w
En
w
mx
W
mx
co
FCx
D4
Ox
Wx
�x
UU
HamL4
W G
W��•.
H
]
u
3q
q
a
a7
G
t~
G
ait
anC
�it
w0
zit
Fr.
zit
r.
W. (z
Sit
X(IS
>I(13
ro
�ro '
u
II
qit
Wm
aro
Ww
aro
wan
ait
wan
aro
won
aro
wan
won
wm
wan
wm
wan
won
wan
woo
wan
G4W
I
u I
u I
u tl
tl O I
O)
m
In
C
V'
W
Ul
r-I
ri
r
U)
d'
Ul
O
r-1
N
Q\
O
OD
U)
I
N
w 1
OD
r
ri
r•1
N
H
w
r-1
0
U)
V'
w
r
f+)
VI
m
o
r
I'D
to
O
VI
O
N
m
w
O
M
r
Q1
O
0)
O
O
r•1
N 1
O
II > I
r•1
O
O
O
O
ri
O
O
O
O
r•1
o
Ln
O
II
11 1
0)
ON
m
O)
ON
0)
01
m
O)
Q\
0)
0)
0)
ON
0)
01
m
01
m
0)
0)
T
ON
O) 1
m I
II I
II I
0)
\
Q)
\
ON
\
Q)
\
Q\
\
01
\
ON
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ I
In I
r+)
Ul
II I
Ln
U)
In
U)
U)
U)
O
U)
O
U)
O
Ul
O
U)
O
U)
O
U)
O
U)
O
U)
O
In
O
O I
II v I
O
O
O
O
O
w
w
w
r•)
II it 1
IT
w
V'
a
d1
w
0
w
0
0
sr
0
0
d1
0
0
0
o
II q I
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
m
u
I
m
n 1
1
u m
In r-1
u
II I
r
OD
0)
O
r-1
N
(1)
VI
In
l0
V.
r
OD
0)
Vr
O
U)
r-1
U
I
U 1
—4 \
II 1
rn
(+
V
'
V
ri
r•i
H
r'1
r 1
ri
1-1
r-I
II U I
N
r1
N
ri
N
r1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
O\
II N 1
O
O
O
O
O
O
Ul
O
U)
O
In
O
In
O
U)
O
Ul
O
In
U)
U)
Ul
Ln
kV
00
II ,C I
It U I
U)
N
In
N
U)
N
U)
N
U)
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
r
O
tr�
ftl
a
J-1
>4
O
A
a�
�0
aq
z
U C�
NW
U
a
1•.
OW
4-)O
rn
xH
U
r.
C
ro
U)
O
0
m
m
um
UI ri
11 M
O \
I V'
00
rt
a.1
O
H
x
U
U
f
0
o
w
o 0
o
Ln
r
M o
r m
�D
�D
o
CD
m
M
m O
M
%D a% 0 w U)
w
U1 w
m
00
r•1
ri 1
O lw
m
r
O O
CD m
o
m
o 0
r m
.D
w
O w
w w
r
ri
Ln m
N M
%D a% 0 w U)
r♦
ri
0
Ln Ln
VT
O
O
kD ri W U1 N
V'
m
r
00
O
O O O W %D N V V ri m O ri
O
NN
r
M
O
%D a% 0 w U)
m
O
m
00
O
Mr ri O w O r- Ir -I r NMv
Ul
Ow
W
ri
O
rOrmM
m
w
VI
OO
w
VIrUlm NmmWmM VIN
OD
N%D
M
m
O
mMNwU)
VI
r
r-I
U1 Ln
m
ri ri N H Ut w ri m ri m rim
M
LD
Ul
w
M
ri
1-1 ri
r-I M r•1 1•1
r1
ri
M
Ill I m m m m m 0) m m m m m ON m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
4j I 0) mm m m m mmmmm m m m mm m mmmmmmmmmmmm 1
q I N MLD O ri w rr M w LD N M w r. r- U1 M w w w w LD U1%D w w 0 ri
• I O Nri ri M N ri r-I NNN N N ri r-1H N NNNNNNNNNNMM I
v M M M M M M M M M M M M M N N M M M M M M M M M M M M M I
M I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 00 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I
I
w
ID m m
1 om af: V' Mo D,- ran "r - Irirwmr
1 rw m r ri kD w N wmmOm VIm Om 1
U m V' I wSID O M O V' ri m w N UI V Lnr -0mNN 1
•ri 1 rim ri mmm Lnm v ri r w ri Ul m ri w%D O m m M 1
U 1 mM r mm rlMM M O ODD r riN -W %D V- V'M r-IM I
,7 I mm U1 Ln U1 �D w w O NU1 N ri Ln V'N U1 Ln ri U1 Ln
C I m r- r- M m m ri 11 H ri ri m m M mm m Mrim V' w%Do U1N Om cV I
m ww N m m 14Hr4 r4 ri m N Ut mm m 000000HOOHOO
, I
J-1
q , I
1
>I 'I
\ I
� , I
� , I
U , I
I I
I I
I I
� ; I
4
ro ,
,, ,
I I
I
I W
I H
I a
I fS
U a
I (Y.
Q 0
F I U U) U1
z F u
I �A WA Z.A A Q.0 aA A OA A OA OA A
a C a C O Z C C O x 7 F 7 x o
U N W 0 W N m (U Q) (U a N W N z N a Q) F (U
1 ro ro Hro 0 r -ro o:cro ro aro Hro ro ro -ro
�0 a0 cn0 W0 FO o O w0 0 o O 0
U U NU U U) L) tnU fxU u mu �u �U 0
I
En W w U) - H H U
1 \x wx 1 x Q.X W.X ax ax - xr� ax ux ux x
IiC qG 0z 0 t0 xG DC 3q >+q I-7 f~ f: r. U)C
CQf0 W .4m Oro 0 0 r 0m aro 4:m ° m ro
1 wCQ wCO rs.CO 44M [c. W r4M GuM G4M 0 0M 0M
f•1
0 I r r m M lD r-1 N N ri O O r
ro I M m U1 w O m ri lD m w w 0
(y' I O m VI M r M m N ri M M O
I V ri O O N M v r V. m m H
> 1 O O O ri 11 O O O O O O O
1 m m m m m m m m m m m m
1 m m m m m m m m m m m m
I U1 U1 In U1 In U1 U1 Ln U1 Ln In U1
1 O O O O O O O O O O O O
y I \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
Q 1 O O O O o O o O O O O O
I
I
1 M w Ln �D r m m O r-1 N M VI
1 U1 U) Ln LI) U1 Ul Ul w %D %D w w
,!C 1 ri r-1 ri ri 11 r-1 ri ri H ri ri r-1
U I N N N N N N N N N N N N
v 1 0 0 o O O O o O O O o 0
G I Ln Ln U1 U1 U1 to U1 U1 U1 Ln Ln In
U I N N N N N N N N N N N (N
1_
0)
f0
a
CID
a�
CJ1
ro
a
M
°
°
o
Ln
o O
In
H d' o o ON
O ° C m
m n
ri 1 M
In O
O
10
°
°
m
-W
In
r
a
ro 1 b N
d1
ON
O
1D
O Ill
O
M
II
41
0 1� r
01 O
O
N
ll1
r
m
m
m
1-1
O N
Ln
N m N M m
H
N
II
Fr 1( M
O
N
to
N
m
r
01
m
01
N
U)
w u
aG
c
N
II
a1 O
II
r~ 1 U
u
n
n
II
U I
I
II
II
II
II
II
�
�
�
O
dI 0 O1 0
O
O
r-INr
Nr
O
In
O
In
OH
00
r-
r
O
O
O
°
m
II
'» 1 O
1l1
o m o
0
o
In 01 M
01 M
II
ro t
0
01 CV mlD
N
U1
IpN01
001
01
O
N
01D
o
m
In
o
M
M
Ill
II
C11 I VI
H
01
O
N
01 1 U1 1
01
r
M N N
H N
O
01
N
m
II
II
1
11 1
�
H
r
�
m
'
II
{~ I
O
N
It
o
II
II
II
a
�
1
II
II
II
I
m
O1
01 01 m 01
01
01
01 Q\ 01
m 01
01
01
O1
m 01
01 01
0\
0)
D\
ch
O1
Q•
01
01
II
a) 1 01
1 O1
01
01
Q1 01 m 01
01
01
01 m 01
M 01
m
\ \
\
\
\
\
II
II
1-1
ro
\
1
D
'
QH \
U')
11 II
01
O
H
m m U 1D
H N N
0
O
O H
N N
N N
H
\
N
\
\
II
II
I \
\
\
\ \ \\
\
\
\ \\
\\
OM
\
M
\
M
\\
It
C. M
O\
M
MMMM
M
V'
MMM
coo
r•1 O
O
O
O O
O
O
O
II
H 1 O
O
O
O O O O
O
O
I I
M 1 D O
-4 N
N
II
I
r r•1 N
U) lD
1
N
II
II
1
C
r-1 lD 01
r M m
m N
In w
01
N
H
II
II
a) 1 N
U I m
O O
0 0
N M
H
r
m
H
m
O
m
it
-rl 1 1D
m
01 M N
m
O1 N
I
O
01
y)
i4 II
O I 01
N
q. q. H r-I
oomm
U
S-1
I 1
NNO
U10
r
N
O
01
H
0 11
II
,1 t U1
L: 1 N
m
d'
Q1
MMMM
01
ro
If)MM
VIM
01
Q1
O1
r
0101
01 01
w
O
O1
r
�.
II
O1
y1 II
41 1
In 11
M I
.-I0 it
q 1
u 1
b
x �
u > I
u 0 11
\
a) w 11
C 1
A
u ro I
,a
II
i4
O [:
u
4-)0
11 M
xF
II ro t
\ H
II yJ 1
trl U
II U) I
G
II
II 1
-r1
b
II
a
G
u
w
ro
II ,
m
�
"
a
rn
u 1
41
II
H
w
:J
U
"
II
11
z
w
U
3
W
N
W
II
II 1
.a
to
q
z
�
q
a
x
F
n
`]
114
3
HA
U)
UUA
hw1
C7A
A
A
A
`A
cf)
aA
A
zZ
-A
O
MA
WA
II 1 W
�3
U:5
U
H
ra
r
:J
3
U O
y
f
1Ui
rYi
F
a
a
z
HW
�N
UUN
HW
wN
..
It
UN
UN
ZN
W
ro
-N
b
'»
W b
H 'D
II 1
II 1
z b
H O
H b
Ro
x b
UO
`'U
O
W
O
o
0
O
Uo
HU
ca
U
ao
Uo
O
U
1114
-O
OU
U
E4 L)
FtU
U
CCU
o
wC)
UU
�U
WU
ii
U -14
Z -X
F X
A£A X
W
1zI k
Izi �G
w aC
w �G
dam
�e
faro
X
�e
vl st
ii
°aro
am
zro
0m
oro
�m
�b
b
Fro
ro
ro
ro
C7 R1
C7 cU
C7 m
0 a
C7 a0
C7 C1
C7 c0
C7 co
0 M
0 IM
a0
x PO
u C9
u 1
C� ao
C� IM
u 1
u �4 I
II 1 r
0
m
N
M
m
Il)
N
01
1D
Il1
O
O
w
01
r
M
d'
r-
w
H
0
m
1D
M
r
N
r
O
r
Il)
111
m
N
U1
H
m
m
\D
N
II i~ 1 0
1D
m
O
01
M
M
O
O
N
m
O
M
01
O
M
01
II a) 1 H
II > 1 0
r
O
VI
O
O
H
H
O
O
O
O
r-1
O
H
H
O
LI)
O
II
II I 01
01
01
O1
01
m
m
m
Q1
01
01
01
01
Q\
m
01
M
01
01
O\
01
01
01
II 1 01
1 \
\
01
\
01
\
0)
\
01
\
ON
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
U1
\
Ln
M
Ln
II
II 1 U)
Ill
U)
Il)
U1
U)
Il)
O
U)
O
U1
O
U1
O
U)
O
Ill
O
Ill
O
O
O
II a) 1 0
O
O
\
O
\
O
\
O
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
O
II 4-1 1 \
ro I w
\
v1
C
V'
d1
w
a1
w
w
w
d1
O
0
w
O
w
O
w
O
II q 1 0
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
m
n
m
u 1
A-) m
U)
u
In
1D
r
m
m
O
H
N
M
V'
V1
1D
r
r
r
co
r
1.1 M
II X 1 ri
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
H
O\
II U I N
II a) 1 0
N
O
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
to
O
to
O
to
O
111
1,w
11 4 1 Ln
Ill
U)
U)
Ill
N
U1
N
Ln
N
Ln
N
Ln
N
In
N
In
N
N
N
N
N
p 0
II U I N
N
N
N
CID
a�
CJ1
ro
a
I
v
tr)
ro
a
U
4
0
4
J-1
U)
i0
aq
z
U Cal
4) W
X: U)
U
a
?� W
4
O O
Li ED
•H
xE-
ll H
�U
a
ro
u
m
u
O
U)
O
M
U)
O
ri
rn
ON
41 (7)
U) 11
.-4 \
1-1 M
a rq
O \
I V'
00
r-L 1 N O O O %D %D O m r•L O N O
ro t. O O N V1 m O r CD O O VI
O 1 m If1 m O r-I 01 O m Ln O r•I
F+ I O) OD V' r r, r Ln o rn r- N
I N [. N r♦ V1 r-I CD r•I r•I ri CD
x I
U I r r1 N
.L, I
U I
I
I
I
'b I N O O 0 1D O O r-I r•4 r-I H H r•i O mN NMVIWNMO r-1 O N O
•ri I L- O O (N NNO MMMMMM 0 M VIm M1DML -OL- m O O
ro 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LL 1 CD Ln CD r•I w M U) Ln Ln U) U) U) O\ M 1D m U) W r- In 01 N m U) O r-I
I M m v r- Ln M CD V' VI v v VI VI Ul N w V' O) O) N U) N O) ri V' N
11 I N [� N M W 11 N N N N N N r•I 1 M ri r•I r-I ri m
I -
: I O 1D N
O I H ri
E I
I
1
U I O) (A m O) O) O) (3) m m m O) m O) (r) O) O) O) O) m O) O) O) O) O) m O1 m
rot\ \ \ \ \\\ \\\\\\ \ \\\\\\\\\ \ \ \ \
g I r- M H O) m N N W LD 1D w LD LD ON (n O) m N O) U) a% M O) Ln M O) N
• 1 0 N O N r-4 r-I N NNNNNN O HHHN. -1 NNNN N r-I r-I O
I \ \ \ \ -1-11, \ \ \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \\ \\ \\ \ \ \ \
(, ." I r i M M M M M M M M M M mm M M M M M M M M M M M M M
H 1 0 O O O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O
m
ON
I m wMOrO) rn Ln
U I v (N Mm r-4 CID Ln H O) 1D Ln r-ri M 1D O) m Ln
U 1 N M VI OU)O)[ -Om M HNN V'Il N w L.0 O)
•,A 1 0 M O 10 L-m ONM Ln Nr•IHOr- r•IL- VIm L- r- O
0 1 1D H V �DU)1D O)m O)OOM N v r-I N O 14 O r-I OO LD O) N
> 1 LD I Qt HOO I`L`r, m 00 (D I mrn 00 VI V rn L- VI H O1 N 4t
(.' 1 L- 01 CI) U) 01 Cn O) VI V' V' IT VI VI V• O O H e-I N N O O 1-4 N 1 LD QY
H 1 N m ON r-I O) O\ (7) 10 )D 1O W 1D w r-I r•I O 1•1 L, O VI O w O VI O VI G11
I
41 1
ro 1
qI
'b I
\ I
I
rot
U �
1
1
U)
� I
yJ I
ro I
1J 1
I
U W O O U)
z H
O a cn I
H � w F .a z H H
I rrr'wsss z L u
I O 1••I iLJ a w a
h a w H a 0 � H
1 a in w x 2i m H
pHq (n z' (1/
UA OA xA WA UA A 3A OA OA FA �A WA
90 z� a z� 7 7 0� U� En 7 z0 C/) f7
I x U H 0 z m z
CO v Oh o z O 0 v v a v v 0 v O v v v F v a v
E, b b m10 b b Ob ab hb b U1b E- 10
W0 O 00 O x0 >10 00 W O O 00 >4 O W O
OU OU NU OU WU AU 3U Q 0U U U) U Ix
I U 14 a.k �"�F�+yx x x H x
W W :4CQ xm xm x xiU xill xCi H(Q gHQj L-Lpq
i
1
4 I
0 1 m m O H O r O) V m r-I r r•I
b 1 r-I L- r•I r4 Lf) m r-I U) Ln r•I to N
VI 1D m m M 10 w 1-4 r•I N N O
I H M m 01 M M N r- W O) M N
1 H ri O O H H ri O O O r-I O
I O1 01 m O1 O) m ON m O) ON m M
1 (71 O) O) ON m O1 01 O) O) O) O) O)
1 U) U) Ln Ln U) U) Ln Ln U) U) U) Ln
U 1 0 O O O O O O O O O O O
ro 1 V C
q 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 o O o 0 0 0
I
I
1 O) O ri N M VI U) W L- m O) O
1 (\ m m m m m m m m m m O)
x I ri ri H r•I H r-I H ri r•) ri r-1 ri
U I N N N N N N N N N N N N
v 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o O
A 1 Ln U) Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln Ln
U I N N N N N N N N N N N N
1
m
v
rn
ro
a
° In O N O
CD O H p
o
I O
O H
r-1 I O r °
N
d'
°
N
O VI In O O M
N
I
I o
r
°
O
Ul
N
M
I Gl
II
o I In IO t0
C
�
In M Ill In
O
m
r-I
I Cil
II
F I In
In
In
M
N
r-1
In
Q1
I It
1 04
II
i
m
l0
r-I
N
It II
x 1
04 II
V '
1
It
u
II
U I
I
I
II
IIIIu I
I
111 V
o
p
p
o
O
11
O O
H
O
O
-I M ID
1 0 m
' I
I
'a 1� I O
In m m
O
P
O
O
.
I
•III I O
r
N
m
o
p
-I 01 m
I I
I
I
III I
U)
w
fl to O
N
N
U)
M
In
I
O
In O w
,-Imo
I
II
I M
�
�
�
�
N
ri
�
�
0
�
I
II
1.! 1
It
I
'
II
0 1
II
E I
I
II
II
I
I
1
I
1
I
II
II
II
II
I
m
m
m m m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
mmm
m m m
I
I
II
N I m
I m
m
m
m
m
m m m
m
m
m
\
m
\
\
\
\
\
\
\ \\
I
11
II
J-)
ro I \
\
\
\
\ \\
\
\
\
m
In
Ill
w
N V' m
I
I
It
q I o
N
N
lfl
m M r-1
N 0
N
N
o
'' "'
N
Q
,--1
N
r♦
N
r-1
N
N N H
CN
C%4
ry
1-4
\
\
m
\
M
�
�
M
M
M M M
I
II
C: I M
M
M
M
M N V'
M
M
M
O
M
O
O
O
O
O
O
p
000
I
It
II
II
1.-4,0
I
O
O
O
O o o
O
O
I
I
II
n
I
I N I
0 I
m
o
m
rMH
'
�J II
-rl I r
m
m
N
m m o
m
O
ri
Ul
o
In
N Ill o
r-1 .-1 ri
I
I
1..1 II
Q II
O I m
> I m
1" l
m
O
M V' r
r
I
In
m
m
m
V
m
r1 r♦
I
M
O
m
.--I
m m m
m
m
m
aN
m
m
m
m
m
a%
m m m
I
(n II
H I r•1
'A
m
In
M M M
m
M
�'
I
u N ,
'
u 41
I
Q
0
ii
I
aq
II �
z
I
I
x�
>I
L) C7
u \ I
N W
11 G I
1
L)
uI
I
S-1
Q [3
II
JJ 0
11 U)
'
UI
a
x E-I
11 ro I
I
\ H
II J-)
I
pl U
11 ul I
1
o
z
>4
W
a'
z
H
G
~
z
>.
I
o
z
w
u
a
'
-)
1
O
>4
O
4-)
U
cn
z
O
>
O
1 I
a
O
H
C!1
W
�rY•
W
>+
U
ii I
R•
W
U)
F
O
CO+
H
J4
C�7
>4
W
F
O
F
a
a
0L
n
HA
U Q
OA
z A
� A
A
IAA
u
HAS
x
Q
OUA
Q
U. Q
A
II
qa
a7
.1.0
q
ua
U)
v
W
z
a
0 ..
a ..
U) .
U
z
zz
N
xN
HN
�.lN
w2
N
N
'
W
C
HN
N
W
41
0
D
Oo
.70
H
0
40
z 0
H
0
.b
z0
0
wb
x0
473
I'70
z0
u
~
W O
a o
Z O
I
I-IU
w
0Y0
FU
rC
0
En
>4u
0U
o U
MU
�U
rU
0
u U
Wx
,7.IU
Wx
x
�U
x
zx
FU
zx
E,
E- -14
x
ax
U) -14
u Ux
It 1 gq
Q4 V4
wx
0r;
:D -Y
qC
FC
A4x
Ur
Ox
Uq
>+�
�q
x
H{.
-Y
U) Z
ul0
pm
ClIG
qtd
as
wro
7+C
W ro
I
u Hro
iro
zIo
Z
zIa
rCro
h W
�ro
h CQ
�ro
h C1
Hro
h W
Oro
h 00
oro
17 co
pro
(�
A4 m
W
I
II N ai
II I
11 Cn
fI W
H co
H W
I
I
II I
11 I
II
II O I
O
1D
V'
r
11
ID
N
Ul
ON
m
w
m
%
m
r
D
w
I
I
n b I o
m
In
a
w
m
o
r
m
w
m
to
m
H
r
M
w
r
1O
m
II I w
II Ul I V'
w
r-1
In
O
In
O
In
o
w
M
N
M
O
N
ID
w
M
N
M
m
O
I
1
II > I O
O
O
O
o
ri
H
r-1
O
r-I
O
O
r♦
r-1
r-1
w
O
II
II I m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
ON
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
I
'
II I m
II I \
m
\
m
\
m
\
m
\
ON
\
m
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
In
\
to
M
In
II to
In
In
to
In
In
O
tP
O
In
O
In
O
In
O
In
O
Ill
O
In
O
In
O
O
O
I
O
II N I O
II J-I I \
O
\
O
\
O
\
O
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
H
u ro I w
w
w
0
0
0
0
0
o
O
o
II q I o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
m
u
I
m
11
I
1-) m
Ul H
II
II I r-1
N
M
V•
In
w
r
m
m
m
O
O
ri
O
N
O
M
O
VI
O
In
O
O
I
r-1 \
II I m
m
m
m
H
m
H
m
ri
ON
ri
ON
r•-1
ri
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
1J M
7 r-1
II x 1 r-1
II U I N
r-1
N
r♦
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
Q\
II v l 0
O
O
O
O
O
O
In
O
In
O
In
O
ul
O
In
O
In
ul
ul
In
In
Iv-
00
u A I In
II U I N
In
N
In
N
ul
N
In
N
In
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
v
tr)
ro
a
1J
74
O
A
U)
41
m
•4 O
aq
x�a
U 0
N w
A U)
U
a
>, w
s4
00
x I~
\ H
tr U
G
ro
u
U)
u
O
O
M
N
O
ri
m
m
iJ m
v) ri
ri \
JJ M
a r1
01-1
Iw
Oo
ro
y
O
C~
x
U
N
A.
U
.b
a
u
q
0
E
o
ao
o)
o
o
r
o
o
r
)n
o
o
M .i
O
ON
O
O
O
w
O
O
M
N
O
O
u) O
0
o
a
o
o
ui
o
0
1n
o
Ln
m
N
M
1I)
r•1
V'
N
m
M
M
w
Ln
V.
VI m
r•1
H
r
H
r
ri N
o mm m O o r o o r 1n o o M ri iDmoroo
O H r O O O lD O O M N O O U) O %D O M r w O
O M r dl O O II) O O Ln .-i O Lf r•i 0) VI o m o ri 1D
N N 1I) r•1 v N co M M In w w m m N r-I ri N N
H ri r ri r r•I N m I u) r-I
v 1 m mm m m m m m m m m m m ao ON maommmm
4J 1 m m m m m m m m m m m m m m ON m m m m m m
q 1 r r-1 w m r m cr N N N 1n N IT O w kD O m m m V'
• 1
r-I r-I H N .--I r-1 N O O H H O N M H H N ri H H N
I M M M M M N M v V' M M 10 M N M M O M M M M
H I O 00 O O O O O O O O O O r-I O O 1-1 0 0 0 0
v Ln
1 H r•I O
1 m m O m
v 1 O O m m
U 1 00 V' v m H N MoJNmmm
•r1 1 O O V1 O O O r•1 M H r H VI In m m m w
O I N N O O N N M r V H H r w M M M V)
> 1 r•1 1-4 m 1 U U M r•1 V. O w VI r M M M H
q 1 m 00 M m m m a a H 1 m m m M ri V. V VI V'
H 1 m r•1 H kD m m m a a N Q ri r H N N N N N N
N 1
J..1 1 m
rot m
q 1 m
H
I \
I LI)
\ 1 O
G I \
ro I w
U o
I
I
1
4j l b
ro 1 - r-I
AJ 0
i
O a a H U
1 W H Q Q IE-1
m cn
a u w w z H W z m
0 [A a H H •.N a W x H
x x E• rx o: a O W z O
° [s.
A A HA A aA AA Cf) UTA AA WA aA A mA HA A
ha U) �
� �� 3� H� H� >4 � Ha �� m� as a� a
I a.v v av Hv v v v v E-4 Q) Uv k.vd1 ,`�v W v L) (L)
00 En Z ao cxio 0o 0o 00 wo En °o 440 �o cn0 wo
Z - U HU U QU UU U U 4U En W U .7U U
ax a4'4 >Cx Zx mgx x x •x �'x �x 0-14 Ox 1W-1x qx 0-V
I a s z G O G W C D q rl 1< q 4 I~ q x C 4� m A x 9 z a z a
1 Hro Hro zro 04 r xrd . (IS •ro •ro ro Q Wro W1d Wro Hro Oro
I A4m Nom Ndm x am .1 co am m .4 go am am am am am
I
I
I
�4 1
O I In m o w M O In In r-I r-I H co w m m
b 1 V' o w r r-I m M M %D r N H r M U)
1 N o w w r w %D w r m N kD r4 v1 ao
v 1 M r O M O O H 1•1 M 1•1 m N N N M
> I H o O H O O ri r•1 O 1•1 O ri ri H O
I m m m m m m m m m m m ON m m m
1 m m m m m ON m ON ON m m m m m m
I U') Ln Ln In V) 1P m 1n Ln 1P Ln 1n Ln Ln L I
v l O O O O O O O O o O O O O O O I
A I o O o o O O o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
I
I 1
I I
1 r o m o r-I N M V1 LI) w r OD m O r•1
1 O o O r-1 rl r•1 ra 1-1 H r-1 r•1 1-1 1•1 N N
x 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N
U 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1
v 1 o O o 0 0 0 0 0 0 o O O 0 0 0 1
4 1 lf) In 1n N LI) Ln Ln N 111 Ln In Ln LI) U1 Ln I
U 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N 1
1
1
O
U)
N
Ln O V'
' N
i H
rl I m
r
M
a}
U1
d' Ln O
O O
r-1
.N-1 n
I H
O
O
O
m
I 4)
II
A-) I
O I
U1
r
M
r
%D
U1
dr O
U1 O\
0 �
U1 0\
r 'i
I trl
p
H I C N
\D
'+
H
,� M
M
N
'�
I ro
0)
I -r1 H
N
-
,'��
-
H
a
a
I
ro
ii
-
fir..
U
m
cv
a
I N
u
v O
II
I U
11
II
U
I
II
II
�
'o I Ul O\
rl 1D M r'1
M Ul U1
Q\
O
r
O
O
In
0
O
p
O
0
O
Ul
m m
O
N
'
'
II
II
-rl I M r
O\ O Ul r-1
w O O
M
V'
Ln
\D
N N
0
m
'
II
10
a I U) M
\D r U1 \D
U) r Ui
M
r
w
[t'
o
m
O
M
r
°�°
O
-4-1
U1 U1
U)
O\
II
11
I M \D
m r o m
r1
`o
H
U1
.--1
H
M
N
r
'
u
u I M r-I
r rl '-I '-1
H
II
I
C M
N
II
O
u
E I
I
u
u
u
Q I
I
I
I
I
I
n
n
II
II
I
W I O\ ON
m m m 0\
O\ M M
M
O\
M
O\
O\
rn
m
Q\
m
m
rn
ON
m
m m
rnrn
m
O\
m
M
I
II
l.) I m O•
O\ O\ Q\ m
m ON Cl)
m
O\
0
M
\
\
\
\
\
\
\\
\
\
II
fC I \\
\ \ \\
\ \\
\
\
M
N
M
w
r
00
r
M
II
Q I Ul ri
N N N N
\D Ul M
M
r-1
m
N
N
O
N
H
'--1
N M
r-1
N
'
I
p
I NM
NNNN
HN.--1
N
O
\
r-I
\
\
\
\
\
\
M
I
II
I \\
\ \ \\
\ \\
\
v
M
M
(n
M
M
N
M
M M
M
O
'
MM
MMMM
MMM
M
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
OO
O
II
H I O O
0 0 0 0
O O O
O
�
II
II
I
m O\ 0\ O\
'
II
I
wr)MM
x
II
0Ln LnLn
0000
IU n
rn
II
UI mm
0000
M
m
0
d
II
•.i I m 0
O I N N
0 0 0 0
0000
N N
N
H
O
N
\D
m
r
r
w
Q
CID
'
S-I II
O II
> I V Ul
0\000
rm
O
0
0\
r
N
N
Ln
r
O
r
O\ 0\
a'
V'
I
V' I.
O\ m Q\ O1
M V' M
0\
0)
N
O\ O\
M
M
I
[n II
-- II
H I N N
I. O\ O\ O\
Q\ M M
a)
Q\
N
I
y)
l) I
U) II
ro
.I o II
Q
II
x II
� �
>
I
fir' ('ii
II ro
I
U
U
�4
II
0 14.
II
yl Q
to I
U)
II
.,A
a iJ
xH
n ro
0) U
II U)
II
w
H
4
b
II I
n
0
o
U
�
]
a
I
z
H
'.I
W
a
A
H
I
�
H
z
41
II I
E-
X
H
d
Cot
ul
° '
a
a
z
U
aJ
n
A
O
rt
H
El
W
U
0
W
�J
0
II
H
u
O
U
U
II I
z
0
O
W
U)
H
a
II o
o
C04
n .
n
0UA
A
HA
FCA
cxA
axA
A
aA
HA
14
WA
z
En
QA
u
.]�
07
a
:J
[L.0
37
A:J.
V7
u
in
w
w
..
ri .0
au,
w
xN
�N
v
a
zw
viv
E•Q)
W
av
b
-v
>+ a
I�b
ab
I
ab
Hb
0 r
H'o
0T3
o.O
0
II Iw
00
x0
Q0
0
H0
Q0
0
x0
00
x0
U
w0
4
w0
z
HU
aU
II I m
z�U
0L)
W
-U
HU
U
I<u
CQU
iU
fw4x
x
ax
0 x
Q.x
ac
>1-14
Hx
kx
W-Y
QU�.x
II • z
u) a0
H('..
>~
a
as
as
M
G
QG
E
rq
E M
ro
�
'
0
11 M
2. �
�
Ill
C
c
co
G%
CQ
2.
I
•
II I
I
1
„ I
II 14
II
O
O
M
Q\
m
m
U
-1
m
0
0
0\
m
m
r
I
II 'o I U)
o
V
M
0\
O
M
m
m
O\
N
.--4
ON
'-I
0\
.--1
m
V.
M
V'
C14
It Ci I m
II v I M
w
H
M
V'
rl
0\
O
r
O
H
M
ON
O
U1
O
v
o
d'
O
O
'
O
O
O
o
0
O
O
O
O
r-I
\D
O
II
II I O\
T
01
O\
O\
O\
M
O\
O\
O\
O1
O1
O\
0\
01
0\
O\
M
O1
O\
Q\
Q\
Q\
M
�
II I Q1
O\
O\
O\
0\
M
U1
Ln
IS)
U)
II I U)
U1
Ln
U)
Ul
U1
O
U)
o
Ul
O
Ln
O
Ln
O
U)
O
Ul
O
O
O
0
II N I O
o
O
O
O
C
H
II ro V•
d'
V'
C�
a'
C
V'
V'
O
d'
O
V'
O
a'
O
a'
O
d'
O
C)
O
O
II A I O
O
O
o
O
O
O
O\
II
Q\
II I
41 O\
7) H
II
II I r-1
N
M
U1
w
r
m
ON
N
O
M
H
M
N
M
M
M
V'
M
Ln
M
ri\
II I N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
y1 M
7 H
II I
U x N N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
U\
II I p
O
O
O
O
O
O
U1
O
U1
O
U1
O
U1
O
U)
Ln
Ln
Ln
U1
l,w
II ,C I U1
U1
Ln
N
U)
04
U1
N
Ln
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0 O
11 U I N
N
M
a�
W
a
iJ
f4
O
,G
U)
Li
•H O
aq
xz
U 0
Nw
.11. U)
U
a
>,W
>4
ow
4-JO
x E~ rn U
C
.ti
C
M
,i
N
u
O
O
T
m
m
LI m
In ri
r--1 \
J-1 M
O 11
IV
0 0
ri
to
41
0
F
U
a�
U
o
m
o
o)
o
ra
o
M
In
%D
I (n
r O
M
O
m
O
O
N
01
O
O
1 .-1
1
N O
01
w
r
U)
r
N
�D
'•1
I ••
v U)
U)
U)
r
W
H
r
r
M
r
I v
H M
N
M
N
m
1D
1 O)
I ro
M
�
I
ro I m0)01m O 01 O 01rMmrt Ulm riNmri )D O N01 O M U) MV MOVNM 1
•r1 I Vlmm VI O M O MONmrOrNO)WHM O VI U) N 0) O MH V MM) DO 1
LL 1 �p VI VI w O (A V O) rl M m V V r N O m r O) U1 N V' V N w O O V' m M W H 1
I w tD U) U) U) VI H N V' U1 r1 U) V' M N w 40 r r M m M r M N r Vr I
LJ I M r-I M M 1-1 r1 r-1 N N m r1 VI U) M I
I 1
I m rl I
o I M rl
E I r-1 r1
I
I 1
I 1
I 1
1U 1 0) 01 ON M OD (7) 01 01 Q) 01 0) Q\ 01 01 01 01 01 Q\ 01 01 01 m 01 0) m m m m m m m m 1
4.) 1 0 0 0 0 01 m Q1 Q\ 0) 01 01 O\ 01 Q1 Q\ 01 O1 O\ Q• m mm m m 01 m m m m m m m 1
ro 1 1111 1111 11 \ \ 1111 1111 1111 1111\\ 1111 \ 1111 \ \ 11 1111 1111 1111 \ 1
[] 1 0)0100 N w U) ONr-1 V'm)DmNNmOri O 1Dm M N N r- r- ri r Mmm 1
1 Nr1MM N r1 N HNri 00NO riH OHO M 00 N O O OOOOHNN 1
I \ \ 1111 \ 11 \ 1111 1111 \ \ \1111111111 \ \\ \ \ \ \1111 \ \11 \ I
('- I• I M M M M N M M M N M M M N M M M M M M M 1-4 M M V I V I M M M M M M M 1
H I 0 0 0 0 r♦ O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 00 O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
I
1 NU)1D r-1H V'O) 1
1 .--I r M r-1 H M 1D O M M m M N mmr -MOHM 1
1 U) m VIM N w r m M V I I I 001 I
v 1 r V'M VlmNrrMrMU)M r MrO)r 1D 0101 I
U I Ul U) U) U) U) VI N O M tD N O N O U) M N U) 0) M rl w U1 VI U1 N VI VI I
-.1 1 U1 M M U) m 01 m N O r r rl r r-1 U) r m H r1 m N O N (N VI N (1 r1 r1 1
0 1 OD w wOD O U) M N m 1-4w H wr, HMr Ulan m N 1 1 1 1 1 -W V
> 1 r4 H H rl M r1 m V'm V'0 VIm 0 m 0 U) VI mr VI 3t r1wowoOO I
I m m m m ri O 01 0) H r VI 0) cx M M W M H H r-1 ,
H 1 wwww N O 0) 000OOOO00000 01 0o N 0) C4 mmmmm MM I
I I
ro I
I
\ I
U I 1
1 ,
U) I
I
yJ I
ro
� I I
1
1 ,
I I
z O H w
U
O H
U H
1
1 R' U
j z z a
.aA .11A dA
qua .0 H A U
o O0 wa a a
C4 o A A
1 H.. E+.. H.. .. a.. .. q.. E4 (n .. r4 .. w.. ,
y w N a 4) 0 4) W (1) G) G) N G) C) m 0) 1
I H ro GL rb 0 r0 b q ro b -b ra'b b ro b I
U0 0 w 0 0 00 ]�[0 40 W. o rilo u
I (.r U ,TI U I U [-. U W U E-, U Iy U H U U U H U 1
1 Cl. W z 4 U O G14 z
x a4 x O H SC £ Ix H x W
3� Uq x G [:.G Oq `�R- G 1- r r W r Uq
1 W ro H ro H ro C.) ro [z, ro z ro 2; ro a m ro (ts 4 m 1
zm zco zoo Om Om Om Om Om am am am
I
I ,
I ,
�4 I
0 1 r-1 O U1 r-i O m U) w VI N
b I m m r r N m N O r V V 1
M )D lD V w w ri r-1 M M I
N I rl N M M N M VI H w H r1 I
> 1 0 r1 H ri O H O H O O O I
I
ON 0) m m 0) 0) Ot m 0) m O) I
1 O\ 0) M m 0) 0) 0) O) m O) 0) 1
I U) U) IP U) U) U) U) In U) N U) I
v l o O O O O O O O O O O I
JJ 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ 11 \ \ \ \ I
ro I V a d d V d V' V' V
(] 1 0 O O O O 0 O 0 0 O O I
I ,
I I
1 W r m O) O Ul lD I
1 M M M M VI V' V' V' V' VI V' I
x 1 fV N N N N N N N N N N I
U I N N N N N N N N N N N 1
1 U) U) U) U) U) U) U) U) UI U) Ln I
U I N N N N N N N N N N N I
IL
O% O H O Ul r In In %O N
V U r--1 1 r'1 ON %D m O r M N r M r-1
r-1 II Id I In In M tll M
41 1 O _; O1 O\ H m
11 O I 111 H N M O O m
N II F I d H M M rI N M M M m r H r
0) II I N N _
ro II x m r ,� w
a II U I N
u U �
I I
u I
u I
u
u I
u I
n
u
N V' Moom V'mM co0vm o ro � � wrl0 N lon�lofl t�r1 r-1
n •.•1 � u1 r-Id' r- ImMrinm 000V'M � m
u ro mH aoNrr I oowor rn o1 r+ m 00 V. w rmr u1 M
II a 1 r-1 O mHO m mHM w M
II I V' m N U1 H m V' M lf1 M H 'd' •-1 r•I N M
II JJ I r-1 M N M r m O �' N .--1 r
II C I r1DrM V' w H r-INH
II Q I
II �
II �
II �
II
II O\ O\ O\ 01 Q\ O\ O� O\ O\
II N O\ O\ 01 01 01 O� Q\ 01 O\ O1 O1 m d\ O\ m ON m 01 m O1 m 01 O1 O1 O\ 01
II J-1 I O\ O1 O\ O\ m Oh 01 O1 O1 O� 01 01 01 \ \\ \ \ \\ \ \
II ro' \ \\ \\\ \ \\ \ \ \ \\ \ \ \ \ H H m H In H N O
II A I M rr•1 mm ON W H mmm0lm N O\ N N MMM m Or-1M r-I H
II I N r-1 M O O O r-1 r-1 H r-I '-1 ri H r-1 N H N \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
II > \ \ M
MMM M MMM M N
NM O O O O O O
O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O
II H
II O
II rlmod r M
II M
II N I O mMmlO V' V' In V'lf1MlD O H N
II U I M V In W m w NNN V'Il1 M rlOm r N
yJ II •r1 I H N V' 000000 IO NIDNlO r0 r NNN In In(V N V' H
y.1
It O M NW MMMMMM NNNNN O� mmm O rlwr N
O I I •> I N D 0 0 0 0 0 0 ' I I > Q\ N V' V' d N O O O N 01
II p, N ko w rn m rn m m m m m rn rn m m
U1 II H I w N N Oh O1 m m O1 m O1 m 01 Q) O1 01 H 01 �D M M M H N N N H OI
II
41 II 1
N II ro �
1 O II Q
a A II I
U II \ I
U1 ro I
U u U
a u
�4 u
p
N O m
U) u 7
•r1 �+ II J..I
x F I It
rnU II m
I �
cY U
ii O z w
41 I a H H
rn
u W U O U
z
H w
II I ] a
z u
w
a U]
W U1
ii WA °aA AA AA �A OA WA z Q t°n4 A A H
II
(n :J a: :3 oa oa
II I U • . 0 z f.-I .. .. .. .. .. 1..1 ..
U) N
G. ON UU1 zN HG) W N II1N
u z 0 U N v 'b U» O ,0 O b m b x 'O b b d
u UO Cs.O Eno X10 x0 O E0 HO U) 0 HO O Y'O >4 O
n HU 4.0 HU I U HU OU U)U U�U wU AU 6U FU FU
H Qd W 1-1 H
ii Hx °x x a k wx cn �C �e UX 0-14 Ex cnx ax aae
u u 0 C F'a: Oa SA S~ W q Oq Oa Oa:
�ro ro ro wro xro x ro xro aro aro am xro xro
ii acn aw am aCQ aw aao am aW aw aa1 aw °Ian Of
n �
u I
u I
II i4 I Q1 m M m N O m Q1
II 0 1 O H r M M M m ID V' m r-1 In O
-W In In w II ai In N m m M N r-1 In l0 w m M M
II I M Ill r O r 11 M In M N N r-I N
II7 G) .-1 O O r-1 O O O O O H H O H
lD II
01 O\ O1 O\ O1 Q\ O\ O\ O1
O II I O� 01 01
II � D\ m a% �
O1 01 O\ Q1 01 01 O\ O\ Oh
M II \ \ \ \
to II
to to In to In to In In to
II N I O O O O
O O O O O O O O O
H II A I O O O O O O O O O O O O O
O\ II
T II
1J OI m
it O\
IA H II I r m 01 O rl N M V' In r
rl \ II I V' V' V' tP to In In In Ill In In In Ill
1J M II x 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N N
O H II U I N N N N N N N N N N N N N
O O O O O O O O O
p\ II v I O O O O In � In In m N In In In
V' II .0 I N N N to
p 0 II U I N N N N N N N N N N N N N
a
ri
N
ro
a
In
p ri I r
o
H
1-4
0
0
0
0
0
r-
r
o
r
r
In
rl,
p Id I r
0
rn
to
0
O
In
O
N
O
O
m
If
p JJ I
••
11 0 1 0
O
N
Ul
w
O
1D
N
N
V'
O
Ul
m
lU
tl Ed 1 f+l
N
N
In
N
N
m
N
V•
m
kD
O
r
-4
O
(J1
It 1 N
In
r•I
Ol
H
m
r-4
N
r
ro
11 x I
a
II U I
ri
m
u •� 1
II U I
I I
II I
II I
II I
II I
II I
II I
II
II ro I r
o
Hrrn
H
o
0
0
0
o
r
r
o
,-4 w
r
oowHm
II •r1 1 r
O
r rrl N
Ul
o
H
o
In
O
N
o
O
O1 m
m
Ul M O sr m
II a I 0
O
m 1D r
Ill
w
w
o
1D
N
N
VI
O
m H
m
V• r m Ut frl
II I M
N
V' 1-1 Ul
In
N
N
m
N
V'
m
w
O
Ol m
H
N In VI Ul N
II 4-1 I N
r-4 m
r l
O1
r-I
m
ri
H
w f" 1 O In M
II v I
II :J I
H
HIDr-1r1
II O I
NriN
II E 1
II a' 1
I I
II I
II I
II I
11
II v I Ol
m
Ol O1 O1
01
01
m
Ol
Ol
m
al
Ol
Ol
m Ol
m
ON m m Ol m
II 1J I Ol
01
Ol O1 m
Ol
Ol
al
m
Ol
Ol
m
m
Ol
Ol m
O\
O1 Ol m Ol Ol
II A I N
r
w 01 H
In
Ol
r-I
al
w
M
r
H
Ul
Ul w
N
Ul O O Ifl Ul
II I O
H
N r-1 M
H
N
m
r-I
1-1
N
r-I
H
N
N N
N
r-1 m m H H
II (.' I Vr
m
N frl frl
m
m
m
crl
m
M
M
M
m
N N
m
M N N m m
II H I O
O
O O O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
00
O
O H H O O
II
O
II I
O
O
N I
O
u U I
I
H
yJ
II •r� I O
O r o
r
r
N
Ul
f4
II O I N
Nri 1D
w
m
Ul
r
wr
mNNNN
O
II .7 I *r
Dl o O
r-4
dI
m
Ul
Ul m
H O O frl frl
J•.,
II ('., I a
Ol
0\ O O
H
0)
m
Ol
N
Ol
m
H
m
N N
ON
w H r-1 V V'
Cn
�-
II H I a
II
m
H N N
r-I
m
Q\
Ol
N
m
r
N
m
m m
Ol
Ol Ol (n 0) Ol
II v I
11
II 11 I
Ol
to
II ro I
O\
•ri O
II A I
Ol
a A
II I
H
x q
u > I
In
U 0
a \ I
o
v W
a G I
\
U
u U I
o
,a
u
O t
II
}J O
II to I
co
II �5 I
•r1
II 11
ro
xF
u ro I
r1
\ H
II J-1
0
fr U
u
>
II
•ri
ro
u I
C
II
z
m
a
ro
u
0
c�
w
41
II
x
X
z
c�
U)
n
m
\
H
a
,J
II I
a
F
H
w
0
u
w
w
�
z
a
w
ii
W
Iz-1
z
O
h
aL
a
O
0
u
F
w
u
n A
H
0
M.0
O
w
h
A
1r�4
W
aA
a
OA
A
u
A
U
A
H
I44
�.A
H
o0A
�1
A
u 7
�
cn �
F :
- �
.7 7
W 7
U �
�
z �
z �
0 �
FIB
m :
u
W
W
w
0
z
W
C7
a
to
W
a
II IA••
II v
N
a••
atU
3••
v
m••
pv
N
..
N
z
rCN
w••
.]v
w••
.7v
H••
U) 0)
..
Oro
Z"
ON
.
C1
u .ro
ro
ro
:n ro
O ro
a ro
z ro
i o
a ro
hd b
ro
0 ro
ro
-,o
H o
II z0
.]O
AO
q0
x0
O
00
O
W O
I O
i10
W O
FO
NO
x0
II 0
au
Ou
u
Z
,U
tnU
au
u
>4u
4U
HU
Au
FU
u
u to
I�
0
W
x
z
w
-
F
n Hx
Ax
3x
x
E -14
Ux
Hx
F.
cn X
wx
Wx
x
Mx
p.X
F4 -Y
C
ii ro
ro
AC
wro
UC
Hfd
FC
Hro
4r
Ofd
fDC
Oro
0
Oro
WC
Dfd
fs.q
ro
44
4ro
zC
rCro
X
u
X
u
qC
xId
u [Q
u I
II
GO
Ix
aw
aw
W. Ill
aw
am
a00
tom
WGO
Wm
tom
Wc0
WM
I
n I
II t I
II O I O
N
f•l
H
N
r-I
H
H
N
w
m
w
N
m
frl
II ro l y
w
lD
lD
m
r•I
m
VI
m
r
N
m
In
r
m
II {".. I H
1D
O
V'
%D
m
Ul
m
Ol
ON
Ol
lD
Ol
%D
O
II v I Ol
%D
r
ri
m
w
N
Ul
O
N
O
rn
O
en
N
II > I O
O
O
ri
ri
O
H
O
.-I
O
O
H
O
H
H
1D
II
O
II I O1
Ol
01
m
Ol
Ol
m
Ol
Ol
Ol
m
Ol
m
al
Ol
••
II I ON
m
O1
O1
m
m
ON
ON
m
Ol
al
01
m
Dl
Ol
Ul
II I Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
In
Ul
Ul
••
II v 10
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
H
II
II q l 0
0
0
0
0
O
0
O
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
m
n
01
n
um
u
In H
II I O
H
N
m
VI
Ul
lD
r
m
m
O
14
N
t+l
Vr
r-I \
II I lD
lD
w
w
W
w
w
lD
kD
%D
r
r
r
r
r
1J fn
II x I N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
:3 H
II U I N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
O\
II O I O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
k r
11 C I Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
Ul
In
In
m
Ul
00
11 U I N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
to
v
Ol
ro
a
>» I
o r CD I to
p rl O p O M N
10 n r4 1 o O In In
1 0 O N M
M ID N N ,..1 1
N J%1 , n7 r-I Ip l0 r %D ri N 1 N
II O I In In m m r1 ,••1 r♦ N 01 r-1 N I iJ1
rt I� [1 1 m M°� i s
I m
u x I H m
w 11 U I r M In '
II I
II 1 1
II m 1
II p r 0X0001 O d'd� r- imm001 V�O�Illmr -11D p 00 M N lD
II 'd 1 0 0 O Nm010) V' Ul rnmr�o 0lNMr\OOIDMri O ,
II •.-1 1 O O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r-1 M
II ro I m mr♦riM� ri V' U) O N N M m 010\ M N V'U) w NO N N 1
II a I U) M LI) ri ri ri d' N N m r1 N I
II I m M O O M m m ri 1D H r♦
II 1.1 1 m ri H l0 \O �O ri M M 1
II L: 1 01 I
II I r riNMr1D m 1
I
II 0 1 ri r-1 Ul 1
n 1
11 1
11 1
n
n
m rnrnmrnrn m mmmmmmmmmmmmm rn ON (IN a% m rn
II G1 O1 01 O1 01 01 01 01 m m m m m m m m 01 01 m M 01 m 01 OI 01 Q1 m
u 4 M rn rn
11 ro \ \ \ -1 -1\\\\ 1- \1-\\-111\\\\\\\ \ \\ -1 -1 rn
I I Q 1 Ul N ri r-1 NNNNN N NN V'OMr- INIf1W0 MMO m V' V' 0 N H i
II . 1 H O M M 00000 O NNNriNONNNNONM ri NN N 0 1
II > 1 1- \ \ \ \ \ \ \-1 \
II C: I M M M M V V' V V V V MMMMMM MMMM VI MM M MM M 0
M 1
II H 1 0 O O O O O O O O O 0000000000000 O O O O O 0 1
II
II 1 ID Q\ m V' w 1
II 1
MV 0 0 0
M 1
II I V' V'MU)U) p 1
II Ul I N V'MM V'M m
II U 1 O M r r r r r r O r O N O N H r lO M 01 M m N 0 M 1
1J II •r, 1 1 r N m r-1. -I r1 r-I ri O 010 rIrrlNMrmNMN� p
Q1 V' V' V' V' V' N m m In w O1 V' m O\ 0 0 0 0 0 O O N 0 1
w 11 O 1 01 m r 1 OOOOO 3t r-I ri H.--1 ri ri r-I ri riNN(VN MM
,r0.' II C 1 NO w m m 00000 O' 10 1D ID l0 10 1D 10 10 IO 1D l0 l0 l0 01 r-1 ri 01 1
Uj II H 1 W M M m NNNNN fL 0000000000000 01 1-4 11 01 LL C-L 1
.. II
II Q) 1
yJ II 1 1
W ro 1
•r, O II q 1
.0 1
� 1 I
u 0 II \ 1 1
N W II C3 1 1
a u '
i4 II
O Cs. n
410 m 1
U) 11
xF ro1
0) U II U)
•r1 II 1 �+ '
'O II 1 (� •'� '-' U 1
1
G u 0 q H
ro II a F I
4-1 u Z z U W
11 1 W
O ,
4-1 11 I x O O H a 1
OII U U U It W O
II F U) H a z z
x ,
C7 O a 0 H El x O O W
II 1 z H H Cl) HQ 1
ii A A V 4 44 H 4 04 W0. A 2 A � .A I••1 .Q A H.0 U) .A
11 H H z u 0
H
II W N N r4 N 4 N Cs. N .11 N .1•I Q)
II fl 'b 'b U a H,0 410 04 'b a• 'd Zi 'd b CL. 'b (n >7
n m O O IZJ O O 40 Ill 0 m O VQ U W U F U 00 0 U �4 U
u zU 0 u u 4L) U U
II riC u F x u x x
x F
1
u x aG F x x F -14
u W CC rCG Hq f°. a{~ qz OICd Ob aI�O Ff�O Ob I
u H ro ro ro x ro O (15 O ro O ro U1� �� �pq �Cq FCA
u U) W U) CQ U) co UI m U) en U� co U) co n 1 1
n � �
II 1
II i4 1 1
II 0 H m r 1 01 W V' In O ri m In V 1
II b 1 m m N V O m r N r In 01 m 1
w M 01 N O M V O m
II Gl 1 M ri N 1O ri m ri ri 10 V' ri ri 1
II •J 1 ri .-d O O O O O O O O ri O 1
ID II '
O II 1 O1 01 01 01 01 01 01 O\ 41 01 01 01 I
Q1 m 01 01 01 01 ON m O1 01 O1 m 1
M 11 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1
If) 11 I In In In In U) In In Ul 0 C 1
•• II 0 1 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 1
O 11 11 1 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ I
ri II ro 1 I
u q I o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
01 II 1
rn u
4-1 rn n 1
UI II 1 U) ID r m 01 O ri N M V' In Co
H
rl\ II I r r r r r m m m m m m m
1
J-1 M II -L4 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N I
.-1 II U 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N I
O\ II 0 1 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 1
IV II �', 1 In U) In In In In U) In In U) In In 1
00 11 U 1 N N N N N N N N N N N N I
!�
rl
II r4 1
M ro I
1D
U1
r
1•1
N
M
m
01
O
O
O
Ln
O
O
O
C
H
H
0)
VI
V
•
b JJ 1
1
O
v
II O I
II H I
[�
r
U1
m
r•1
H
01
M
1D
r
1D
1D
O
O
O
N
O
U1
bl
II I
N
N
N
N
M
1D
m
1D
ri
O
ro
11 W I
_
L
w
r
a
11 U
u v I
M
o
II a I
,�
N
11 U I
I I
II I
II I
II I
II I
II I
11 I
II
II 'O I
lD
r
N
m
O
O
O
U1 U1 O O Ul U1 O U1 Ul In U1 U1 Ul O U1 U1
ri
OD
M r-1 O
II •.� I
II ro I
U1
H
M
01
O
Ul
O
1D v w N v NO1D VI NNr NN VIN
. . . . . . . . . .
r
CID
0ri 1D
II a I
r
U1
ri
01
1D
1D
O
01 N r ri N w r 01 N U1 O ri U1 H N VI
N
O
1DNr
II I
II 11 I
r
CD
H
M
r
W
O
ri M1D U) M NW ri MN VI V NU1MN
1D
ri
V1 1D 01
II O I
N
N
N
N
M
1D
VI
M N
II O I
II O I
O
11 E I
H
N
I I
II I
II I
II I
II
II N I
II 1.1 I
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 m 01 01 01 T 01
01
01
01 01 01
01
01
01
Q\
01
T 01 m 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01
01
01
01 01 01
II A I
01
N
r
N
II I
N
N
M
N
U)
NNrNNN V10101 VI VI riH0101 a%
M
N
ONr
ri
ri
N
O
ry
NNHNNNNNNNNMMNNN
N
O
HriH
M
M
I
II H I
O
O
O
O
M
O
V
M
M M M M M M M M M f r 1 M M M M M M
M
V I
N M M
I
II I
O
O
O O o O O O O O O O O O O O O O
O
O
000
II i
II I
II O I
LJ
II U I
II •rl I
01
mr, Nri 1D VIMH0 VI U1N ri wmr
N
ri Ul r-1
LI
II O I
N
1D
0101 M 01010\ m H r• a w m w W 000
M
O
N01N
O
II I
OD
Ul U1MU1 Ul U1m V V Om00[r V VI
r
N
OOM
4
II O I
m
01
r-I
O
01
01
OOUl000MOOMMrir -1Q)m0
N
Xt
V'NM
U1
II H I
m
01
01
01
V V M d V VI V V V V U1 Ul V V V
VI
R:
d Ul U1
ri
v
m
01
01
r-i ri r•1 H H H r•1 H r•1 H ri H H r-1 ri ri
N
04
01 01 01
II N I
11
1.1 I
N
n ro I
-40
II A I
a A
11
z
11 a I
.Le A
11 > I
U U'
11 \ I
G1 W
it q
U
n U I
a
u
>1 w
i4
u
o ll,
11
J-I o
11 U7 I
to
11 ::1
-H
11 1-I I
a1 U
II (n I
�
I I
-ri
b
II I
II
H
U)
O
II I
p.1
ro
It
>
41
II
U7
II I
Izj
•w-1
C..1
,1
11
W
z
�3
n
U
H
H
O
n
Z
n
W
>+
cn
II
H
Ix
Gx
u
U)
G4
A
W
u
W
u
O
fx.A
FA
WA
U:J
V) ::s
;::3
W ::s
U7
a
:J
A
��
u
�y
HG1
AN
hIL
Hv
v
p..
o~v
N
O�
0 ..
..
u
Wb
010
b
ro
Wb
Wb
O
W o
n
O
0
>+ O
O
H O
i 0
Ul 0
M 0
a)
u
�x
z
wU
HU
WU
HU
�U
WU
Q: u
4U
3U
�U
u
u
G
H(
Hq
z
G:G
Zx
W v
•x
Za
•x
U)
wX
u
ro
H 00
x ro
H GO
a ro
H GO
A ro
H GO
ro
Rl
it
A W
ro
A GO
zro
D GO
w It
D
u
n I
W
W
> W
u I
11 �1 I
II O I
II •ty I
H
01
V'
01
N
U1
O
N
r
O
r
O
U1
r
1D
M
N
m
n II G I
N
r-4
H
1-1
H
O
w
ri
D
r
O
N
CID
O
O
OD
II >
O
OD
o
r•
M
OD
r
r
N
1D
11
H
O
H
O
••
II I
II I
01
01
4\
0\
01
01
01
01
01
01
Q\
D\
01
01
01
01
01
Q1
01
M
U1
II I
II I
\
U1
\
U)
\
Ul
\
U)
\
Ul
\
U1
\
U1
\
O1
\
T
\
01
\
••
11 O I
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
U)
O
Ul
O
U1
O
Ul
O
r-1
II ro i
w
w
V
C7%
u A I
u
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o
O
ON
u
L M
II I
UI H
ri \
II I
II I
r
m
aD
CID
01
OD
O
01
ri
01
N
01
M
01
VI
01
U1
10
W
r
J-1 M
II •!C I
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
01
01
O ri
O\
11 U I
II v I
N
O
N
O
N
o
N
o
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
N
N
N
N
N
00
I
If U I
Ul
N
Ul
N
U1
N
U1
N
Ul
N
U1
N
U1
N
Ul
O
U1
0
O
Co
Ul
N
N
N
N
r
v
tr1
ro
a
m
14
Q)
0)
ro
a
>4
O
A
cn
�0
aQ
z
U 0
U
a
7.W
fa
O WO
N
•rI >+
E-
0) U
C
b
a
ro
O
r-
0
M
V)
O
r�
01
m
4-)rn
W H
r-1 \
JJ M
� r-I
01-
Iw
00
u r I r
r> Q
a
0)
O
O
°
O
N
%D
M
M
vl
In
r
p .•� I O
0)
M
r♦
O
p
°
M
O
N
ri
vl
u 4-J I
�
3
H
�
C
N
r
n JJ I
O I 01
w
°
�°
C
m
m
O
w
a1
lD
m
ri
M
°
n
II H I v
U
N
L
Ln
M
r
r
N
r-1
u
M
N
M
r♦
�
r,)
N
M
M
I
-
M
m
r
O
11
II X I
M
N
O
•-1
r•1
a1
u \ I
0)
01
a1
01
N
10
\
II U I
In
01
01
O
O
O
o
u wI
o
H
N
M
u ro
H
ri
M
M
M
N
N
N
O
O
O
Ut
n U
u
� 1
m
N
N
N
n U �
n
u
u
u I
11 I
u I
II I
It
II I
II I
I I
O
N O
wi
o° M
N
M
O O
O
M
N O
O O
Vr
r
r1 I O
O)
M
O O
II U
r
p ro l
N
00
w
°
m
O
kD m
W
dl
Q1 tom
O r V'
O
II a I 0)
r-4 LI)
U1
1D
N
In
tom
V)
M
m
In
�D N
ON
ri
m M .-1
N
II I
ri
rd
N
r
r
,--1 ri
r-I
O
II 11 I
II Ci I
r•1 In
r•1
H
I
- -
�p M
O r•I
II I
II
V
II O
x
II I
w
u
F
II I
II I
�
z
II �
II �
II -
0)
a1
a1
D\
a1 01
91
a1
01 a1 a1
ON
II N I 01
01 01
O1
m
01 Q\
Q1
01
Q1
M a1
M
Q1
a1 D\ 01
a1
II JJ I 01
a) O1
M
01
a1 0)
01
\
H
a
F
a
U
II ro I \
\\
\
\
\\
\
A
a?
m
ON
m m
N
N
lD lD r•I
�D
II Q I M
m r
N
N
N 01
1-1
N
N
N
00
O
N
CV N O
N
II I N
�a
N
r--I ri
m
M
N
x:3
�
a
a
w
H
A Q)
f4 4)
c
b
b
O
'0
M
M
M M
z .a d
It 00
M
M M M
M
M
M M
v
N
M M
M
M
O
O
O
00
0 O
O
O
O O
O
II H I O
O O
O
r-1
O O
O
u
x
0
II O
u C4
a
-
w
H X
0
U) .SG
II
II I
w
X
W
�
.SC
u M
E-4 V.
U) r.
C
m
as
aG
II
wo
�a�•Iq
�a�+q
xq
xwro
G
No%
ii >ai
>m
>coro
3w
3:M
N
m LC)
Sao
II
Sao
Son
u I
I
m
O N
II N
MO
N
01
V1
ID
d'
.--1
N
m
wID 01
M
ra
II U I
N r•1
O
V)
II 10 I r
1D
O N
N
r•I
v
m
O
r
M
m
O
M
N
O
OOm
w
II .,..I I
OO
O
r-1
w
O
ri
a1
O
r•1
N
�
-4 'i W
M
II O I 01
M M
N
O
N N
H
r•I
O
I
Q1 ID
3i
r
I I r-I
II S I N
M M
3C
01
O O
ON
01
I
m
M
.--I N
x
1D
N N m
�D
w
N
M
x
a1
M M
01
01
r
M
00
a,
O
N N w
r-+
u r I r
r> Q
a
0)
m m
m
a1
C7
a
u
u N �
w
u
o0
z
z
u 4-J I
�
3
H
�
u ro I
zb
u q
H O
H 0
x 0
U
Cl) U
U
I I
�
u
x G
M
N M
O o0
U) M
N
M
M
I
r1
M
m
r
O
O
M
N
O
•-1
r•1
a1
u \ I
0)
01
a1
01
\
\
\
In
01
01
O
O
O
o
O
o
H
N
M
u ro
H
ri
M
M
M
N
N
N
O
O
O
Ut
n U
u
� 1
m
N
N
N
u
u I
It
u � I
II U
II
II I
a
�
w
II
z
O
II
O
H
I
U
II
x
II I
w
u
F
�
z
w
m
z
H
F
°
1
H
a
F
a
U
li A
A
A
QA
xA
O A
a:1
A
a?
A
a
UA
0 7
OA
A
FCA
>4 A
>a
M
�a
wa
0Mii
x:3
�
a
a
w
H
A Q)
f4 4)
c
b
b
O
'0
HO
O 'd
Dw b
z .a d
It 00
'a
m0
z 'b
I-10
--a
a0
'0
z0
b
O
x b
w0
O
'a0
0
0
u0
rz�0
u mu
u
4
u
xu
z
wU
LL.0
u
u
-u
w
u
x
0
II O
u C4
a
-
w
H X
0
U) .SG
En
z C
w
X
W
�
.SC
u M
E-4 V.
U) r.
C
U)G
as
aG
u�•Ir:
wo
�a�•Iq
�a�+q
xq
xwro
G
No%
ii >ai
>m
>coro
3w
3:M
3cq
3cnro
Sao
3wro
Sao
Son
u I
I
II
II I
II 1a I
II O I ID
N
01
V1
r
d'
.--1
N
m
V'
M
M
ra
ri
H
Q1
m
O
V)
II 10 I r
1D
0)
r
N
r•I
v
m
O
r
M
m
O
M
N
O
LI)
N
r
V'
11 v I M
r-1
M
O
ri
O
O
r•1
r
O
�D
O
r
O
O
O
m
O
II ,•� I r l
r-I
O
O
H
r•I
O
r•I
11
II I 01
a1
01
01
01
ON
01
01
a)
Q1
a1
Q\
01
Q\
M
01
a1
a1
0)
II I 01
0)
M
01
a)
M
a1
II I In
LI)
V)
In
U)
In
O
LI)
O
V)
O
V)
O
V)
O
V)
O
V)
O
V)
O
II N I O
O
O
O
O
n ro a
w
w
'I
o
w
0
d
0
w
0
w
o
w
O
w
o
w
0
o
O
II q l o
u
o
O
u I
u
II I m
O1
O
rl
N
M
O
lw
O
Vl
O
lD
O
r
O
m
O
01
O
O
ri
It I 01
II I N
M
N
O
M
O
M
O
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
•!G
II U I N
N
N
N
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
II Q) I O
II �'.• I V)
O
In
O
U)
O
Ul
U)
V1
V)
U)
V)
If)
V)
V)
V)
II U I N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
0
0
O
V
O
rI
O
O
O
w
0
r-1
%.o
M
0
0
r
M
O l0
M O
r M
Ln w
Mo
N rl
01 m m
a1 O) a1
CID 00
O M M
N N
O ri ri
N N
00
ON r•I 11
a) a1 a1
I m
1 H
I
tr)
Iro
la
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
1
I
i
a
w
C7
a
w
u
o0
z
z
�
3
H
�
zb
orb
H O
H 0
x 0
U
Cl) U
U
�
u
x G
M
N M
O o0
U) M
N
M
M
O
r1
M
m
r
O
O
M
N
O
•-1
r•1
a1
O1
0)
01
a1
01
\
\
\
In
01
01
O
O
O
o
O
o
H
N
M
e-1
H
ri
M
M
M
N
N
N
O
O
O
Ut
In
m
N
N
N
I m
1 H
I
tr)
Iro
la
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
1
I
i
6T :abed
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - - - - --
LS'Loi'ag� -7 df'l
(S1'AOL'69> AL77057 vX»tl:) oson
<oo -ohL > iiz7oS7 p oson
ZL'TSS'OS8
:sxoag0 JEJOI
laodaa sigq uT sxoag0 £bZ
------------------
6L'£0£'Z£
88'£Z£'£
66 /ST /EO
Z£b6
TV SSS'LZ
66 /ST /£0
Z£b6 qn :apo0 xueg
-
os - vzt,'T
- -- --------- - - - - --
66 /ST /£0
-- - - - - -- ----
8Tb6 HSDH3gNIHM '9 AIVHIW SIMS
- - - - -- ----- - - - - -- --- - - - - -- ------------------------------
££OZT 66/60/b0 6T£ZOSZ
------------ - -
Tleaoy 310ag0
pled -Iunomv
alEG-AUI
aDTOAUI GIPC pA /Ue0 sn leaS
- - - - -- - - - - - - -- --- - - - - --
.IOpuaA ageQ xoag0
OQNno3S 13 30 x,LIO
LO: £S:OT 6661/£T/60
6T :abed
(glOgS) IstZ xoag0 AsojSTH /butpuujsjnO
gstlno o
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
PAYMENTS BY WIRE TRANSFER
03/30/1999 THROUGH 04/13/1999
Date
Payee Amount
3/31/99
Health Comp
415/99
Wells Fargo
4/5/99
IRS
4/7/99
Employment Development
4/8/99
Fed Reserve Bank of K. C.
4/12/99
Wells Fargo
4/13/99
Health Comp
DATE OF RATIFICATION: 04/20/99
TOTAL PAYMENTS BY WIRE:
Certified as to the accuracy of the wire transfers by:
1,149.02
20,000.00
144,453.97
27,049.88
1,500.00
28,000.00
8,107.10
230,259.97
Deputy Treasurer -k)1 . f 9
Date
Finance Director /' / /,
Date
City Manager yj
Date
Description
Weekly eligible claims 3/26
Workers Comp Acct
Federal Payroll Taxes PR20
State Payroll Taxes PR20
Employee Savings Bonds
Golf Course Payroll - TPT
Weekly eligible claims 4/2
230,259.97
Information on actual expenditures is available in the City Treasurer's Office of the City of El Segundo.
NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING.
NOTICE TO PROPERTY OWNERS WITHIN A 300 -FOOT RADIUS.
NOTICE TO ALL INTERESTED PARTIES.
NOTICE OF PROPOSED GENERAL PLAN AMENDMENT 99 -1
AND ZONE CHANGE 99 -1 FOR THE 124'h SPECIFIC PLAN.
NOTICE OF PROPOSED NEGATIVE DECLARATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS(EA -472).
DATE: Thursday, April 8, 1999 — Planning Commission
Tuesday, April 20, 1999 — City Council
TIME: 6:00 p.m. —April 8, 1999
Planning Commission
7:00 p.m. — April 20, 1999 — City Council
PLACE: City Council Chambers
350 Main Street
El Segundo, California
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the PLANNING COMMISSION and CITY COUNCIL of the City
of El Segundo will hold public hearings at the times and place indicated above on the following
project:
Environmental Assessment EA -472, General Plan Amendment 99 -1 and Zone Change
99 -1 — 1241h Specific Plan
Address: 401 Aviation Boulevard
Applicant/Property Owner: Bruce Kaufman, Extra Space Storage of Studio City, LLC
The proposed 124`h Specific Plan area is a 3.93 gross acre rectangular- shaped parcel located
along the eastern border of the City, west of Aviation Boulevard, between El Segundo Boulevard
and 1241h Street, adjacent to the BNSF & ATSF railroad tracks. The current zoning and land use
designation of the parcel is Parking (P) and the proposal is to redesignate the subject site to 124`h
Specific Plan (124' SP). The previous use of the site was a parking lot for the nearby Northrop
Grumman aerospace facility, for overflow, non - required parking.
The primary objective of the 124`h SP is to promote warehouse and storage uses within the Specific
Plan area; specifically, to develop a mini - storage facility with a maximum gross floor area of 93,000
square feet. Public access to the Specific Plan area would be through a proposed 7,050 square
foot access easement located at the north end of the property, through an at -grade railroad
crossing, at 124th Street (Grand Avenue extension) and Aviation Boulevard. Only emergency
access would be permitted from El Segundo Boulevard.
The project has been analyzed for its environmental impacts and an initial study has been prepared
pursuant to Section 15063 of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). A Negative
Declaration of Environmental Impacts is proposed for this project pursuant to Section 15070 of the
CEQA. The public review and comment period for the environmental document extends from
March 15, 1999 to April 3, 1999.
The Planning Commission will make a recommendation on this project to the City Council. The
City Council will make a final decision on the project.
NOTICE IS HEREBY FURTHER GIVEN that the Environmental Assessment Initial Study, Negative
Declaration, legal description, and related files for the above - mentioned project are available for
public review, Monday through Friday, between 7:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. in the Planning Division
of the Planning and Building Safety Department, located in City Hall at 350 Main Street,
El Segundo; and, that all persons may give testimony at the public hearings at the times and place
indicated above. Please contact Hannah L. Brondial Bowen, AICP, Contract Planner, or any other
Planning Division Staff member, for further information, at (310) 322 -4670, ext. 412.
Please be advised that if you challenge the proposed actions in Court, you may be limited to raising
only those issues you or someone else raised at the public hearings described in this notice, or in
written correspondence delivered to the Planning Commission or City Council at or prior to the
public hearings.
Bret B Ber ard, P
Director of Planning and Building Safety; and,
Secretary to the Planning Commission
City of El Segundo
xc: City Council
Planning Commission
Mary Strenn, City Manager
Mark Hensley, City Attorney
Chris Cheleden, Assistant City Attorney
Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk
Mailing Date: March1l, 1999
Publication Date: March 11, 1999
Posting Date: March 11 1999
Signature: AAt4k�
Time:
EA- 472.nph
ORDER OF ADJOURNMENT
MEETING OF WE CITY COUNCIL
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA
THE EL SEGUNDO CITY COUNCIL CONVENED IN
A MEETING ON APRIL 20, 1999 IN THE EL
SEGUNDO CITY HALL, COUNCIL CHAMBERS, 350
MAIN STREET EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA.
PRESENT:
ABSENT:
COUNCIL
MCOBS;
WERNICK
NOME
MEMBERS:
GAINES,
GORDON,
MCDOWELL
Mayor Gordon declared the meeting
adjourned to a meeting on May 4, 1999 At
5:00 P.M. The above is a true and
correct excerpt of an action taken at
this meeting of the City Council of the
City of E1 Segundo held on APRIL 20,
1999.
POSTED
POSTED TI.
POSTED DATE
CITY OF EL SEG UNDO
INTER - DEPARTMENTAL CORRESPONDENCE
Date: April 20, 1999
To: Honorable Mayor and City Council
Via: City Manager `�✓'
City Attorney/f+/-
Director of Planning and Building Safety V
From: Airport Projects Administrator'
Subject: Complaint Line Service
Attached is a Contract Amendment, extending the services of AAM Communications, the City's complaint
"Hotline ". It was inadvertantly not included with the Staff Report. The only changes to the original "trial
period" contract have been highlighted. Service rates remain the same. Staff s recommended action is to
continue the existing Hotline service with AAM Communications for "one year ". That is, one full fiscal year --
through 30 September 2000.
C: admimadmin.99\gripline.499
AMMENDMENT TO PROFESSIONAL SERVICES AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO AND AAM COMMUNICATIONS
The professional services Agreement (Contract #2636) ( "Agreement ") entered into on November
1, 1999, between the City of El Segundo and AAM Communications is hereby amended as follows:
Section 1. SCOPE OF SERVICES is amended to read as follows:
"1. SCOPE OF SERVICES. Vendor agrees to perform the services set forth in Exhibit A
"SCOPE OF SERVICES" and made a part hereof. Vendor represents and warrants that he has the
qualifications, experience and facilities to properly perform said services in a thorough, competent and
professional manner. Vendor shall begin services under this Agreement on May 1, 1999. Vendor shall
work hours agreed to and complete each of the services set forth in Exhibit "A" to the City's satisfaction.
If the City is not satisfied with any such services, the Vendor shall work on such matter until the City
approves of the service. Further, Vendor shall complete the services set forth in Exhibit "A" strictly
according to the schedule provided therein and shall complete the appropriate forms as described in
Exhibits "B ", "C ", and "D "."
Section 9. TERM OF AGREEMENT is amended to read as follows:
119. TERM OF AGREEMENT. This agreement shall have a term of May 1, 1999, to
September 30, 2000. This Agreement may be terminated with or without cause by either party upon 30
days written notice. In the event of such termination, Vendor shall be compensated for non - disputed fees
under the terms of this Agreement up to the date of termination."
All other provisions and /or appendices in the Agreement remain in full force and effect. This
amended agreement shall be Contract #2636 -A.
IN WITNESS WHERE OF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed the day
and year first above written.
By
Title
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO
Mary Strenn
City Manager
ATTEST: A PROV S +TO FORM:
Mark D. Hensley
City Attorney
EL SEGUNDO RESIDENTS ASSOCIATION
Office of the Director of Airport Studies
425 Lomita Street, El Segundo, CA 90245 -4054
OPEN LETTER TO THE CITY COUNCIL, EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA
20 April `99
Honorable Councilpersons,
On November 19, 1998, the Southern California Air Quality Management District
conducted a TownHall Meeting at El Segundo's Joslyn Center. Forty -or -so concerned
citizens were there, and about two -dozen offered input. Several produced smudgy paper
towels identified as sill or windshield wipes from a day of local air - particle settling. The
AQMD Board explained its Mission as "Protecting public health by ensuring, in a manner
sensitive to local business economic needs, that all residents have the ability to live and
work in an environment of clean air". AQMD adopts an Air Quality Management Plan to
assure area compliance with Federal and State Clean Air Standards. That Plan works to
control or reduce stationary - source emissions. Without testing air - quality, AQMD cannot
effectively perform its Mission. To that end, the Agency continuously monitors air -
samples at more than thirty sites in the L.A. Basin. Standards for mobil - sources are set
by California's Air Resources Board and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. So,
besides controlling stationary sources, AQMD provides data to CARB and EPA to assure
standards - conformity involving sources like cars, diesel - trucks, and jet planes. The
Board also explained initiatives to serve "economically- depressed" as well as for more -
affluent areas, and measures to protect children from effects of air pollution. Noting the
average age at Joslyn, the Chairman remarked on vulnerability of seniors too.
Citing articles headlined "Local School Air Flunks', "Jet Lag In Pollution Control ",
"AQMD Probes Toxic Hot - Spots ", and "How Dirty Is Our Air", the El Segundo
Residents Association asked AQMD to include El Segundo in MATES -1 air -
sampling. ESRA referred also to a Natural Resources Defense Council study ( "Flying
Qf - Course' that claimed airports are among the largest polluters) and one by
Communities For A Better Environment ( "School Haze" which identified 5 El Segundo
schools within a mile of prominent pollution sites and listed source - declared emissions).
The Board explained that MATES -I (sampling by mobile - monitor stations) was
concluding, but El Segundo might be included in MATES -II, a continuance.
In March `97, our previous Council voted to "Evaluate the air in El Segundo" and
authorized a $45,000 study. That study was never undertaken. In December `98, and
with a followup reminder last March, Mayor. Gordon commendably contacted the
California Air Resources Board stating that El Segundo is "increasingly concerned" and
asked for "a comprehensive evaluation of the types and amounts of emissions being
dumped into the air by both air and surface vehicles conducting business at LAX". The
Mayor's letter included operations -data and projections which were subsequently quoted
by Councilman McDowell at an AQMD Meeting in Westchester (3/24/99).
Noiw..L.AX File Page 1
( "1975 EIR put the limit at 560,000 LAX - annual - operations 11534-dailyl to
accommodate 40- million air passengers. A 1991 LAX DEIR, drafted while already over
the limit at 669,034 annual - operations, showed 72,898 lbs of pollutant emissions per
day would be tracked by AQMD. That DEIR said "new Stage 111 planes will produce
on- average 39 pounds of pollution, each takeoff or landing". LAX Manager Jack
Driscoll says [10129198] "operations are now nearly 800,000 per year [2200 per day]".)
Mayor Gordon also commended Congressman Henry Waxman in March after results of a
Waxman- requested study were publicized in local newspapers. Headlines that month read
"L.A. Air Filled With Risk", "L.A.Air Increases Cancer - Risk', and (from a 10 -year USC
Study) "Smog Affects Girls, Boys Differently", and "Smog Study_ of Children Yields
Ominous Results'.
Following the local AQMD Meeting, letters and local field- checks led to AQMD's
agreement (on April 8) to locate a mobile -air- sampling monitor station at either of
two selected locations in town. The $700,000 MATES -II Study Program would sample
air to identify risk - levels for disease- causing chemicals. A twenty-foot -long automated
mobile monitor box would operate from four -weeks to three- months, collecting samples
three times a week. From the results, AQMD could identify level- presence of such
chemicals as benzene, 1.3- butadiene, 1.4- dichlorobenzene, styrene, acetone, methylene
chloride, lead, chromium, formaldehyde, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
trichloroethylene, and arsenic.
Despite the above, and a steady information -flow from ESRA to City Hall and to the
Superintendent of Schools, AQMD was told (April 9th) "El Segundo decided not to go
forward" with air- sampling at this time. AQMD is ready. The mobile monitor is sitting
idle. If we don't move now, we'll miss the chance. A study of our local air quality geared
to identifying risk - levels would help the AQMD do the job our money pays for. If the
risk -level is high, appropriate regulations can be devised to bring it down. If risks are low,
we can all breathe easier having had it checked. Since the city has previously requested a
"comprehensive evaluation," this may be a way to achieve that goal with no large financial
expenditure. The El Segundo Residents Association Board of Directors respectfully urges
that the City Council invite the AQMD to begin a full analysis of El Segundo's air. Our
children, our residents, and our businesses deserve nothing less. The public needs to
know.
Respectfully,
Charles A. DeDeurwaerder
Concerned Citizen of the City of El Segundo
Emeritus Professor of Environmental Studies, Oregon State University
Director of Airport Studies, El Segundo Residents Association
425 Lomita Street, El Segundo, California 90245 310 -640 -0891
Noix..LAX File Pap 2
EL SEGUNDO RESIDENTS ASSOCIATION
Office of the Director of Airport Studies
425 Lomita Street, El Segundo, CA 90245 -4054
South Coast Air Quality Management District
21865 E. Copley Drive
Diamond Bar, CA 91765 -4182
Attention : Mel Zeldin, Director of Monitoring and Analysis
Regarding: Identification of MATES -II candidate monitoring sites in El Segundo.
Director Zeldin,
19 March 1999
Thank you for your support and assistance in the description of specifications for candidate -sites
by phone [1/5/99]. It was a pleasure to meet you and interact and hear your input (regarding air
quality monitoring and its potential results and impacts) at the Inglewood LAXEN meeting on
February 13. As I indicated at that meeting, my committee and I have been busy scouring El
Segundo for the sites best -fitting the MATES -II Program Needs. We understand from Executive
Officer Wallerstein that the monitoring from the mobile platforms would be more valuable if fixed -
sampling sites could be afforded for long term measurements. However, comparative assessments,
we believe, will be valuable even if made for such a brief period as that included in MATES -I1.
Mobile platform monitoring should assist in confirming or denying a presence of local air toxicity.
In January, my committee identified a dozen local sites that seemed to meet your specifications.
Each featured adequate clear- distance from nearest trees and buildings, would accommodate an
8X 16' platform, has access to electrical power nearby, was appropriately close to residences
and/or schools or places of activity of persons particularly vulnerable. With the refinery, sewage -
plant, Scattergood power, and LAX all next -door, each site is near potential emissions- sources.
The five best - suited sites, in our opinion, lie on the grounds of three of our schools (Imperial,
Center Street, and Center -Street Middle - School) and within three of our parks (Constitution and
Recreation Parks). I have endeavored to cull favor for involvement in the MATES41 Program by
informing the local school4xwd (through School- Superintendent Bill Watkins) and the City
Council and the Recreation- and -Parks Department (through the office of City Manager Mary
Strenn). I'm sorry to indicate that neither contact has produced any kind of response, but persons
responsible for the sites - recommended have been informed that AQMD will deal directly with them
when final site - selection comes into focus.
I would be happy to meet with you upon your next visit to El Segundo, and guide you to the sites
that my committee has recommended. Please call (310 - 640 -0891) when you can arrange such a
visit. Thanks again for your attention to our concerns.
Respectfully,
Charles A. DeDeurwaerder,
Director of Airport Studies, ESRA.
cc: Johnson (ESRA Pres.), Strenn (E.S. City Manager), Watkins (E.S. School Board Supt.)
Noise -LAX File Page 13
EL SEGUNDO RESIDENTS ASSOCIATION
Office of the Director of Airport Studies
425 Lomita Street, El Segundo, CA 90245 -4054
Board of Supervisors
EL Segundo Univied School District
641 Sheldon Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
Attention: Superintendent Bill Watkins 2 March 1999
Honorable Members of the Board,
At a Town4W Meeting, called by the South Coast Air Quality Management District, at Joslyn
Center, El Segundo on November 19, 1998, on behalf of the El Segundo Residents Association, I
called attention to articles from the Los Angeles Times and the Daily Breeze that focussed
attention on the quality of air in El Segundo. In particular, the articles indicated emissions (LAX
and Chevron Refinery) posed a danger to local children. A third article indicated AQMD was
currently involved in a study to gunge Toxic Levels (of air) in the Los Angeles Basin which
involved setting up mobile air - monitor stations for on -site testing. In fight of continuing local
concerns, I asked if such a program could include El Segundo for on -site testing. ESRA offered to
assist in locating suitable sites and supporting AQMD's efforts to the extent of our limited
abilities.
The AQMD response was favorable. Contacts were made seeking specifications for the
qualifications of suitable sites. Now, following after a search for candidate -sites across the city, it
seems apparent that three of the half -dozen local sites best- suited would be on the grounds of El
Segundo's schools (Imperial School, Center Street School, and the Center Street Middle School).
The other candidate -sites He within the city's park spaces. Before inviting the AQMD to come to
El Segundo for site - selection, the Residents Association feels it would be appropriate to assure that
there would be no local objection to involvement in the Mobile Air Monitoring Program (MATES
In. I understand that the AQMD would seek to deaf directly with the persons or Boards
responsible for administration of any potential site- to-be- selected.
Would the El Segundo Unified School District allow the inclusion of one of its school-sites to be
used for temporarily locating an AQMD mobile air Quality monitor station? The AQMD
Program is funded by the State and should involve no financial commitment on our part. Related
background information is attached. AQMD representatives would hope to review sites in El
Segundo this month, so your earliest attention to the matter is requested.
Thank you for your assistancie.
Rmpectff ully,
Charles A. DeDeurwaerder,
Director of Airport Studies, ESRA.
cc: Johnson (ESRA Pro.), E.S. City Manager, E.S. City Council
Noin -LAX FJo PW 5
CAM.
•OEM
r i� r-
2 1 E
JAW 1EI.,41
'INVq HIVCINIIE)
" Im
Owuim
RU M
..'WAS
N ab",
rw
CkCk
14E�6�
-Pas kv al�r cjr % ____�►?. ' —��Am t �,
C. L o
South Coast
Air Q tY Management Mana ement District
21865 E. Copley Drive, Diamond Bar, CA 91765 -4182
(909) 396 -2000 - http: / /www.agmd.gov
Office of the Executive Officer
Barry R Wallerstein, D. Env.
909.396.2100 fax 909.396.3340
December 15, 1998
Dr. Charles A. DeDeurwaerder
Emeritus Professor of Land -Use Planning
Director of Airport Studies
El Segundo Residents Association
425 Lomita Street
El Segundo, CA 90245
Dear Dr. DeDeurwaerder:
Thank you for your letter of November 22, 1998 regarding LAX airport and local
refinery emissions. I appreciate your thoughtful comments and information
provided.
In response to your request for extending our current mobile platform toxics
monitoring program targeted at 14 communities throughout Southern California,
we are exploring the mechanisms to include El Segundo as a sampling site. The
mobile platform sampling program, part of our overall MATES -11 Environmental
Justice toxics monitoring program, is scheduled to conclude in April 1999. The
sites were selected with considerations for local -toxic emissions, public
complaints, socio- economic and land use information, and with further oversight
and recommendation by an independent scientific review panel.
While the MATES -II program will continue toward its conclusion, the AQMD
realizes the public benefit to continue to utilize the mobile platforms after the
study is completed. In that regard we will consider placing a mobile platform in
the El Segundo area sometime late spring 1999. We would appreciate your
assistance in helping to identify potential monitoring sites from which a
logistically acceptable site can be determined.
Dr. Charles A. DeDeurwaerder - 2 - December 15, 1998
One key aspect of the mobile platform monitoring, however, is lost after the
MATES -II program ends. During MATES -II, there are 10 fixed sampling sites
gathering toxics data from which the mobile platform data can be compared. The
state Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has strongly
indicated to us that the ability to assess the localized mobile platform
measurements is linked to the comparisons with the fixed sites. At the conclusion
of the MATES -II program, half of the fixed sites will terminate, while the
remaining five sites will remain under the auspices of the California Air Resources
Board's toxic monitoring program, at a reduced sampling frequency. The degree
of comparative assessment diminishes considerably after MATES -II. The AQMD
believes that despite such limitations, localized air toxic measurements are still
valuable.
Again, we appreciate your comments. Please contact Mel Zeldin, Director of
Monitoring and Analysis, at (909) 396 -3058, at your convenience. I have asked
Mel to work with you in identifying candidate monitoring sites in the El Segundo
area.
MDZ:ap
a:\ DaDcunvaerder.doc
fl-L10 11��
Sincerely,
arty R. W tein, LDEn:v.
Executive Officer
y �Pr4
CC1�
EL SEGUNDO RESIDENTS ASSOCIATION
Office of the Director of Airport Studies
423 Lomita Street, El Segundo, CA 90245.4034
South Coast Air Quality Uhnagement District
21865 E. Copley Drive
Diamond Bar, CA 91763 -4182
22 November 1998
Chairman Burke, Deputy -Exec Valdez, Exec -Officer wallerstein, at aL
Thank you for showing your concern at the November 19 "Town Hail" meeting in El Segundo.
We recognize the discomfort inherent in hearing disgruntled citizen an attacL Conduct of the
macting (With. P2 and emu) was appreciated (And unique for an in- power group to sit
with civility without arousing additional hostility). I personally foci very fortunate for the time
accorded to bear my request.
For the sake of the record, I would like to recapitulate that request (with its accompanying set of
news -clippings) in order to itemise document- referrals.
A. An L.A.Tinm article of 3/17/97 "Jet Lag in Pollution - Control" quoted your own Dr.
Henry Hogo as source and said 1. LAX proposes to increase takeoffs and landings fMM
700.000 per veer to 1- million. 2. LAX is one of the largest sources of smog in Los Angeles
(hydrocarbons - release: LAX 31 tons per day. 14 -oil- refineries 40 tons per day.) 3. Single
wide -body jet can spit out 100 pounds of smog - forming gases an each landing and takeoff. 4.
AQMD target is 30% LAX - emissions reduction between 193 and 2010. S. Outside the U.S..
International Civil Aviation Organization endorses cutting new aircraft-engine amissions by
16 %. 6. Airliners cause only half of LAX 31 -tons anissiona (with balance from ground-
surf= vehicles). Note: Increased takeoffs and landings indfoate a 43% annual increase.
Ground fleet to accommodate 98- million more passengers (proposed 63% rise) and tripling
cargo - volume suggests AQAM and ICAO goals are totally inadequate to the task of
emission- reduction.
B. Daily Breeze article of 6/17/98 "Local Setiool Air Flunks" raferrod to a "School Naze"
report by "Environmental Working Group" of the Tides Carter (a California Public Benefit
Corporation). h identified five schools in EI Segundo (and others in Torrance, Wilmington,
and Carson) among the "30- Schools Most-Heavily Exposed (to aidwrm pollutants) in all of
California. The offending worst - polluters were mostly refineries (but included Torrance's
Reynolds Metals). The report urged new air - monitoring efforts. Refinery spol in persons
claimed "Said compliance with AQMD limits" and cried foul over linking gross - mission
numbers to health- risks. "School Haze" called atta m to Chevron (El Segundo) anissions in
1993 reported as 7,109,200 pounds of pollutants (including 7,163 pounds of heavy metals,
900,200 pounds of particulate matter, 3,895,600 pounds of nitr+ogm-oondes, and 2,313,400
pounds of sulfur dioxide). Note: A representative of El Segundo Chevron advised, at the end
of the Townffall meeting, that the "School Hsu " report was rife with misinformation. He
reminded that Chevron has been reducing their nazious emissions approximately 5% per
Year since 1993. By my calculations, 5% annual- reduction, from `95 to `98, would bring
Naim!A C Pam PW 1
Chevron down to only 6,095,250 pounds this -year into our local air — and much moue than
that from LAX.
C. L.A.T"unes article of 6/10/98 "AQMD Begins Probe of Toxic Hot Spots" identified a
current check of residential neighborhoods, to determine risks Southern Californians floe Am
polluted air. AQMD staff chose 14 areas for monitoring. El Segundo was not among d=L
Given that El Segundo currently fwes a proposal to multiply the offendum emisu m frmi LAX,
and that LAX emits an amount no smaller than 75% of the total - dons- emount fi m 14-
refineries (like Chevron), do residents of El Segundo beseech you to extend your "At -Risk"
study to include our community. Sites throughout the city could be Mode available "neat -fix" to
accommodate your mobile- monitoring equiprr ac
Lastly, a review of Volume 3 of the 1975 LADOA/FAA Ceanprebensive Firviromrr - I Lnpact
Assessment (the last one undertaken for LAX expansion) projected for 1993 (seder an
Unconstrained- Growth Scenario) such intolerable pollution -figures as we now live with. Despite
mandated per-engine-arussion- reductions, the current situation is W worse then wlt was
predicted in the 70's "worst-caw" scenario. At the time of the last late anion (to 40
MAP in 1984). we did not have an Air - Quality Management District capable of tuning the tiger.
So, for the sake of El Segemdo's 16,000 residents, and the millions of others in the La Angeles
basin that will be adversely affected by expansion - generated - missions, don't let it happen.
We're all relying on you to protect our air-quality. Thank you for doing your job.
Sincerely and respectfully,
Charles A. DeDeurwaerder
Emeritus Professor of Land -Use Planning (O.S.U.)
Director of Airport Studies, El Segundo Residents Association.
cc: Martin CEPA -ARB, E.S.CityCoimcil, Gladstein, Gallanter, Stevens
NoiwLAX Rb hp 2
let Lail in;
P0 ion-..,. on r...
ilut _C. t
Increased Emissions From the -
Growing Number of Airliners
at LAX Are Hurting Efforts to
Clear. the Skies Despite
Stringent Regulation of I
Industries and Vehicles.
BY -MARLA CONE
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
n some days, the runways and roads at
Los Angeles International Airport are
clogged with traffic worse than on any i
freeway. Jets idle, spewing fumes into the
air as they await clearance for takeoff.
Shuttles and buses sit in front of
terminal& trying to maneuver around a
passengers unloading cars with their
engines running.
And if city officials fulfill their promise.
to expand the airport with new gates and runways. 85:
million to 90 million travelers a year —as many as 60%
more than today —will be descending on LAX by 2015.
The 700,000 takeoffs and landings a year will rise to 1
million.
Today. LAX —the world's third - busiest passenger,'.
airport—is one of the largest sources of smog in Loa
Angeles.
Run a finger across the hood of a car parked there
and you get a glimpse of some of what you're
breathing —a brew of fine particles, Hydrocarbons an
nitrogen oxides created by planes, shuttles, ground
equipment and passenger cars.
And at the LAX of the future, the South Coast Air's'.
Quality Management District predicts the pollution
will get worse —by as much as 50% in 2010 — largely
because of increased emissions from a growing number
of jets and other aircraft.
Airport managers already have taken aggressive
steps to reduce L.AX's contribution to smog by
switching many parking lot shuttles and other
vehicles to cleaner - burning natural gas and by
equipping all aircraft gates with centralized
electricity. But AQMD officials say that cannot
compensate for the fumes from airliners. A single
wide -body jet, especially an older DC -10 or 747. can';
spit out 100 pounds of smog - forming gases on each '
landing and takeoff.
Controlling the large —and growing —role of
airports is becoming one of the thorniest air pollution.
problems that the Los Angeles region faces. i
In an analysis completed last summer, a major 1
environmental group, the Natural Resources Defenpe
Council, found airports to. be one of the nation's'
largest =and often forgotten — sources of air pollution.
Los Angeles Intematlonal
Akport Is the world's
.third- busiest passenger
ahport --and one of the
Cergest sources of smog in the
region. City officials expect 85
minor to 90 million travelers
8 year to descend on the
• facility by 2015.
7.
The group criticized the federal government for
leaving airliners and ground equipment virtually
unregulated. w- ..
.Aircraft at U.S. atrpwU released 350 million pounds
of smog - forming pollutants during landings and
.- takeoffs in 1993. more than twice the amount in 1870,
and they "emit more and more - - - with each passing
year." the group said in its report. "Flying Off Course.
a N skcK�
At Los Angeles International. aircraft and airport
shuttles and other ground vehicles are
responsible for about 31 tons of hydrocarbons and
nitrogen o3ddes daily —or 22 million pounds per year.
according to 1993 AQMD data The two pollutants
react in sunlight to form ozone, the main component of
smog.
In comparison, the airport's contribution to smog is r
about 75% of the volume that comes from the area's 14.
oil refineries, the largest industrial source of air
pollution in the Los Angeles region.
In its smog plan adopted last October, the AQMD set
a target of reducing LAX emissions by 30% between
1993 and 2010. But that goal already looks
unachievable because of a lack of guarantees that
aircraft engines will be equipped with technologies
. - that control smog, said AQMD planning manager
Ho o.
While virtually every other vehicle, factory and
other source has been subject to pollution limits,
aircraft in the Los Angeles area have not faced
stringent regulations.
But localities and states are powerless because
engine standards come under the jurisdiction of a
global coalition of governments. Except for the United
States and Russia, every nation in the International
Civil Aviation Organization has endorsed cutting
emissions from new aircraft engines by 16 %. The
Federal Aviation Administration and U.S. airlines .
oppose the idea, saying it could raise aircraft costs and
lower fuel efficiency.
In 1995, American Airlines voluntarily offered to
bring only its cleanest - running planes to the Los
Angeles region. But other airlines balked, saying such
a measure would create a scheduling nightmare.
Reluctant to go on its own, American discarded the
plan.
Because the FAA and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency are at odds. there remains "little
hope" of agreement on aircraft engines in the near
future, Hogo said
As a result, achieving healthful air in the Los Angeles
Basin is man difficult. Not having controls on sitr:ratt. ;
AQMD and state Official Bay, tmtairty Shift mace of the
burden to factories, trucks and other smaees. !
"It's important to get those emission reductions
(from aircraft) because they =tribute to the overall
problem." Hogo aaid In a little more than a decade. th
region's five major airports will emit almost I much
nitrogen oxides as the3W largest iu bmt ial sources
combined. he said.
Airliners cause about half of the 31 taxi of emissions
daily at LAX mostly when they idle on runways, while
z` vehicles stationed at the airport —such as parking lot
shuttles, vans from rental car firms and taxis —era
„ responsible for most o(Abe rest. the AQl M data show.
But that estimate, while large, doesn't reflect one of
the biggest. and incalculable, sources—tbe millions of
cars and shuttles that passengeis take to and from the
airport.
Only about 5% of L.AX's passengers take mass '
transit. Unlike many of the nation's urban airports, no .
rail or subway serves LAX, although commuters can :
take a free shuttle from Green Line terminals nearby.
Aiort ocialb will soon -
envtpironmfiiena l review, whicb*M Mke 1% years, itt
that will include calculations on how much air
pollution would rise under the city's, opmalon plans.
LAX managers eery their efforts on the ground will
offset some of the extra emissions expected from
adding flights and travelers. :
"The airport will do everything we can within our
power to continue to mitigate air emissions," said Phil
Depoian, the Los Angeles Department of Airports' . .
deputy executive director. "We are entering a master
plan process. and were aware that future mitigations
will be necessary, but frankly, we're not waiting for
that. There are things we can do today and we're going
to do them."
Of 53 LAX shuttles transporting people at the
terminals and parking lots, 21 have been converted to
natural gas, and the Airport Department plans to
_eventually alter the entire fleet. The department also
has purchased more than 80 electric and
natural - gas - powered pickup trucks, police sedans and
other vehicles for its fleet of 677 vehicles.
And rpany LAX employees are using a city program
encouraging them to ride -share to wont— reducing
rush -hour trips by nearly 5 million miles per year, said
airport spokeswoman Nancy Suey Castles
Depoian also said the airport is equipping W aircraft
gates with centralised electricity and air conditioning
to reduce use of high - polluting auxiliary power units ;
that run jet engines while owthe ground.
For its efforts, the Airport Department in 1895 won
an award from the environmental group Coalition for
Clean Air.
"We have no problem at all doing these sorts of
things," Depoian said. "No one's holding a gun to our
heads to do it. But it makys sense. It's a good
government policy as well as a good - neighbor policy:"
i
Shuttles, cars and taxis that traverse the terminals are responsible for about haft of the emissions at LAX.
.Q
1��
fl
,;!,zoo unk
Jonathan floras. 12. right; 4Mys bat with Ftanclsw Wvas, elZ Ish e�ovr�nrp►oEdgern
Espinoza at Gulf Avenue Elementary In WMtrd Don as the Tosco on retlrtay looms nearby.
Campuses among
exposed- to pollution
con" Mews.tnnV
"Parents have a
pla) ar" �
right to-expect that
olutn ou p Calif,
aa,oIis ohms *at ampuses In
when children
afid a iowe w:
.their
off to, school
go
mookbeavni t7jo'I to airborne
.eve da th will
—very yr` ey
. pollutants llhkad to cancer. birth
eta ' o,t alt t� ° be in,a safe and
�%Q0.11�igttO" nt�adeool
healthy
'a lades r0O10"""'b'
t tnBe d 0B eefhteties and Indus-
environ ant."
trial plant# that spew. Poly
• --BILL WAtXM
-haum potmanb time the air.
wt. draetw W the
hl a eew titled "Seb0ol ilam"
M wwwad am"
'We' nonpioatr Environmental
woriing Grotio sahl Teesdoy thrd
moza than its Million Pounds or
loddahlal dr'pallotfca were re-
List of heal schools affected. /A2
;erred•near achoots that house
'-
halt am Owe Shm" popnla-
aow. .
rtigmathe any lnOwNusl school
TU Ib_ dot fawd dij
:M MU* Gr S"
banlest sk DoOntim expown in
An d efal for the Mobil oil re-
1M— the'iftod recent data avall-
finery' la Torrance hadn t seen
able — were umlly to the oil
the report Tuesday but down•
rVinery belts of the South Be y
played the air pollutloll risks al
Md the tautern tian Ihalhelst o
lire 780.4ete plant.
'n"•
Eighteen schools — with a eons•
bined attendance of 10.000 Stu•
within the limits
"AD we an really say U that
pst dents — am near Some of the b*.
air` d. lets in the state.
we are In strict compllanee with
we Imposed by the South
,Coast
study I
Air Quality Management
"Patents have a right to expect
, District for the substances they
identified." said Mobil spokes.
that when their chUdren go oQ to
School every day. they will be in a
woman Camlin Keith
y earhtontnatt."
Mobil was listed as a mayor
t tinter. state director
w
source of nitrogen oxides and sui-
fltr dioxide thlt helped propel
G '
I '
five Torrance schools onto the re-
A• �� �.y. ^. J •
M ye cannot pia ,
port`s let of b0 schools ulosbex-
to those
Or —
posed pollutants. •'
Keith said the AQMD krgularly
r
der Lit statewide sTem :
t�
inspects the Torrance refinery
and electronically monitors- the
.stn-
dal b. the study fbUst
Whogm oxide levels daily <.. .
Antifi detailed charts .that
"We have not been made aware
quantity pollution levels
of any health Impact on the Im.
purest!
near amDUSta —. down to the
mediate community." she said.
pound — Walker cautioned that
Bang Gross. administrator of
the report Is not an attempt to
POLLUTION /A2
;tom
—.0 . a
Pollution
Fk6m.PAGE. A1
special services at Torrance Unined School District,
said the district is "ultra- sensitive" about emissions
at the Mobil re fiery.
".It is continually Peing looked at and being moni-
tored.". Gross Raid. '•From my knowledge, there has.
been nothing brought to the attention of the sphool
district or the city that would suggest a danger to
the students."
..!,Nine"Tdrrance. schools were among the 25 cam-
puses facing the highest exposure to companies that
put • reproductive- toxins, carcinogens and heavy
metals :into the atmosphere.; -
A manager for Reynolds Metals Co. Can Division;,•
Ile largest source in the vicinity-of the Torrance
cam puses,.t�efeed reporters' questions to the com-
pany's >sast' oast headquarters, which was- closed
Tuesday afternoon:
Walker's group used state and federal reports to
identity industrial sources of airborne carcinogens,
reproductive toxins, heavy metals, nitrogen oxides,
sulfur dioxide and tine particle pollutants.
Gathering supgort for change..
But authors ofkthe 22,page report- hope the flnd-
iags will support: a state lawmaker's bill seeking
' new air monitors near schools and requiring a re-
write of public • health standards to ensure they
protect kids.
Assemblywoman Martha Escutia. D- Huntington
Park, will take .up AB 278 next week.
The bill has traveled a rocky road so far in the
Legislature and is opgpsed by Gov. Pete' WWon's
Air Resources.-Board, which views the bill'as dupli-
cation of its own-smog-fighting rules.
The clean air agency is now in the seventh year of,
a 10 -year study to monitor the effects of air poll J
tion on 3,600 "students statewide.
One refinery spokesperson, who requested ano-
nymity, said it is ' fundamentally inappropriate" to
take gross emission numbers and try to link them
to health risks.
!a
I-
Vf
Sir INW,
♦ . �e
. k + 1 -� aft. ?.r iJY r. t crq-•i "5: +X tt Y:� -
' -„ , :nit "•a�;y'� � `•.•
�' ;t,'• °rte`s ` ,,r,$':S�TTi :�j "'. ,ate. _ .
�.;k"' • rte';.
.4.-
. _ . ... _.Toxic
'...
FROM PAL Al
~ ` Bay are- scheduled t0 be tested ik'o, d'Ically +with
_mobile units. Flor ample, a testing station will be
brought next week to a spot near Border Avenue
'� and Domingn6z Way in Torrance. The unit —
o u r housed in a afoot metal coiibainer -'will operate'
on Tuesdays. Thursdays and Saturdays for a month.-
` then be packed up and mov4-elsewhere. .}! `vim; ..
lth risks I ty October, AQUD ofciala expect tQ release the
Research t0 reveal �hea -. s: - results o�tthe�o Z testing at 9 community meeting.
• ; -i. San Pedro •will be tested later : and also have neighborhoods a-
i youth, Ba�(J - comm�ty meeting. Hawthorn's situation will be
J somewhat different with' a monitoring unit bounc.
' gpg vide In• back and forth between there and Pacoima for a
By Lee. Peterson ' . "Its to help pro ,• :..:.�� k .4•
-t
stwathR,.. :, format ion for us to determine ::. ��+ �a1�' }:;,
what She relative risks are of var- oosia 4�t as .based�n a combination of
Casting the widest net ever iri '' $ toua' pondta�rts, said Mel Zeldin, suspec a and din said .
'saarch• of airborne poisons, pollu- AQMD. director of applied science
tion regulators for the next year = . ; x -Mere 's been a very itious program to deter
will sample industry4ose neigh - and technology. mine where we are going 't0 set• these mobile plat -
borhoods around Southern Cali- The' AQMD's governing board , >>x . fb�" heAaid. AQMD officials still are-working to
fornia — including some in Tor- then will have to decide if Indus= get f1tpl clearance for some of the testing sites- .r'
ranco -San Pedro and Hawthorne trial and vehicular toxic emis= ;- officials looked at fi{ctors such as the reported.
— looking for the riskiest areas to sions should be regulated based ..:� output -at fstctories. wind patterns and odor_
breathe. j. on their own risks, or on how ":•cempy{mts, A site in downtown Los Angeles was:
M those emissions fit into a local '�; ;.� fbr its ioximi to freewa s..
As part of the South Coast Air
'- D tY Y
area's existing toxic load. While the study's overall goal is to refine region -
Quality Management Districts ef- - The new study uses a sletwork ' "=, wide maps t1lat show' the areas . of highest risk for
forts to foster' environmental jus• . mobile sampling stations • that disease taus chemicals, the research also will
tics, the scientific search will fo- will temporarily camp in neigh. a some Iocalizid information for the ne
cus on the threat to minority and borhoods most -likely to ' expert+ - moods, where, stations will' be located. a '
low income ' me�hborhoods, enoe the worst toxic air pollutiolr:' r
,which activists sayl tend to bear ' owing,to the heavy presence ;o! , + ` »For example. we'll .s able to give a pretty'good.
the brunt of toxic !air pollutioli fhdories or -refineries upwind. idea of the Worse case site !n Torrance, and how
from clusters of ne rby industrtk separate set of permanent star • ' Torrance, San Pedro and Hawthorne compare 'to
plants. other communities, Zeldin said. Yom' +�'':�.
,fie results are t p�Y tions will sniff for poisonous air r. The monitoring equipment will sample fora vart-
4 from all sources — •cars, trucks, ' ety of cheu}icals. including benzene, arsenic, gVrene
a role in the possible tightening facto es and consumer produgs; -��1ga
of the AQMD's controversial for-
mula and fQr judging the acceptable Local' Contaminants ry gmissions and studies of car and truck exhaust.
risks for car, birth defects and Unlike more prevalent forms bf the AQ1�ID should be able to track down the source
cancer,
oontaininatio
other disease$ for people who live smog that 'spread through the of the airborne n.,.•
close by sources of toxic air pollu- whole region, toxic contaminants "Besides the overall risk, we want to know where
tion. tend to stay local, diminisblng' in the contributions are coming f1rom," said AQMD
Risk revealed threat at a distance. pluming manager Henrjr Hogo,
For the first time, the study's The project- will use to perms- to -
results will consider the total or . nerit stations ,around the region.
cumulative risk to a neighbor- including 9bme in Wilmington,
L•Ong Beach and ton. >.
hood. adding up all the pollut- -
ants' possible effects on residents, Meanwhile. 14: sites — includ
rather than taking them one by ' mg a trio of spots in the South , • >
one. TOXIC AIR /A2
'T" iii on
-ftwv 4 vq of P"
-im 'good 01 *00od Aipp.1
-*do* Ownfunwmw jpqt'
Iq ip Powd ftm"
tuoij 4011) SUWIUJOJIIWP..,
U•KFIOS VP jmm mp
WUPUIM CO OWWPA J*W
ab90 v1sym As
sjodS JOH'
P .
Pm
'Lionom,
W&
ell
b� a gig
At T.
lss�-
IV A. ' .
Jill
Ald
ss
On,
1K
W Pk7Nd'..�,;
so,
AIM
I all
lk- Ali As
00
Aim A 2 S
vt
<1 1 1 1 v
gill
4's A v Odi AMP.
a Lot-
X,
Ilia yy g
AA ASZA Big
NOV. 5. 1770 r4. nr r ntmz; uu" i .
South
Town H a' 11 Meeting
1
Representatives of-your local air pollution control agency, the
South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD), will be
in your community. We want to hear your thoughts about air
quality and its effect in and around your community.
Please join us.
Thursday, November 19
6:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
The Joslyn Center
399 Sheldon Street
El Segundo
For more information on AQMUs Town HaH neacirg in Souch Say. al! (909) 396 -3235
MPNPG�.
�vP
PC
eas
G %I Y ��
SZG1J#
Honorable Henry A. Waxman
U.S. House of Representatives
29`h District Office
8436 West 3`d Street
Suite #600
Los Angeles, CA 90048 24 March 1999
Subject: LA Basin Air Quality
Dear Congressman Waxman:
I read with great interest the Daily Breeze article about the federal air quality report you
initiated. We in El Segundo have been trying to encourage any appropriate agency to
conduct a study of the air quality impact of daily aircraft and related surface vehicle
activity at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). I have taken the liberty of enclosing
a copy of our earlier request to Michael Kenny, head of the California Air Resources
Board (ARB).
Our concern is not only with the pollution being generated at LAX today, but also with
what it may become if the Master Plan for expansion is fully implemented. Our letter to
Mr. Kenn contains our assessment of the current tonnage of the 5 criteria emission
products tracked by the ARB and the Air Quality Management District (AQMD). Our
assessment. contained in our letter to Mr. Kenny, is admittedly based on data from older
studies. 1975 to 1991. Because of limited data. we have heretofore not attempted to
assess the quantities of the more exotic and lethal emissions we are certain are being
produced currently at LAX.
We believe the Los Angeles Times article of 18 March 1997, which equates the Airport's
pollution production to the cumulative output of 10 or 11 refineries, may have
underestimated the total emissions output of Airport related activity. Enclosed is a chart
showing the relationship between the Airport. its arrival corridors, and measured
pollution distributions provided by AQMD. The numbers depict the number of days
Federal or State standards have been exceeded. We believe that it is essential, and in the
best interest of all the citizens of the Los Angeles Basin, that an unbiased examination be
made of the airport's current output. and its likely output if growth is not constrained.
This letter serves as a request for two things. Since you have demonstrated great concern
for the health and safety of the citizens of the Los Angeles Basin, it would seem to be
appropriate that you offer encouragement to Mr. Kenny for any efforts he may make to
address our requests. And. if it would be appropriate, we would like a copy of the report
you initiated in support of the Clean Air Act.
?iann►ng and Building Safety Department
350 Mair. Street. ! Segundo. California 90245 -0989
°none ; 3 1 0,.' _"22-4670 FAX (310) 322 -4167
www. eisegundo.ora
C: air -qual Wamman.001
Sincerely,
Department of Planning and Building Safety
Bret B. Bernard, AICP
Harvey G. Holden
Airport Projects Administrator
xc: El Segundo City Council
El Segundo City Manager
El Segundo Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Committee
El Segundo City Attorney
Administrator of the EPA, Region 9
SCAQMD
US Congresswoman Waters
US Congressman Waxman
Mayor Mike Gordon
lama Mannsan. s Directors:
James Manson.
Mr. Michael P. Kenny
Economic Development
Executive Officer
list inance
Finance
California Air Resources Board
F Chia''
PO Box 2815
'oberr Nyrend,
Sacramento. CA 95812 29 December 1998
Sect 1 a„O1„ ,
Subject: The Impact of Los Angeles International Aimort on LocaMe¢ional Air Oualin
Mayor
assessment of the current cumulative level of emissions produced by LAX
sondrs Jacobs,
M,yorPro Toni
Dear Mr. Kenm
Nancy w,mkk,
day by air and surface vehicles. In graphic terms, this level of pollution
Counculnember
John G. Gain".
We in El Segundo are growing increasingly concerned about the environmental impact of air and
c°
x.nrMcDovw/.
g round activities at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). According to input I have received
Councilmo lber
in discussions with the leadership and citizens' groups from the other communities surrounding
Cindy 1M;
Y C rkk
LAX, our concern about the Airport's growing impact, particularly on air quality, is shared by
Miller"
City u,ar
most. Among the issues that have elevated our concern are the following:
Appbtn,ed oftdais:
I . Tle 18 March 1997, issue of the Los Angeles Times reported that, "... the
Gry in.
airport's contribution to smog is about 75% of the volume that comes from the
Nark A Hensley,
- area's 14 oil refineries, the largest industrial source of air pollution in the Los
Ci`''"dbntay
Angeles region."
lama Mannsan. s Directors:
James Manson.
LAX's one and only comprehensive environmental assessment was published
Economic Development
by the Los Angeles Department of Airports (LADOA), now Los Angeles World
list inance
Finance
Airports (LAVA) as the LAX Draft Environmental Impact Report in July 1975,
F Chia''
pearly 24 years ago.
'oberr Nyrend,
Human P werful?, s
arbina PNROn,
Based on the verT limited number of studies available our similarly limited
,
uas
assessment of the current cumulative level of emissions produced by LAX
ter 6. . ea rn,rd,
P1anntn9V8uddmq Salary
activity reveals thaf approximately 524 tons of air pollution is generated each
mbrny Gnmmond.
Police chief
day by air and surface vehicles. In graphic terms, this level of pollution
duard ssnnwer,
generation means that the million or so people within a five mile radius of the
Public wants
ames F.uk,
airport receive over a pound of pollution per person per day.
Rscrearton a Pants
4. The Los Angeles World Airports administration appears to actively pursue a
strategy for repeatedly bypassing compliance with NEPA and CEQA
regulations. LAWA's two principal tactics appear to be segmental expansion of
LAX operations, and failure to address cumulative impacts. The Airport has
I
been allowed to grow rapidly without an accounting for, or study of, the
cumulative environmental impacts of its ever increasing number of daily flight
operations.
Through the meetings of the LAX Expansion Sub - Committee of the South Bay Cities
Council of Governments, we have heard from representatives of the South Coast Air
Quality Management District (AQMD), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), and the Air Resources Board (ARB). From these presentatiom induding that of
the ARB's excellent Southern California Deputy Ombudsman, Nancy Steele, it appears
that the ARB is the organization most directly concerned with emissions from mobile
350 Main S>tr+eet, El Segundo, Callfomia 90245.0989
Phone (310) 607 -2200 FAX (3 10) 322 -7137
C: Wr- qual.9tuub- IU.Cr0V
Your concern for the well being of the citizens of the Los Angeles Basin is laudable, but not as
commendable as the investigative action you have taken to get the facts regarding the quality of the air we
are breathing. We want to help you in a natural follow - through to your initial efforts. We want to
encourage cleaner airport operations, and dispersal of airport operations throughout the region. This
regional approach to providing air transport services in the 21st Century will benefit the sub- regions
economically from the growth of their regional airports, and the regional approach should prevent the
production of emissions at toxic levels at any single airport, a situation LAX may already be in.
Sincerely.
1L.c/
Mike Gordon
Mayor
xc: El Segundo City Council
El Segundo Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Committee
El Segundo City Manager
El Segundo City Attorney
El Segundo Director of Planning and Building Safety
Administrator of the EPA, Region 9
SCAQMD
ARB
Congresswoman Waters
Gtr Y 0
►- - �,
Fd
Elected Officials:
Mike Gordon,
Mayor
Sandra Jacobs,
Maya Pro rem
Nancy WemkR
Councilmembsr
John G. Gain"
Councilmembw
Kelly McDowell,
Counedmamber
CJndy Mcrtesen,
city Clerk
Wllllsm Bilk
City rrossurer
Appointed Officials:
Mary Strann,
City Manager
Mark D. HonsNy,
City Attornoy
Department Directors:
James Hansen,
economic Development
Gavin Curran,
Acting finance
Craig Podego,
Fin,
Robert Hyland,
Human Resources
Barbara Pearson,
Ubrsry
Brat B. Barnard,
Planning L BuiaMg safety
ram Grimmond,
Police
Eduard Schroder,
PubNe Works
Jam" Fouk
Racnsom 6 Parks
Mr. Michael P. Kenny
Executive Officer
California Air, Resources Board
PO Box 2815
Sacramento, CA 95812
2 March 1999
Subject: The Impact of Los Angeles International Airport on Local/Regional Air Quality
Dear Mr. Kenny:
As a matter of routine procedure I am following up on a letter sent to you by Mr. Mike
Gordon, Mayor of El Segundo, in December of last year. Mayor Gordon expressed
growing concern regarding the environmental impact of the proposed expansion of Los
Angeles International Airport. That concern, shared by many other jurisdictions in the
region, has not diminished with the passage of time. Two great concerns are the impact
of current ground and air operations at LAX on local and regional air quality, and the
nature of that pollution and impact if the Master Plan for expansion is fully implemented.
As you may recall the Mayor requested the following of the ARB:
Conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the types and amounts of
cumulative emissions being dumped into the air by both air and surface
vehicles conducting business at LAX. We realize that LAWA is
conducting an EIR for its proposed Master Plan for expansion.
However, that EIR will be generated by consultants on the LAWA
payroll. As the agency responsible for protecting the air quality of the
Californians impacted by LAX pollution, it is appropriate that the ARB
conduct an independent siudy that will either validate or fault the LAWA
study(s).
2. Establish and enforce growth thresholds which will cause airport
proprietors to generate appropriate and timely studies of the impact of
their growing/changing operations on surrounding communities.
Review and comment on the attached evaluation of the impact of the
expanding operations of LAX on the air quality in the surrounding
communities.
If I can provide further information or clarification, or forward a status report regarding
the Mayor's requests, please do not hesitate to call me at (310) 607 -2202.
C:1air- qual.98\arb -ltr. M99
Planning and Building Safety Department
350 Main Street, El Segundo, California 90245 -0989
Phone (310) 322 -4670 FAX (310) 322 -4967
www.sisegundo.org
sources in California, including both aircraft and surface vehicles. For this reason I present the attached information
to you. Additionally, I respectfully [Hake the following requests:
Conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the types and amounts of emissions being dumped into the
air by both air and surface vehicles conducting business at LAX We realize that LAWA is
conducting an EIR for its proposed Master Plan for expansion. However, that EIR will be
generated by consultants on the LAWA payroll. As the agency responsible for protecting the air
quality of the Californians impacted by LAX pollution, it is appropriate that the ARB conduct an
independent study that will eider validate or fault the LAWA study(s).
Establish and enforce growth[ thresholds which will cause airport proprietors to generate
appropriate and timely studies of the impact of their growing/changing operations on surrounding
communities.
Review and comment on the attached evaluation of the impact of the expanding
operations of LAX on the air quality in the surrounding communities.
If I can provide further information or clarification, please do not hesitate to call me or the City's Special Projects
Administrator, Harvey Holden. at (310) 607 -2202.
Sincerely,
Mike Gordon
Mayor
xc: El Segundo City Council
El Segundo Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Committee
El Segundo City Manager
El Segundo City Attorney
El Segundo Director of Planning and Building Safety
Administrator of the EPA. Region 9
SCAQMD
Attaclunent: The Impact of Los Angeles International Aimort on Local/Regional Air Quality
2
THE 65 MAP LEVEL BASE LINE:
In May of 1991, LADOA, published the Final Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed LAX Stage II
Airplane Phaseout Regulation. This EIR addresses only airside (flight related operations) activity and its impact on
the environment. It does not address landside (all airport activity that is not directly related to flight operations
including surface vehicular traffic to and from LAX). For the first time, forecast expansion to 65 MAP is addressed
T7ie presumption was that an anticipated total of 687,000 (1) annual air carrier operations would be needed to
service 65 MAP, and that this level of operations would be reached by the year 2000. This EIR provides data on the
environmental impact of air operations up to the level of 687,000 per year. The following facts are worthy of note:
1. The Stage II Phaseout DEIR addressed an annual flight operations level of 687,000 (equivalent of 65 MAP)
which was expected to be reached in 2000.
2. 687,000 annual flight operations was reached in 1994.
3. 687,000 annual air operations equates to 1,882 daily operations. Using the 39 pounds of emissions per flight
ratio described in Note 9 above we can estimate that 73,398 pounds, or about 36.7 tons of pollution are being
created by the daily flights to /from LAX.
4. As of 30 June 1997, according to the LAWA's 1997.4nnual Report, LAX had reached an annual air operations
level of 763,148. That is, 76.148 more than the 687,000 annual flights addressed by the Stage II Phaseout DEIR
of 1991.
5. 76.148 annual air operations egtiates to 209 flight operations per day for which there has been no assessment of
environmental impact.
6. Current operating levels are reported to be approximately 2.200 per day, or about 800,000 per year, according to
Mr. Jack Driscoll. Executive Director of LAWA, when interviewed in a local newspaper, the Easy Reader, 29
October 1998.
7. Current daily operations exceed the maximum operating level last addressed, in the 1991 Stage IT Phaseout E1R,
by 116,000 per year, or about 318 per day. Again, using the 39lbs/flight formula in note 9 above, this equates to
about 12,402 lbs of emissions per day, or 6.2 tons per day.
8. AQMD's threshold for recommending an EIR is the addition of 15 daily flight operations. 15 flight operations
equates to about 500 to 600 lbs of emissions. LAWA has exceeded the threshold by a factor of 21.
9 LAWA continues to add flight operations with impunity from either CEQA or NEPA. In 1998 alone LAWA
has exceeded the AQMD recommended threshold for an E1R• by nearly 200% as described below:
Proposed /Approved
Anticipatcd
Cumulative #
Date of
Operational
# of Daily
of flights with
1" Addressed
City's
Agreement With:
Fli2ht
Significance
no EhR
by LAWA
Response
Air Taluu Nui
1.72
Alone, none.
Est..240
26 Oct '98
20 Nov '98
Allegiant Air, Inc
1.72
Alone, none.
Est. 238
28 Aug '98
08 Oct 198
Sun Pacific Int'l
12.00
Alone, some.
Est. 226
09 July '98
14 Aug '98
Casino Express
.40
Alone. none.
Est. 226
15 June '98
13 July '98
,Malev Hungarian
.60
Alone, none.
Est. 225
18 May '98
23 June '98
WinAir. Inc
.38
Alone, none.
Est. 225
14 April '98
20 May '98
Skyservice
4.00
Alone. little.
Est. 221
16 April '98
20 May '98
Air Wisconsin
8.00
Alone. some.
Est. 213
16 Dec. '97
12 Jan '98
Carnal Cargo
.52
Alone none
Est 212
11 Dec '97
16 Jan '98
11 Month
29.34 Daily =
Approximately
Cumulative
Flights
twice the cumulative
Increase in
threshold recommended
Planned Ops
by AQMD for performing an EIR.
' As pointed out in Section III of all of LAWA's Draft Studies for proposed operating schedules for new
tamers. SCAQMD's Air Quality Handbook provides a screening table for airport operations that identifies, as the
level of potential significance, or the air quality threshold, the pollution generated by fifteen or more daily,
commercial flights.
C `air -rn,al OR nrh -hr nC
LAX IMPACT ON LOCAUREGIONAL AIR OIIALTTY
We believe that LAX flight operations far exceed the parameters of any environmental study ever conducted by
LAWA or any other agency. As a result, the potential hazards to public health and safety are tmlatown. It is a
principal responsibility of the California Air Resources Board to inform and protect the citizens of the State with
respect to air quality. Therefore, it is appropriate for the ARB to thoroughly assess the current impacts of LAX
operations on the air quality of the region and to postulate the impacts of the growth in activity proposed in the LAX
Master Plan for expansion.
LAX AIR OPERATIONS WACT
THE 40 MAP LEVEL BASE LINE:
LAX's one and only comprehensive envirorunental assessment was published by the Los Angeles Department of
Airports (LADOA), now Los Angeles World Airports (LAWA) as the LAX Draft Environmental Impact Report in
July 1975, over 23 year; ago. At that time the Airport's passenger capacity was 23.5 million annual passengers
(MAP). The anticipated number of flight operations for 1975 was about 379,000. Tim Final Report E VEIS for the
Airport's Interim Master Plan was adopted by LA's City Council on 12 January 1981. The EIR conducted an in-
depth evaluation of the impact of those additional facilities and operations required to nearly double the Airport's
capacity, to accommodate 40 million annual passengers (MAP), the equivalent of approximately 560,000 annual
flight operations. This growth was projected to be reached by 1990. 40 MAP was reached in 1986.
Alternative C, (40 MAP Limit Without Palmdale) was ultimately the plan used for LAX's growth Below is a table
comparing predicted growth according to Alternative C and actual growth. Alternative C data is drawn from
Volume 2 of the Draft EIIt Aviation Forecast and Noise section.
Notes:
1. As a standard practice. computation of the total number of operations at an airport can be derived by
multiplying the number of departures by 2. On average, thenumber of departures and number of landings
is normally equal.
2. This column of data is taken from Elie Annual Report published by LADOA/LAWA.
3. After 1986, these are flights for which no environmental impact study was conducted.
4. 40 MAP equates to approximately 560.000 annual air operations (Stage H Conversion DEIR of 1991)
5. In the 1981 Interim Master Plan's Draft EIR it was anticipated that a level of 560,000 annual flight
operations would be reached in 1990. The level was reached in 1986.
6. 560,000 annual air operations equates to 1,534 daily operations.
7. During the year the DEIR for the Stage R Phaseout was published, 1991, a level of 669,034 annual flight
operations was achieved. LAWA was operating at level of 109,034 antral flight operations above the
limits of the previous environmental impact study. Therefore, the impact of those 109,034 antral flights,
299 daily flight operations. was unknown.
8. 299 flight operations represent approximately 11,650 Ibs of emissions, or nearly 6 tons per day.
9. According to the Stage II Phaseout EIR of 1991, 687,000 annual flight operations, the limit studied by that
EIK will produce an aggregate of 72,898 lbs of emissions per day of pollutants tracked by AQMD. By
dividing the number of annual operations by 365 and the number of pounds of pollution produced by 365,
we find that during 1997. Ave averaged about 1,882 flights per day and each flight produced an average of
abrupt 39 pounds of pollution. Since the LAX fleet has not completed its conversion to Stage III, this
average of 39 pounds per flight is considered very conservative.
C tai r- qua1.98\irb-ltr.an
Alt. C .
Alt C
EIR
Av. No z 2 =
Total x 365
- Total
Total (2)
Amt. Actual
Vol. 2
Departures
Daily Ops.
No of
Actual
Ops Exceeded
Table
Year
Predicted
Predicted (1)
Annual Ons
Ons
Predicted Ons (3)
1 -29:
1975
519.02
1.038.04
378,885
460,816
81,931, or 224 per day
1 -34:
1980
590.17
1,180.34
430,824
538,914
108,090, or 2% per day
1 -36:
1985
696.13
1.392.26
508,175
547,491
43,313, or 119 per day (3)
1 -37:
1990
684.73
1.369.46
499,853
654,152
154,299, or 423 per day (3)
1 -38:
I995
692.88
1.385.76
505,802
702,767
196,965, or 540 per day (3)
Notes:
1. As a standard practice. computation of the total number of operations at an airport can be derived by
multiplying the number of departures by 2. On average, thenumber of departures and number of landings
is normally equal.
2. This column of data is taken from Elie Annual Report published by LADOA/LAWA.
3. After 1986, these are flights for which no environmental impact study was conducted.
4. 40 MAP equates to approximately 560.000 annual air operations (Stage H Conversion DEIR of 1991)
5. In the 1981 Interim Master Plan's Draft EIR it was anticipated that a level of 560,000 annual flight
operations would be reached in 1990. The level was reached in 1986.
6. 560,000 annual air operations equates to 1,534 daily operations.
7. During the year the DEIR for the Stage R Phaseout was published, 1991, a level of 669,034 annual flight
operations was achieved. LAWA was operating at level of 109,034 antral flight operations above the
limits of the previous environmental impact study. Therefore, the impact of those 109,034 antral flights,
299 daily flight operations. was unknown.
8. 299 flight operations represent approximately 11,650 Ibs of emissions, or nearly 6 tons per day.
9. According to the Stage II Phaseout EIR of 1991, 687,000 annual flight operations, the limit studied by that
EIK will produce an aggregate of 72,898 lbs of emissions per day of pollutants tracked by AQMD. By
dividing the number of annual operations by 365 and the number of pounds of pollution produced by 365,
we find that during 1997. Ave averaged about 1,882 flights per day and each flight produced an average of
abrupt 39 pounds of pollution. Since the LAX fleet has not completed its conversion to Stage III, this
average of 39 pounds per flight is considered very conservative.
C tai r- qua1.98\irb-ltr.an
LAX "CLIENT" SURFACE TRAFFIC AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO AIR QUALM
THE SUBTLE HAZARD
A comprehensive study of the impact of LAX surface traffic emissions has not been conducted since the Draft
Environmental Impact Report for the Interim Master Plan was completed in July 1975, over 24 years ago. The ever
increasing amount of aircraft generated emissions must be considered together with emissions generated by LAX
"client" vehicles. "Client" vehicles are those surface vehicles embarking or disembarking cargo, and/or passengers,
or providing other services at LAX. According to data provided by LAWA, each passenger served by LAX is
matched by an average of 1.4 surface vehicle trips tolfrom LAX This includes passenger vehicles, freight and
service vehicles. If one assumes each of those velucles trips to /from LAX consumes, on average, 1 gallon of fuel in
the airport environs, that is. within 5 miles of the airport, the following assessment may be made:
Current 60 MAP Operation Level:
60 MAP,
the current passenger operating level at LAX, divided by
356 days
of the year =
164,384
passengers per day *, multiplied by
X 1.4
vehicle trips per passenger =
230,137
daily vehicle trips to /from LAX,
X 1 gal.
4.2 Ibl.
230,137 gals.
burned daily by "client" vehicles in the LAX environs.
X 4.2 lbs.**
of emissions per gallon burned =
966,575 lbs.
= the current (1997) estimated daily LAX emission level contributed by "client"
issue. (Equates to 322 tons of emissions per day)
vehicles. ( Eouates to 483 tons of emissions per dav)
- 644,385 lbs. * **
The maximum level of emissions per day contributed by "client" vehicles as studied
in the last EM to address the surface traffic issue. (Equates to 322 tons of emissions
per day)
322,190 lbs.
- 161 tons per day of pollution, the impact of which is unknown.
Note: As reported in a LAWA News Release of 18 December 1998, the normal daily count for
Passengers served at LAX is 165,000. During the holiday season the passenger count is expected
to average 186.000 per.day.
* * The burning of 1, 000 gallons ojgasohne produces 4.197 lbs. ojemissions. (EPA 1985). Therefore,
the burning of one gallon of gas will produce about 4.2 lbs. of emissions.
* ** A comprehensive study of the impact of LAX surface traiiic emissions has not been conducted
since the Draft Environmental Impact Report for the Interim Master Plan was completed in July
1975, over 24 \.cars ago. That study provided the.following information.
40MAP
the level of operations studied for the Interim Master Plan, divided by
365 days
of the year -
109.589
passengers per day,
1.4
vehicle trips per passenger =
153.425
X 1
daily vehicle trips,
gal.
153.425 gal.
burned by "client" vehicles,
4.2 Ibl.
of emissions per gallon of fuel burned =
644,385 Ibs.,
The maximum level of emissions per day contributed by "client"
vehicles as studied in the last EIR to address the surface traffic
issue. (Equates to 322 tons of emissions per day)
C: Lair- quaL981arb- Itr.an
SUMMARY
Pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), LAWA must prepare an Environmental Impact
Report which assess the environmental impacts resulting from the total number of flight operations at LAX. The
need for this study is exacerbated by the fact that while flight activity alone, in 1997, produced approximately
81.5421bs.• of pollution daily, the "client" vehicle activity related to those flights produced nearly twelve times that
pollution, 966.575 lbs. 31M cnmhinatine of air and surface vehicle noLletine in 1997 w+�s annre :imately
1.048.117 !hs nor day.
Or AM 521 tens nor dav_
Historically LAWA has ignored its obligation. as a public agency, to comply with CEQA. Instead it has
incrementally increased its airport operations without the appropriate environmental review. As demonstrated by
the calculations above. the impact of nearly one third of the daily tonnage, 165 of the 524 daily tons produced, has
never been studied. Without these studies. LAWA officials and the public have no way of knowing the degree of
the degenerative impact increasing flight operations at LAX are having on the health and quality of life of citizens in
the surrounding communities. LAWA should conduct appropriate Impact Studies to determine its current
environmental impact before adding additional operations.
Pages j
El S('undo, Ponut on
COUNgt�OTES 0 EVALUATE AM IN El
By Davin jca ly k
$ 'v.
40 Trying to put tq rest residents' concerns
about the cleanliness of Hl'6 gundo iiir,_
City Council Joied'S�.W have' the',AAeer-'
apace, "Corpora oh"perf" `polta .ton
tudie's'of the Hyper4on �T� tiSe k
i._ Michael- p "st�k " .A►atQspace
tCorporation'addrissed tba Cou&Hregarding
the inforini lion the studies mould find.
'711e testing will tell* J'W t Uutants
are in the air." Epstein slid . I
to tell if pollution_is In - c
undo or-the Hyperion.'
Councilmeinber Jane 'Frfun reported
r � , eii t L
' that rgem�ers of; tl�e1
i the expenditure _needed or the tests.:9 ,
,, _ City Council agreed on ,a $45,ppp �r
�'!lt the air 20 lution studies
��.,..- ..:...� .
Note' 763.148 flight operations reported in the LAWA Annual Report for 1997. divided by 365 a 2,091 daily
operations. times 39lbs of emissions per operation - 81.512. divided by 2,000 - 40.8 tons per day.
f -it,
_ _ ---- --r.- ��.{ ..t /,'•.�� •�y.;: •ice -' — - ,� �.
I� ` 111,• �!�
or
rR� �V;��i "0 �
wj
.�a �. �. • 1 Fvt
Connie Day
Air Quality Issues and the Los
Angeles Airport Expansion
Presented to:
Los Angeles International Airport
Area Advisory Committee
April 9, 1999
Air Quality
-How does the LAX Expansion fit into the
AQMP?
-How does the LAX Expansion effect Air
Quality?
Regional Transportation Plan
w RTP accounts for:
• Ground Access
• Goods Movement
• Shuttles and Greenline Extension
Air Quality Issues and the Los Angeles
Airport Expansion
Introduction
- Provide an Understanding of the
Interactions Between the Airport Expansion
and Air Quality.
mProvide an Overview of
• Conformity
• Regional Transportation Plan (RTP)
AQMP
Growth Projections are part of the AQMP
Baseline
• Developed by SCAG
• 1990 and 1993 numbers used for the 94 and 97
AQMP
Regulated equipment is accounted for through the
permitting process
Air Quality is Impacted
by Additional:
- Vehicle Traffic
'Planes and Service Vehicles
-Freight
- Aircraft Fueling
-Ground Service Equipment
4/8/98
Connie Day _ .. .
Air Quality Budgets
-How is it developed?
-What is included:
-How is it used?
Conformity as it Applies to the
Proposed LAX Expansion
- General Conformity
. Requires that Projects with Continuing Federal
Program Responsibility must Demonstrate
Conformity with the Approved SIP Budgets
wTransportation Conformity
• Transportation projects must come from a
conforming RTP and TIP
Current Status
3-The Airport Growth has been accounted for
in the 1994 AQMP
• SCAG Projections
• Aircraft
• Ground Equipment
Air Quality Issues and the Los Angeles
Airport Expansion
Conformity
. Purpose: To ensure that no entity of the
federal government impedes an area's
attainment demonstration
What This Means
-The FAA maintains responsibility and a
positive conformity finding must be made
for the expansion to go forward
- Transportation elements, must come from a
conformity RTP and TIP
Regional Transportation Plan
- Transportation growth is included in the
1997 RTP
• Due to be approved April 17, 1998
Must meet Surface Transportation Act
Requirements
• Constrained Funding
• Conformity
a'When is a Conformity Finding Made?
Impacts
-No new transportation projects
- Continuing projects already in progress or
with an approved EIR
- surface Access can't be built until a
Conformity Finding is Made
4/8/98
2
Smog Study of
Children Yields
Ominous Results
By JULIE MARQUIS y ka i l
TINES STAFF WRITER ✓
Air pollution in Southern Cali-
fornia appears to have subtle long-
term effects on children's lungs
and may cut into girls' breathing
capacity more than boys', accord-
ing to early results from the most
comprehensive study ever under-
taken in the region.
Findings from the first year of a
10 -year smog study by USC re-
searchers suggest that high smog
levels most markedly restrict the
wind of girls who spend a lot of
time outdoors.
Boys, on the other hand, are
more likely to develop respiratory
illnesses, as are children of either
sex who live in houses with indoor
pollution caused by pets, pests,
mildew and water damage or ciga-
rette smoke.
While impaired breathing capac-
ity— reduced volume or flow of air
in the lungs —can leave children
vulnerable to respiratory disease
and underdeveloped lungs, it is not
the same as an illness like asthma
or bronchitis. Why boys would be
more prone to such diseases is
unclear, said the researchers, who
published their preliminary data
today in the American Journal of
Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine.
"It's not good news," said Helene
Margolis, an epidemiologist with
the California Air Resources
Board, principal sponsor of the
$16- million research.
The study, which began in 1993,
is one of the few to focus on
pollution's long -term effects on
children —a population considered
especially vulnerable because they
spend so much time exercising and
out of doors.
Of unprecedented scope, it in-
volves more than 3,600 children in
the fourth, seventh and 10th
grades in 12 communities in the
southern half of the state. A wide
mix of communities was selected,
from those with relatively clean
air, such as Santa Maria and Atas-
cadero, to more smoggy cities like
Upland and San Dimas.
The initial findings are based on
questionnaires and lung function
tests. Researchers plan in the fu-
ture to also include school absences.
Unpublished results from later
years in the study, which re-
searchers reported to the Air Re-
sources Board in January, suggest
that the link between high levels of
pollution and chronic respiratory
problems holds steady over a pe-
riod of several years.
It is the promise of finding such
long -term patterns that most in-
trigues pollution experts.
"That will be unique" to this
study, said David Bates, a professor
emeritus of medicine at the Uni-
versity of British Columbia who
has advised USC researchers on
their approach. "Everyone will be
interested in that."
The preliminary findings of
chronic lung effects on children
`come in the wake of another alarm-
ing —but unrelated —study this
month showing that despite the Los
Angeles Basin's improved air
quality, residents still are breathing
unusually dangerous levels of can-
cer- causing toxins produced mainly
by motor vehicles.
The children's study, by con-
trast, focused on more common-
place byproducts of vehicles and
industrial emissions— ozone,
microscopic elements known ,as
particulates, nitrogen dioxide and
acid vapors. The immediate effects
of such substances have been well -
studied but their long -term impact
on youngsters remains somewhat
of a mystery.
Although billions of dollars are
.spent in this region each year to
,fight smog on the assumption that
,dirty air has short- and long -term
health effects, Southern California
"still exceeds federal and state
health standards for ozone and
particulates, researchers said.
Yet one of the study's surprising
findings was that "ozone was not
the big hitter," said Dr. Morton
Lippmann, professor of environ-
mental medicine at the New York
University School of Medicine and
a member of the study's advisory
board. "The fine particles and acid
and nitrogen dioxide seemed to be
playing a bigger role."
That was striking because other
studies have shown that ozone—
formed when hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides react with sun -
light—is more clearly associated
with short-term ill effects of pollu-
tion such as shortness of breath,
chest pain and watery eyes.
Most remarkable in the first year's
findings were consistent, but as yet
unexplained gender differences.
"There is [not just] a difference
between boys and girls; there is a
difference between the pollutants
most affecting boys and girls,"
Margolis said.
Researchers clearly linked el-
evated pollution levels to reduced
breathing capacity in girls. Nitrogen
dioxide and particulates apparently
were the greatest culprits, although
high ozone exposure played a sig-
nificant role in girls with asthma.
Boys' breathing capacity was
affected by high ozone exposure
too, but only in those who spent a
lot of time outdoors.
Boys tended to be more affected
by respiratory illnesses. In their
case, wheezing was linked to nitro-
gen dioxide and acid vapor.
But researchers noted that al-
though boys initially suffered more
from asthma, girls essentially
caught up with them in that regard
by the time they reached high
school.
Researchers hope to tease out
the reasons for the gender differ-
ences as the study progresses.
Possible explanations include vari-
ations in boys' and girls' lung
volume and airflow, growth rates
and hormonal effects.
There were other findings that
stumped researchers. For example,
they could not explain why the
incidence of excessive respiratory
disease did not correlate with the
highest levels of outdoor air pollu-
tion. This contrasts with the sepa-
rate finding of girls' reduced lung
capacity in highly polluted areas.
Whatever the answer, the in-
vestigators say the findings under-
line the importance of indoor pol-
lutants such as mildew and cigarette
smoke. Researchers argued for "a
broad -based campaign to abate air-
borne hazards inside homes."
Other remaining challenges are
to determine which pollutants are
responsible for which physiological
effects and how pollution affects
asthma.
Whether reductions in lung ca-
pacity and aggravated respiratory
illnesses will translate into lifelong
health problems remains an open
question, but such findings in the
young do not bode well, research-
ers said.
"This is just a snapshot.... The
real answer is going to come from
finishing this study," said Dr. John
M. Peters, lead author of the re-
search.
Peters said the children will be
ifollowed for eight years, with the
final two years reserved for analy-
sis— meaning that the fourth -
graders' health will be studied at
least through high school.
LOS ANGELES TIMES
SMOG
Continued from Al
Breathing Problems
Asthma is more prevalent among boys than girls until the high school years,
according to a study of respiratory disease - prevalence rates among South-
ern California children.
GMs
4 9
5
Severe
11
5
,2
7 13
Grade
Asthma
Asthma
Wheeze
Bronchltls
Cough
Pneumonia
Boys
15
8
2
Both genders
4
17%
9%
25%
-14%
8%
2%
7
17
12
22
14
6
2
10
16
8
21
11
8
1
GMs
4 9
5
22
11
5
,2
7 13
7
22
12
8
1
10 16
7
26
15
8
2
Both genders
4 13
7
23
13
7
2
7 15
10
22
13
7
2
10 16
8
23
13
8
-1
Source: American Journal
of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
Study: Smog
affects g'r i ls,
boys differently:.
Females may e
By Noah Isackson
THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
Whenever the school day be-
gins with a smog warning, school
nurses throughout California pre-
pare for hordes of wheezing, wa-
tery -eyed or runny -nosed chil-
dren.
At Emerson Elementary in Riv-
erside. health assistant Brenda
Harris said smog means a flood of
coughing and sneezing students
and a slew of asthma sufferers
using inhalers.
Now. USC scientists are exam-
ining the effect of smog on chil-
dren in a $15 million study, de-
scribed as the nation's first
comprehensive look at the health
effects of , air pollution on chil-
dren.
The ongoing investigation, com-
missioned by California's Air Re-
sources Board, is already yielding
results, the most intriguing of
at higher risk
which is data suggesting that
smog and other common air pol-
lutants affect boys and girls dif-
ferently.
The study also says that the
lung growth in children who
grow up in smoggy areas is about
5 percent lower than among chil-
dren in cleaner environments.
Children with weaker lungs are
more prone to colds and coughs
and are more likely to develop
chronic respiratory diseases as
adults, health experts say.
The USC researchers did not
expect gender to be a factor.
"The assumption until now was
that air pollution affects everyone
L08 Angeles times
the same way. What the study is..,
finding is that those assumptions"
are no longer true," said Jerry
Martin, an air board spokesman.
The study suggests that girls,
may be more likely than boys to;;j
have lower breathing capacity in
areas with higher levels of ni ;:
trous oxides and tiny particle pol- {
lutants, such as diesel soot.
The research suggests that two
other populations at risk for low -,
er lung volume are girls wfth
asthma and boys who spent a lot
of time outdoors in communities, l
with high levels of ozone gas, the ,
main component of smog.
The preliminary report does
not offer an explanation for the,,
difference in health effects be -:,
tween boys and girls, because the,, t
researchers have more testing ,
and analysis to conduct.
The study is tracking respirato ;
ry symptoms, breathing capacity
and school absenteeism among
children in the fourth, seventh:.
and 10th grades in a dozen South -,
ern California cities.
ARB officials said the study may, I
eventually confirm what many;
people have suspected — that smog, t
causes health problems. A ;
'This study is going to contin,
ue. While the findings are provoc
ative, they are not complete," said
ARB member William Friedman, ;
a pediatrician and academic dean, i
at the UCLA Medical School.
At the study's completion, re-, l
searchers will have followed 5,000
children at 52 schools over the .
course of nine years, through 2001-
%pw..- -
MARCH 28,1999
Tt i
110, PUBLIC HEALTH
The Danger
of Hyping
Hazards
By David Friedman
eadlines earlier this month trum-
peted a report released by Rep.
Henry A. Waxman (D -Los An-
geles) that a 10- chemical toxic brew
subjects Los Angeles residents to 426
times the permissible federal cancer risk.
Drafted by Democratic staffers on Wax -
man's House Government Reform Com-
mittee, the report was not just misleading,
but it also shows how media -savvy
environmental advocates increasingly
distort public - health priorities.
Based on weekly air samples taken by
state officials at three locations in greater
Los Angeles from 1995 -98, the report
computed average annual concentrations
of 10 auto - exhaust- related chemicals like
benzene and butadiene. The results were
then weighed against the purported
"health goals" of the federal Clean Air
Act. These goals aim to prevent more
than one addi-
tional incidence of
cancer per million
` people over 70
years.
Average con -
centrations of
these exhaust -re-
-•: lated chemicals,
the report found,
exceeded the
goals. The com-
mittee as Mgela rims mittee staff and
countless media
reports grimly concluded that, despite
apparent progress, L.A. residents are still
being silently poisoned by the air they
breathe.
This "finding" is simply false. There are
no federal ambient -air health goals for
the chemicals Waxman's team examined.
Sadly for government officials who de-
serve kudos, not criticism, California's
stringent controls are dramatically re-
ducing such emissions at rates certainly
faster than less - regulated regions.
David Friedman, a contributing editor to
Opinion, writes frequently on economics
and development.
The report's most serious flaw is its
misuse of federal regulations setting lim-
its for individual emission sources as the
measure of total ambient -air safety. Un-
der the Clean Air Act, "point- source"
standards for factories, gas stations, dry
cleaners, etc., ensure that no single emis-
sions source will unreasonably degrade
the air. These separate standards cannot
be used to measure overall air safety
without producing absurd results.
Many of the chemicals studied by the
report, for example, occur naturally in the
atmosphere at several times the emission
levels permitted from any point- source. If
such standards embodied the nation's
overall ambient -air goals, the govern-
ment would be in the difficult position of
mandating air quality even nature can't
achieve.
It would be highly unusual, moreover,
if a region's ambient air didn't substan-
tially exceed a single source's emission
restrictions. The act's health goals were
set with the knowledge that individual
point- source emissions would collect in
the atmosphere. Using these goals to
critique overall air quality is like claiming
an airplane is unsafe because total on-
board luggage exceeds the two-bags-per-
person limit.
The report is also marred by numerous
technical flaws. It calculates regional air
quality for hundreds of square miles from
sampling data that state officials specifi-
cally say cannot be used in this fashion.
Scientific audits also show that chemical
ilesse see HEALTH, MZ
Continued from Ml
analyses of the gases collected in each
sampling. canister are subject to consider-
able error. Yet, none are factored into the
report's numbers.
Even more troubling is the report's
implication that that the public is being ill
informed about, and inadequately pro-
tected from, toxic -air risks. Waxman's
staff focused on Los Angeles precisely
because California collects and publicizes
more detailed air - quality information
than anywhere else.
It's also misleading to suggest that
California has done little in response.
During 1990 -96 alone, the same statistics
used by Waxman's team shows that the
state's tough emission controls reduced
butadiene and benzene, which together
account for more than 70% of the report's
purported cancer risk, by a whopping
40% to 67%. That's a roaring success by
any measure, particularly when the
state's car - driving population is growing.
Far more than the "health risk" it
largely manufactured, the Waxman re-
port highlights the growing lack of per-
spective that afflicts present -day envi-
C,o
Health: An Environmentalism
That Can't See Beyond the Trees
ronmentalism. At a time when
California's schoolchildren can't match
the reading skills of Mississippi's, and
25% of the population is growing poorer
amid an economic boom, why should
public debate be diverted by an incor-
rectly stated "problem" that is, in any
case, dramatically improving?
Ecological activists rabidly resist mea-
suring their goals against other critical
concerns like economics. No less than
Vice President Al Gore repeatedly likens
environmental- policy skeptics to people
who ignored the sounds of shattering
glass during the horror of KristaUnacht,
the evening in 1938 when Hitler's Brown
Shirts stormed synagogues and killed
scores of Jews. Contrary points of view,
Gore and others urge, should just be
ignored or downplayed. The growing
waste and social conflicts generated by
such pretensions, however, demand that
scrutiny begin.
Even if accurate, for example, the
400- cancers - per - million - person lifetime
risk the Waxman report "discovered"
would amount to. less than .16% of the
total 250,000- cancer - per - million person
risk everyone faces. Every form of pollu-
tion taken together, according to the
federal Environmental Protection
Agency, causes just 1% to 3 % of all
cancers, compared with 355/o for poor diet
or 30% from smoking.
A Harvard Center for Risk Analysis
study showed that federal pollution con-
trols cost $7.6 million to save a single
life - year —the most expensive of all kinds
of expenditures— versus $19,000 for
medical care. If it were truly concerned
with the public- health goal of reducing
cancer risks, the Waxman report would
focus on diets, smoking and medical care.
Instead, like far too many environmental
"crises," it diverts attention from true
priorities toward a narrow, far less sig-
nificant agenda.
As environmentalism moves from im-
mediate, but now generally regulated
dangers, like massive toxic discharges, to
more refined matters of aesthetics or
suburban "livability," latent class con-
flicts are also starting to erupt. Pollution
abatement often imposes highly regres-
sive costs. In the early 1990s, for instance,
the cost burdens of Southern California's
The Waxman report "
highlights the growing
lack of perspective that
afflicts present -day
environmentalism.
air- quality management plans were esti-
mated to be three times greater for the
region's poorest households than for its
wealthiest.
Activists dismiss such irritants by ar-
guing that a better environment helps
everyone. An unequivocal ecological cri-
sis notwithstanding, the adverse health
consequences of reduced economic op-
portunities for the poor vastly overwhelm
any environmental benefits they may
enjoy from, say, cleaner air. Air pollution
reduces average life expectancy in the
United States by perhaps 30 days. Pov-
erty strips away 10 years.
Driven by such enormous disparities,
volatile social conflicts can result from
ill- considered environmental initiatives.
Last year's fight over banning gas - driven
leaf blowers pitted L.A.'s wealthier com-
munities against Latino gardeners. Simi-
lar conflicts are emerging in other public -
policy arenas. Urban development and
ethnic activists, for example, are increas-
ingly outraged by the unwillingness of
well - heeled environmentalists to help
resolve land -use and growth issues af-
fecting their communities, such as clean-
ing up contaminated property.
America's stock -driven prosperity may
suggest that the concerns of the comfort-
able are of paramount political interest. It
may be, as coverage of the Waxman
report indicates, that placating such pre-
occupations earns short -term media and
electoral rewards. But unless eco -advo-
cates temper their efforts with badly
needed perspective, their agendas may do
more harm than good. ❑
OPINION
ALLISON SILVER
Sunday Opinion Editor
GARY SPIECKER
Deputy Opinion Editor
0
■ Health problems created by smog, oil refineries top
'� list of concerns presented at AQMD town hall meeting.
� �9 t t
Deeortn�t Pa ��I interested in it where there are
' SMA aq Weekly �� chronic complaints. t ° .
Residents and � activists also
• /WILMINGTON — Health questioned the ill health effects
/problems 'created by smog and the caused by idling diesel locomo-
toxins emitted by local oil refiner- fives, trucks in residential areas,
ies, oil tankers, and diesel trucks sandblasting' in Carson and
�( O and trains topped the list of South Lomita busi.
Bay residents' concerns at a town ness districts, i -
hall meeting by the South Coast and the AQMD
Air Quality Management District.' uncovered executive
= About 100 residents turned out coal and coke officer
��, • O last week at Los Angeles Harbor g blowin Barry
College to ask questions and talk silt elds from Los Wailerstein
with air pon experts about A n g e 1 e s said that to
air- quality problems in their Harbor to sur- correct the
O neighborhoods. rounding refinery
During the two -hour session, communities. flare -ups,
scientists, planners, environmental Harbor there must
law attorneys and air - quality gval- 'be three-
uators lent their expertise about air City resident .`wa com-
llution problems in the South Denny Coeing y .
po p complained murncation
Bay.
Shankar Prasad, an AQMD that he had,, AQMD, the
health effects officer, began the sinus swgery comrpuniry
meeting with a discussion of the that cost and the
causes and effects of the biggest $65,000 and
g9 refineries.
polluters — particulate matter, car- his wife has
bon monoxide, lead, ozone, nitro- cancer. He
gen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. then produced a napkin with what
Audience members nodded in he believes is residue from coke
recognition as he listed health fallout in the harbor.
problems caused by smog, such as ' Wallerstein thanked Coeing for
restricted lung growth in children, producing "a real live sample,'
reduced lung capacity in adults, promised to put the napkin under
increased cancer risk, asthma and a microscope, and referred him to
shortened life expectancy. � . , ' Aileen Tabor, the division planner
When the meeting was turned overseeing the harbor coke piles.
over to the audience, oil refinery Shipra Bansal, speaking on
emissions and flare -ups ranked behalf of the citizens group known
high on the complaint list. Communities for a Better
Several residents said the Environment, voiced her concern
Union 76 and Taaco plants belch that �� restricting vapors
flames from their smoke stacks at � g Po
all times of day and night. - ' from oil tankers are being
Rancho Palos Verdes resident replaced with weaker directives
and sociology instructor Janice that favor the refineries.
Sandell also indicated the refinery Bansal's organization, which
fPares have been an ongoing prob- works with communities exposed
lem. to industrial toxins, is fighting to
"I've taught at (Harbor) college require tighter controls on vapors
for 30 years," she said. "Many that become airborne when oil
have noticed that the emissions tankers are loaded with products
are much higher." such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet
AQMD executive officer Barry fuel and other oil refinery prod -
Wallerstein said that to coned the ucts
refinery flare -ups, there must be 'Trying to end the meeting on a
three -way communication by the h note, end th tern offered a
eQMDes. community and the 24 -hour hotline number, (800)
One new technical solution in CUT-SMOG, that residents can
the making, he said, is the devel- 'can about air - quality complaints.
opment of a mechanical nose to He also encouraged residents
take air- quality readings. < to get more involved by attending
"It is being developed now at AQMD board meetings and other
Caltech, " Wallerstein said. "We're town hall meetings.
Refineries sued
Woverr%`�h gqalth claim
A fort 14 health
worker and his
wife sued a dozen petrochemical
,manufacturers Tuesday for al-
legedly failing to warn him
about toxic chemicals that he
claims caused him to develop a
terminal blood disease.
Companies named in the Los
Angeles Superior Court com-
plaint include Arco, Chevron,
Exxon Corp., Petro-Diamond Inc.,
Shell Oil Co. and Mobil Oil Corp.
Spokesmen were unavailable for
comment late in the day.
David Swayze worked as a
clerk and supervisor for the
Metropolitan Transportation
Authority from July 1981 to
March 1996, according to the
lawsuit filed by attorney How-
ard A. Kapp.
"His job was to hook up the
hoses and to open the tanks on
the tanker trucks" at an :VITA
fuel depot, Kapp said.
Swayze alleges that his expo-
sure to refined petroleum prod-
ucts caused him to develop mye-
lodysplasia, a disease linked
specifically to the chemical ben-
zene.
tw,ez. z z % q%
Air Standar
a Thank you for the March 18 arti-
cle, "Smog Study of Children
Yields Ominous Results," as well as
the March 1 article, "Cancer Risk
From Air Pollution Still High,
Study Says." The studies roll in.
One question remains: Why do we
allow so much pollution to endan-
ger our families? An industry can
cause cancer in 100 people for ev-
ery 1 million it exposes to pollution.
That's OK, according to our own
Air Quality Management District
(AQMD Rules 1401 and 1402). It's
not OK for 99 of those people —
they would be safe if our local
standards met Clean Air Act goals.
They don't. That's negligent, dan-
gerous and simply unacceptable.
MARTIN SCHLAGE'TER
Conservation Coordinator
Sierra Club, Los Angeles
Smog risks are
few in South Bay
It's only early data so far, but
detailed testing for cancer -caus-
ing air pollution hasn't turned up
any toxic hot spots in the South
Bay. r
At least not compared with the
Los Angeles -area average, as mea-
tured by the South Coast Air
Quality Management District in
the biggest -ever study of toxic air
pollution locally.
. Regionally, airborne chemicals
ftm cars and industry cause 426
Cancer cases per million people
each year.
The South Bay and Harbor Ar-
ea don't escape unscathed but
have a lower risk.
A monitoring station in Tor-
rance showed 212 cancer cases
linked to the chemicals each year.
A station in Hawthorne picked up
on 339 extra cases. Wilmington's
station showed 352 cases.
The highest -risk areas were
Compton, Huntington Park and
Boyle Heights.
However alarming the num-
bers, the fact is that they are on
the decline.
And the data is incomplete,
said Mel Zeldin. AQMD assistant
deputy executive officer.
The final results could be con-
siderably different because the
figures were based on just one
month's worth of monitoring. Fi-
nal numbers will approximate
cancer risk averaged over an en-
tire year as pollution fluctuates.
Monitoring continues through
next month, and it will be Sep-
tember before the final conclu-
sions are released.
"It should show a pretty good
picture across the basin of what
the cumulative risks are," Zeldin
said.
• pees ay „'Seale
asogl laRael o; UW0V aql molle
o; pug sala2ub so-1 Jo sped 3iwou
- oaaotaos luaaaJJip ayf ul )uaaaJJtp
sem Splenb ate P, auiwaalap o;
sem ) aodaa ay; Jo asodand ayy„
-swalgoad uot)nllod as
-)ea .1a aaeJ Spa 041 Jo Seale as .1ood
aaglaqnn autwaalap o; sum wie
s;t pies 'QW(5v aq; o; antle;uas
-aadaa A)ta salaaud sorl a se Apnis
aq) uRisap padlay oqm 'sAnN ueA
p 'u03aelb Pletlaid •uas a)g)s
,pies utplaZ ,'aq pinogs
lanai alnsodxa ant ;elnurn3 a ;eqm
.10J plepuels pougap -(lam u Mlle
-al st 99041 let[) anatlaq ;,uop 1„
•aiu )uaigwg aoJ salm qans ou
seq Ing `sa(31lt3eJ lenptniput Aq
pasod S)IS11 aaauea aqI uo s;tw((
las seq ;ata)stp ayy -aq pinogs
[ana( )(st.1 1a3uua llelano aqI
)eqm uo sairu ou aag aaaq) xes
slepwo 13111stp 'ST Jig ,salasuv
sorl Aq)Igaq moq lnoge suaa3uoa
snotaas sasiea Apn)s aq) allgM
£t! 3Jbd W084
AGOU83
3�1N 5���'icY -�dt �+�j ro - 31�i1z►1i
b'd /833NVO
pies uiplaZ ,'1ej os palnseaw an,am 21118)
-AaaAa ueq; )ueutwop aaow aq iltm sale(
- nailied lasatp feg) uotleaipui Aaana s,ll.,
-ley; aanseaw
pinogs Apn)s (euU aqy •pauaum utpiaZ 'Ile
Jo snopaezeq )sow aq) aq few gatgm 'salad
-led lasatp Aq posod 3isu aaauea ayf apnlaui
)ou op sRutputi (Iwov Aieutwtlaad aq,1,
•suotsstwa aaow Ruisealaa 'Alluopwaut
uru of slea sasnea pue punoA aq) aeau
sluelnllod sdea; axpeam ploy uagm — JOAO
st uoseas Rows aaije — lleJ alel ui pa3lead
3ista aaauea aq) leg) pamogs ipnls NIL
•aaauea Jo 3isia taaai -Ruot aq; sastea osle
'swalgoad Aloleatdsaa a)etpaww( aaq ;o pue
sipel ;u uury ;se Ruisne3 soptsoq 'Isnegxa
lea ;uq; Apn)s s,uewxeM Jo suoisn(auoa so
- 3.10Jutaa autpulJ Iegy •pies utplaZ 's)uuld le
- (.1 ;snput aag ;o .10 sataopeJ se gans sa3anos
Aleuoi ;els of pa .1edwo3 'uotlnllod olne
o) algeingta)le sem Ilsia atp Jo spatgl -om,1,
•3utloptiow ,Clttenb jig aoJ
ani)n3axa s.OW?9d aq) 'utplaZ iaW plus wn
- iw0tg3 ;11algnexaq su gans sle;aw (etllsnput
pue aualftoo.10143aad leaiwaga aulueala dtap
aqI 'Apumi apA4aPPeuuoJ ag) ui sIU3twag3
Jo slang( 11.1e3givats punoJ osle Ing 'aua
- tpe;nq pug auazuaq suotsstwa olne attl WWJ
.1aouua Jo Asia lsag2tq aqI punoJ Apnls ayy bb �y Q s>h AUYt1 sin aNV soi
,3Z "' utregleS y��4�0 �8
s�Ces Apnjs Mau `iis�a nouea seseaa�u, laje . • •
. b7
„'0661 a3uts Jleq in Ina Alaeau uaaq aneq
slanal 041 St smau pooR aq,1 „, 'Wes poom
-IV weS ueWS03iods (IWOV ,'auop aq of
)laom aaow )ol a s,aaagl suuaw.)t Kutgf 1..
•autp3ap ay; uo ale
sfueatxol ate Ruisnea- .1aauea fegf possaals
,fagf Ing 'uotfnllod Jig Jo siisia gfleaq
uual -auol aq; Inoge Ilea dna3{um a Iuas
-aadaa s .1agwnu ay; Pees slupWo oW7)V
„'luawuoatnua ano
woaJ slue)nllod Jo Kst.1 gfleaq aq; Jo alnl
-aid a)aldwoa puu llnJ a IaR of poau aM„
-�flunoZ) sola2ud so-1 Jo
uotlet3ossd 2unq ueataawd ayl Jo aofaaalp
urgl3oad '.102108 ptne(I pies ,'SJtxol sno
- paezug of aansodxa Jo lama gfleaq agl pue
gfleaq ailgnd Ruipae2aa suotlsanb Suew
aslel Ajule;aaa Ilodoa uuwxeM aq; q)tm
Ruole Spills UW?)V aq) Jo s3ulpuU aqy„
•�Spn ;s
QW?)V aqf se 31st.1 aaauea leu0139.1 aures aq)
A1)3exa punoJ pue 'ilueging aulpnlaut 'salts
A)unoZ) -V-,l aalgf woaJ elep pauiwexa
laodaa Ieyy •gluow stgl .1a(11eo paseala.1
pug 'solaoud so') -Q 'uuwxeM dauaH •daH
Aq pauoissitut= s;uu3lxo) ate uo I .1odea
(111101 a .121103 a Jo asoq; ogaa s;lnsa.1 aqy
alge(tgne ;ayf lou aaam sAnN.
uen ut sisal wo .1J s ;lnsag sasea �6 ;e
�lst.1 aq) paanseaw ewto3ed ut pun
•A91)unS P9u wnla film M v99dde
sou 9901) 9w3au03 U0 9L3 '93eu0S ,o 9anoy4 9%
ul 4"m 1143 slllq m0u ou 9393► 93043 99n9008
aeltwis a altgm 'Allenuue aldoad uoilllw
lad sasea aaauua ealxa UP Jo Msta a punoJ
Apn)s aq; ' ;tun opgow u gltm awl) )sail
aqI aoJ paaopuow sem g3tgm'Kuegang ul
aptmAjunoa 000'6
ueyl aaow pue 'salasud so-1 ut 1eaA pea
sasea aaauea ga)xa 00g'1 ueq) aaow Jo 31sta
V s,le%L •leak y3ea aldoad uoilliw lad sasea
aaauua ealxa qz6 se Auew se asne3 )yRiw
gale sala2ud sorl aq) ul slue)nllod a)emp
-u( Apnis Iata ;st(I )uawaReuuW Spjen8 ltd
)seoa glnos aqI Jo s;lnsaa Aaeutwtla .1d
-ate 3ixol Jo slanal 431q Rutngq Jo pa)aad
-sns Seale ui pa3eld aaam )eql salts altgow
61 sn(d utsug -V-,l aqI )nog8nolq; saps
)uauuuuad 01 pouiwexa 'ludd ul sapnla
-uoa pue AeW ul uuRaq g3igm 'Apn)s ay,1,
-s;aodal Apn ;s mou snotpgwu ue 'agaA
daana sasea aaauea Jo spuesnogl sasne3
III ;s Ing ap p Ised aq) ut ;uamad 06
ueq) aaow ualluJ seq .1te s,uot8ar sala2ub
SO-1 aq) ut sle3iwaga 3tx0l Jo lanai aqy
altgow
Cancer Risk From
Air Pollution Still
High, Study Says
■ Environment: Samples in L.A. area indicate hazard is
426 times more than level set by EPA in 1990. Report is
the first to measure carcinogenic dangers of breathing.
By LISA GETTER, TIMES STAFF WRITER 3f, "
WASHINGTON— Despite improved air quality in the Los Angeles
Basin, residents still are breathing unusually dangerous levels of
cancer - causing pollutants, according to a groundbreaking congressional
study set to be released today.
Although California has made
strides in reducing hazardous air
pollution, the report found toxics at
high enough levels that the risk of
cancer was 426 times higher than
health standards established by the
1990 federal Clean Air Act.
"We were surprised at the find-
ings," said Rep. Henry A. Waxman
(D-Los Angeles), who requested
the report. prepared by the minority
staff of the House Government Re-
form Committee. "They are so much
higher than they ought to be."
Although data about air quality
have long been available, experts
say the study is the first of its kind
to determine cancer risks in the air
people actually breathe. Using
thousands of air samples collected
over the last three years at sites in
Los Angeles, Long Beach and Bur-
bank, the study computed and
analyzed the health risks posed by
various specific pollutants.
The new findings could have
wide influence on the way govern-
ment views the risks of air pollu-
tants —not just in California, but
nationwide. The study probably
will spur the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency to establish a na-
tional network to monitor cancer -
causing pollutants in the air.
"This data should give a jolt to
Los Angeles," said Gail Ruderman
Feuer, a senior attorney with the
Natural Resources Defense Coun-
cil. "We know our air is dirty, but
now we know in black and white
that it's toxic too."
The Clean Air Act named 188
chemicals as hazardous air pollu-
tants linked to cancer, birth defects
Please see AIK A17
or other serious health problems. It
set a goal of reducing the lifetime
cancer risk from exposure to those
chemicals to one additional cancer
case per million exposed people.
But the new study found the risk
of some toxics in the air far ex-
ceeded those goals. The three pol-
lutants posing the greatest dan-
gers -1,3- butadiene, formalde-
hyde and benzene —all are pro-
duced by cars, trucks and other
vehicles.
"It should be a wake -up to us
that we've got to do more," said
Waxman, one of the original
authors of the Clean Air Act. "We
need to pay a lot more attention to
toxic air pollutants, just like we've
paid attention to ozone, smog and
acid rain."
The South Coast Air Quality
Management District last year
launched a similar but more com-
prehensive study to determine the
cancer risks from toxic pollutants
in neighborhoods. The initial re-
sults, due to be released in mid -
March, will echo the conclusions of
the congressional report, said
Barry Wallerstein, AQMD execu-
tive officer.
"It appears that motor vehicles
create the largest portion of the
toxic risk in terms of their emis-
sions," Wallerstein said. "We still
need to do more on the stationary
sources as well."
Wallerstein said that since the
Clean Air Act was adopted in 1990,
cancer risks from toxic pollutants
have been reduced by 40 %. But the
new AQMD data show lifetime
risks of getting cancer from the air
at levels 200 to 400 times higher
than the Clean Air Act's health
goals of one additional cancer case
per million.
Risks From Bad Air
Cancer risks were above Clean Air
Act goals at all three monitoring
stations In los Angeles County:
Cancer risk
per million people
Las Anpla 7 7-7-47-fl
483
Laq Bead ' 323
Note: Clean Air Act goat Is cancer
risk of i per million people
The 3 Main Culprits
Butadiene: found to cause cancer
in heart, lung, breast, ovaries,
stomach, liver, pancreas, thyroid
and testes.
Parrnaidshyde: found to cause lung
cancer in animal studies.
Benzene: known human
carcinogen that has been found to
cause leukemia and cancers of the
lymphoid.
Source: Caffomia EPA
Los Angeles Times
"What one can conclude from
the data they looked at and the
new data we're putting together is
that there have been tremendous
strides made in the last 10 years in
reducing air toxins in the Los
Angeles Basin, but it's a work in
progress," he said.
For years much of the nation has
focused its attention on problems
caused by ozone and smog. The
House report and the upcoming
AQMD study concentrate Instead on
health risks from tmdc pollutants
that can be even more deadly.
"We've done a lot to reduce
hydrocarbons and carbon monox-
ide," Waxman said. "As we develop
tighter standards from the emis-
sions from cars and fuels they use,
we'll see a reduction in those
hazardous pollutants as well. But
that may not be enough."
Already, California requires its
can to meet emissions standards
more stringent than• EPA require-
ments And since 1996, the state has
mandated cleaner burning, low -sul-
_ fur gasoline —a move the AQMD
estimates has reduced benzene
levels by 40% in the Burbank area.
"The real key here is to reduce
the risk," said Mike Kenny, execu-
tive officer of the California Air
Resources Board. "The overall
conclusions in the report are pretty
much right on."
LOS ANGELES '17IMES
AIR Cancer Risks Still High in L.A.
Continued from Al
Although Kenny said the state
has been moving in the right
direction to address the problem,
others aren't so sure that enough
government attention has been
paid to airborne toxics. The con-
gressional report relied on infor-
mation collected by California but
never publicly released by the
state.
"Why hasn't any agency re-
leased these numbers ?" Feuer said.
"I think because these numbers
reflect poorly on the agencies.
These numbers say they're not
doing enough."
Existing clean air standards have
improved public health, but the
new study underscores the need to
do more, maintained Jeff Clark, an
EPA administrator in Washington.
"Clearly, those numbers are still
unacceptably high," said Clark,
who heads policy analysis in the
EPA's air quality planning and
standards division. "It's a risk that
is associated with longtime, life-
time exposure to urban air."
Although recommending that
the EPA make the Los Angeles
area a priority for further study,
the report noted that the risks of
getting cancer from the Southern
California air are still much lower
than the risks of getting cancer
from cigarettes.
A one - pack -a -day smoker, the
report said, is 250 times more likely
to get lung cancer than a person
who simply breathes bad air in L.A.
Times staff writer David Willman
contributed to this story.
-
Danger in the Air
3
lit
If nothing else, new data on the cancer risk
posed by air pollutants demonstrate once
again that the path to cleaner air in Southern
California and elsewhere remains tortuous.
The study released Monday by a congres-
sional committee computed the specific
health risks posed by various pollutants. Us-
ing thousands of air samples collected over
the past three years at sites in the Los An-
geles Basin, the researchers concluded that
local residents are still breathing unusually
dangerous levels of cancer - causing pollu-
tants. The report found toxics so strong that
the risk of developing cancer was deemed 426
times higher than the health standard of one
additional case per million established by the
1990 federal Clean Air Act.
These are sobering findings, but they don't j
mean that smog is worsening. Southern Cali-
fornia has seen dramatic improvement in con-
trolling air pollution in recent decades. The
number of smog alerts and health advisories
is down. Cleaner auto emissions and tighter .
controls on local industry deserve much of
the credit.
The congressional findings don't minimize
these important gains, but they do under-
score why much more must be done. Unlike
earlier studies that relied on statistical model-
ing, this analysis is based directly on data
from monitoring.
For years regulators have concentrated on
cutting emissions from automobile engines,
with impressive results. But changing con-
sumer preferences, particularly the growing !
popularity of high-powered sport utility vehi-
cles, threaten those gains. Light trucks and
SUVs now account for nearly half of all vehi-
cle sales in the United States and generate a
disproportionate, increasing share of air pol-
lution. New federal and state regulations,
which will require SUVs to meet the same
emissions standards as cars starting in 2004,
should help.
The diesel engines that power larger trucks
and buses are another major source of toxic
contaminants, the state Air Resources Board
confirmed last year. That agency is now
charged with seeking ways to cut diesel ex-
haust by requiring cleaner-burning engines or
their replacement with alternative -fuel en-
gines. But the timetable is timid. The new
data on cancer risk should prompt quicker ac-
tion.
WARNING
Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer, birth defects, .
or other reproductive harm are found in gasoline, crude oil, and many
other petroleum products and their vapors, or result from their use.
Read and follow label directions and use care when handling or using
all petroleum products.
Chemicals known to the State to cause cancer, birth defects,
or other reproductive harm are found in and around gasoline stations,
refineries, chemical plants, and other facilities that produce, handle,
transport, store, or sell crude oil and petroleum and chemical products.
Other facilities covered by this warning include, for example,
oil and gas wells, oil and gas treating plants, petroleum and chemical
storage tanks, pipeline systems, marine vessels and barges, tank trucks
and tank cars, loading and unloading facilities, and refueling facilities.'
The foregoing warning is provided pursuant to Proposition 65.
This law requires the Governor of California to publish a list of chemicals
"known to the State to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity." This list is
compiled in accordance with a procedure established by the Proposition,
and can be obtained from the California Environmental Protection Agency.
Proposition 65 requires that a clear and reasonable warning be given to
persons exposed to the listed chemicals in certain situations.
Aera Energy LLC
ARCO
Atlantic Richfield Company,
Its affiliates and subsidiaries
CHEVRON CORPORATION
and Its subsidiaries
Equilon Enterprises, LLC
(under the trademarks
Shell and Texaco)
Exxon Company, U.S.A.
a division of Exxon Corporation,
and affiliated companies
Jackpot Convenience Stores, inc.
Mobil 011 Corporation,
Its affiliates and subsidiaries
Phillips Petroleum Company
Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, L.P.
SFPP, L.P., Operating Partner
Texaco,lnc.
Time 011 Co.
Tosco Corporation,
Its divisions and subsidiaries
(and under the trademarks
76, BP and Circle K)
Uitramar Inc.
Beacon
The Valvoline Company
a division of Ashland Inc.
For more information, please call:
1- 800 -523 -3157
, .. +-r-&L TtcF �, Mo Q.%j t-s Av-� D VO L-a-,c t L t r'-j o Ir
PFTRot_FtJnn— P(PQDVGA S 9mAti D +- JWE) AT
L- AY, i TtkF ErJTttRZ A <R P()A -V Q A RV' A N-t-S
•Pies Aauage alol ayl .toy 'Apnls yaallej paysl1gnd ayy '
uewsalods 'essaS lllg ,; elujoplea w •saipnls luawainseaw uMoul w
uouawouayd Mau Alanllelau a s1 20l UM04s aso41 ue41 Wanas aloes yanw
pue u1ej pine to anssi al04M ay j.,, sale-Iluaauoa pine uMoy; • aney e1u
ti - uolile3 tu341noS - w s8o)• pwe awos
iel. Ptae ut puno) uaaq Alleuuou 1e41 salealpul 'lan y11M MalMalw ue
'sey e41 jaleauR sawil sZl PRO au-. ul Aepu3 slsiluaRs Aq passnosip inq
-nuns pue 'aullu to saleiluaauoa sey pasealal lanau 'Apnls layunl V
etuuoplea'ujaylnoS ul lslw pue 801 •asioM leap POOR a paiaPls .
w ApPRE 1ey1 palou •pjeog saamos -uoa si •tlaaM lsel sliodaa to laafgns'
-ag AV elwolyeJ 041 Aq papun) a41 'Rol paV •epeueo pue salelS'
Z96I 11 VMMAON ')LVUNns i
Pawn usalseg ayl • ui uonelaaan ,
apew.uew )o pasudwoo '8o) pad
Swlsap o1 puno) uaaq sey 'aainos
Rwlnllod a41 watt sa11w )o spwpun4
uallo yltea o1 padwna pue ajayds
,;)lo sx►wgaAa jnoA tunq„
pinoa aloess ayl to lied ujaylnos
a41 w punol Ro) pae )o suollequaa
!"�� nd
v
plol • I�
��
��
-otule ayl 111 4814 palnldea sluelni
-lod 8ulweluoa pelule.t •we.t play
-jaaM lsel yaallej �tq
-uoa leyl sparse ,iagweasw aup
-�Ces sls11ua1as 'Plot uag
4e) os sey aggnd ayl ueyl .taleai8
cc
������� w7 -.. "doil.
P!;)-Vl #r .
APa4�!tgnd Aphls a of Rwp.toaae 'ulel '
uana slunowe u1 painseaw Mail sell
.
p we ue41 asJOm saw11 001 ue41 a.tow
etuuoJtlej uiaylnoS u1 auaydsowle
$u1aq. )o (ellualod ay1 sey 'ainlslow
aua4dsowle 'RupBny -punwR ut pay,
a41 8u11eu1welP w aq of >faaM lSel
pawoda� , 80 1ae., to aau"wd sno
L� jo sM o iqa to inox
J
urng
-jea 'suolssitda one Allsow 16011"od'
p
- pteze4 aU Ndnl salaBV son
`
VVIS Si'iOdVNViaNi
,L
Deal
struck
on d"iese
exhaust
f
Tentative pact with trucking industry would list only particles as carcinogenic-
.
By Ken Leiser
COPLEY NEWS �ERVICE
SACRAMENTO — On the eve of a
key vote by state clean -air regulators,
environmentalists and trucking indus-
try advocates have struck a tentative
deal to list diesel exhaust particles as
airborne carcinogens.
The compromise announced Tues-
day calls on the California Air Re-
sources Board to ignore a recommen-
dation to list whole diesel exhaust as a
..toxic air contaminant" and single out
only the tiny particles as hazardous.
Truckers, diesel engine manufactur-
ers and operators of diesel - powered
agricultural equipment have argued
that the listing of whole exhaust
would invite lawsuits and lead to a
ban on diesel in California. Listing
just the particles would not add as
much weight to those lawsuits.
"We are hopeful that they will Aake
these strides," said Beau Biller,
spokesman for the California Truck-
ing Association.
Exhaust cancer - causing?
The proposed deal comes more than
three weeks after a scientific review
panel unveiled the findings of a nine -
year study that concluded diesel ex=
haust will cause 435 out of Mry 1 mil-
lion Californians to contract cancer.
Vehicles and machinery powered by
diesel engines account for a dispropor-
tionate share of the nitrogen oxides
and fine- particle pollution in Califor-
nia, state regulators say.
But the trucking lobby said diesel
flael and diesel engines already are
regulated by the state and pollute less
than they once did.
BRUCE HAZELTON /STAFF PHOTOGRAPHER
A Waste Management truck spews black diesel exhaust in a Redondo Beach alley. In Sacramento, environmen-
talists and trucking advocates made an agreement to narrow the listing of diesel exhaust hazards.
The Air Resources Board declined to
take action on the listing after state
lawmakers asked to hold hearings of
their own on the issue. The air board
will meet Thursday to make a final
decision on the issue.
A bill by Los Angeles Sen. Richard
Polanco sought to block the listing be-
cause of concerns about the scientific
research. That measure is now before
the Assembly Rules Committee.
Environmentalists and public
health organizations, too, claimed vic-
tory in reaching the deal and staged
the first of four statewide news confer-
ences in East Los Angeles on Tuesday.
"The attacks (by truckers) failed,"
said Paul Knepprath, a lobbyist for the
American Lung Association of Califor-
nia. "The board is poised to do the
right thing."
Environmental groups said the die-
sel industry tried in vain to discredit
the scientific research supporting the
listing of diesel exhaust as a harmful
air contaminant.
"The big fear of the users was some-
one would take the data and justify
litigation," said V. John White, a lob.
byist for the Sierra Club California.
"The fact is you can't withhold evi-
dence in the public domain.
"You have a better chance of avoid-
ing lawsuits if you help avoid the ex-
posure to diesel exhaust."
Defusing the Flap Over Diesel
` The nine - member California Scientific
Review Panel for Toxic Contaminants was
formed by the Legislature 15 years ago to work
with state health officials, the Air Resources
Board and the Department of Food and Agri-
culture to identify and help control hazardous
air pollution from pesticides and other chemi-
cals. Most of its members are respected scien-
tists from the University of California.
After nine years of often rancorous debate
and close study, the review panel has declared
that diesel exhaust poses a serious cancer dan-
ger and has urged steps to protect the public's
health. This comes on the heels of a study con-
ducted for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency that suggests that even low -level
exposure to diesel exhaust can - increase a
person's risk of cancer.
This, of course, has caused an uproar, largely
because the economy has come to depend on
diesel for everything from buses to railroad
engines to long -haul trucks. Now, the Califor-
nia Air Resources Board will have to consider '
what, if anything, to do about the review
panel's findings.
Here's a suggestion for the interim: Tone
down the panicky rhetoric about the collapse of
California's economy, a far - fetched notion.
Every gain in air quality in this state seems to
have been preceded by predictions of economic
ruin; the ultimate result usually is better tech-
nology that spreads to the rest of the nation.
It would also make calming sense to consider I
the careful long -range planning of an agency
like the Santa Monica Municipal Bus Line,
known as Big Blue. It handles 21 million pas-
sengers annually and is one of the nation's best
and most efficient transit operations.
It already has a fleet of advanced diesel buses
that surpasses 1998 air quality standards and
reduces toxic emissions by 75% to 90% over its
older buses. John Catoe, director of Big Blue,
now figures that the municipal agency has
made its last diesel bus purchase. Interim buses
could use compressed or liquefied natural ggas
before the agency achieves its final aim, vehi-
cles that use fuel cells and emit little more than
water vapor.
That's the kind of forward thinking that
Southern California needs and that other public
agencies and private companies would do well
to emulate.
Smog ed,.,..
for 10% of ER-,
visits in county
Report cites respiratory diseases
By Lee Peterson 114%
STAFF WRITER 156 `—
Smoggy days send thousands of
Americans to the hospital every
year, especially in Los Angeles
County where 10 percent of emer-
gency room visits are caused by
air pollution, according to a re-
port to be released today by the
American Lung Association.
The study strengthens the link
between ozone smog and respira-
tory disease, and emphasizes the
argument that ozone levels even
well below the federal standard
are hazardous to health.
Researchers studied hospital
admissions and emergency room
visits on days of elevated levels of
ozone smog — not to be confused
with the protective layer of ozone
in the stratosphere — in 13 urban
areas in either 1993 or 1994. Los
Angeles County was studied for
1993.
Los Angeles, which has the dirti.
est air in the country, had nearly
11,000 emergency room visits at.
tributable to ozone. That amounted
to 10.3 percent of the county's total
emergency room visits.
Nationwide, 10,000 to 15,000 hos-
pital admissions and 30,000 to
50,000 emergency visits were be-
cause of respiratory ailments trig-
gered by ozone.
"These aren't isolated, anecdot.
al statistics. We're talking about
tens of thousands of people who
end up at the hospital because
they cannot breathe on bad
ground -level ozone days," said Dr.
Scientists have found one "or
more chemical footholds need-
ed for HIV to infect cells. /AT
Vanessa Tatum, an Inglewood
lung specialist and a member of
the American Lung Associat .op
of Los Angeles County board .1)f
directors.
Dr. Shankar Prasad, health' ef-
fects officer for the South Coast
Air Quality Management District,
said while the study's results are
believable, studies are still neeQ-
ed to examine the combined 'ef-
fects of ozone and other typei . of
air pollution on human lungs.
Ozone is the most prevalent
type of smog in Southern Califor-
nia, common throughout the
warmer months of spring, sum-
mer and early fall.
Violations continue
AQMD figures show the region
violated the federal health stan.
dard of .12 parts per million bf
ozone on 98 days in 1995, and 118
days in 1994. The stricter state
standard of .09 ppm was violated
on 126 days from January
through September 1995, and 165
times in 1994.
While Southern California air
quality has been steadily improv-
ing in the last several years, the
figures show the region has a
long way to go.
Ozone irritates the respirator►
system, especially in people witfi
SMOG /A4
Bad Air in Cities Kills
Hundreds of Thousands
erek Elsom, professor of cli-
matology at London's Ox-
ford Brookes University,
says that the health of as many as
'--�-6 billion people living in urban
areas throughout the world may
be at risk from poor air quality.
"Hundreds of millions of people
live in cities where air pollution is
so severe that several hundred
thousands die prematurely every
year and many tens of thousands
become acutely or chronically ill.,,
In many cities around the
world, "a cocktail of pollutants
derived from diverse sources" are
being added at a rate exceeding
the ability of authorities to control
them. In the United States, 60 mil-
lion people breathe city air that
has failed federal air - quality stan-
dards. In Mexico City, "breathing
the air is said to be the equivalent
of inhaling pollutants from 40 cig-
arettes a day."
Source: Smog Alin ,blana�irr� Urban Air
Quality by Derek Elsom. Earthscan Publica-
tions, Island (Tess, 1718 Connecticut A%-, =
enue, N.W , Suite 300, Washington,
20009. 1996. 226 pages. Paperb 522.
TORRANCE
I;
i
t
1
E
AQMD bens MoWtoring
of air pollution for study
Toxic air - pollution monitoring began
this,Week at a Torrance site as part of
the South Coast Air Quality Manage-
ment District's largest study ever of tox-
ic.hRt.spots around Southern California.
'ale monitoring station, enclosed in a
2af6di -long beige metal container, will
stay in Torrance for four weeks, then be
shipped to the next location in the
study. In the South Bay and Harbor Ar-
ea, testing will also be done in San
Pedro and Hawthorne. '
tri Torrance, the station is located
near the intersection of Van Ness Ave -
nulMand Torrance Boulevard.
The Stations are being placed where
s6tn6f the region's highest exposures
to toxin: air pollution is expected, judg-
ing ff-om proximity to industry and
roadways and wind patterns. Prelimi-
nary results from local testing stations
are s1posed to be made available by
the end of the year at community meet-
ings.
One of the study's goals is to investi-
gate the impact that toxic air pollution
has qtr low- income communities. The fi-
nal rgsults of the study will be used in
future regulation of toxic chemicals.
t — Lee Peterson
H
W
Respiratory Hospitalization
Study Implicates Ozone
■ Health: Researchers find that the pollutant may be
responsible for 10110 of such admissions in L.A. County.
By MARLA CONE "� 9
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
As many as 10% of the tens of
thousands of people in Los Angeles
County who seek medical care for
serious respiratory ailments wind
up in hospitals because of breath-
ing ozone, Harvard University re-
searchers and the American Lung
Assn. report in a study made public .
today.
In an analysis of 13 large metro-
politan areas, including Los An-
geles and San Diego, the research-
ers estimate that the potent
pollutant —the main ingredient of
smog —may be responsible for
about 50,000 emergency room
visits overall during the smoggiest
months of the year. The estimate
was based on hospital visits in the
13 cities in either 1993 or 1994.
Los Angeles County —which has
by far the nation's worst smog —
showed the highest increase in
hospitalizations on smoggy days.
The Los Angeles data were
gathered from February through
November 1993.
Of 132,000 people treated in Los
Angeles County emergency rooms
for respiratory ailments during
that time, 8,500 to 13,000 may have
contracted them from ozone, the
researchers estimate.
Of 44,005 actually admitted to
Los Angeles -area hospitals for
treatment, the researchers attrib-
ute from 2,856 to 4,371 of the
admissions to the air pollutant.
Please we OZONE, ALS
OZONE: Effects Underlined
Continued from Al
The patients in the study went to
hospitals suffering from asthma
attacks, pneumonia, influenza,
bronchitis or chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
"Our study finally brings to life
the reality of smog on the health of
people's lives," said Dr. Vanessa
Tatum, a pulmonologist with the
lung association. "These are real
people with health problems
caused by air pollution. Smog is not
simply an inconvenience."
The researchers did not review
each individual's medical records
to determine what caused the sick-
ness. Instead, they came up with
their estimates by projecting from
four earlier published studies that
compared hospital visits on high -
and low -smog days in moderately
polluted cities. Depending on the
amount of pollution, those earlier
studies showed emergency room
visits jumping by 5% to 43 %.
separate study last month es-
timated that thousands of peo-
ple in Greater Los Angeles the
prematurely each year from an-
other widespread air pollutant, the
particulates that come mostly from
cars and diesel vehicles.
Although many health experts
say the studies are scientifically
valid, they say the work is in-
tended in part to influence national
policies to curb pollution.
Health groups such as the
American Lung Assn. and envi-
ronmentalists have stepped up
their campaigns because the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
plans to propose new national
health standards for ozone and
particulates by the end of this year.
The EPA is expected to set
tougher limits on ozone because
research has shown it affects
health when present at lower
levels than the current standard,
especially among asthmatics and
others with chronic respiratory
ailments.
For years, health experts have
believed that ozone —a colorless
gas that forms when pollutants
react to sunlight —can cause short-
ness of breath and aggravate respi-
ratory infections and diseases.
The Harvard -Lung Assn. study
for the first time attempts to quan-
tify ozone's impact on health in
cities with the smoggiest air,
among them New York, Washing-
ton, Dallas, Detroit and Philadel-
phia.
. The rate of hospital visits linked
to smog was lower in the other
cities than in Los Angeles, where
ozone levels are much more se-
vere. In the worst -case scenario
presented in the report, the hospi-
tal visits blamed on ozone else-
where varied from a low of 7.6% in
Detroit and Milwaukee to 9.6% in
Baltimore. San Diego was near the
middle, with 8.8 %.
Researchers from the Harvard
School of Public Health say they
would expect to see similar hospi-
talization rates in other regions
where ozone levels exceed health
standards. In California, that would
include Orange, Riverside, San
Bernardino and Ventura counties,
the San Joaquin Valley and Sacra-
mento.
Although ozone levels typically
rise in months with high tempera-
tures and high pollen counts, the
Harvard researchers discounted
hospitalizations linked to those
causes. Because the overall visits
on smoggy days jumped so drasti-
cally, most medical experts believe
ozone is the reason.
In recent years, ozone levels
have declined in most U.S. metro-
politan areas, especially the Los
Angeles Basin, largely because of
emission controls on cars, cleaner -
burning fuels and rules targeting
various industries.
But in the United States, about
90 million people still live in areas
that violate the national health
standard for ozone. In the Los
Angeles region, ozone levels ex-
ceeded . the health standard on
more than 90 days last year.
4 groVV cery
chains
are i \r
-rIl
..'4
Diesel exhaust danger;
at centers is alleged
By The Associated Press
Four supermarket companies that operate big liis
tribution centers in California were sued Tuesday,
by the state attorney general and environmental,
groups for exposing people to diesel exhaust with-*
out warnings.
The lawsuits stepped up the attack on diesel..a,
staple of the shipping industry and livelihoods _of
truckers, in light of studies showing its exha4sx
contains cancer - causing chemicals.
The suits name Voris Cos., Ralphs Grocery CID,.
Lucky Stores Inc. and Stater Bros. All were flied in
Los Angeles Superior Court except for the Suitt,
against Stater Bros., which was being filed in San
Bernardino County. r_�t
Judy Decker, spokeswoman for Lucky patent
American Stores, had not seen the suits and cou4
not comment specifically, but said the company,
would defend itself vigorously. .,
The company works hard to provide a "clean and
safe" environment for workers and is a "good neigh-
bor," she said. _
The other companies did not immediately respond
to requests for comment.
The companies were named in two sets of 1pw•,
suits, filed separately by the Attorney General's;
Office and the environmental coalition, claiming'
violations of state law requiring so-called Proppsi -I
tion 65 warnings by businesses using hazardous,
substances. . - :
The suits identify a Vons distribution cente ins
Santa Fe Springs, a Ralphs center in Los Angeles, a
Lucky center in Buena Park and a Stater Bros.;
center in Colton. The environmental groups addi•,'
tionally cited a Lucky center in San Leandro.
The state's suits seek f W compliance with the
law, formally known as the Safe Drinking Water',
and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986.
The suits brought by the coalition, which includes
the Natural Resources Defense Council, the Coati'
tion for Clean Air and the Environmental Law
Foundation, cite Proposition 65 as well as laws.eq
unfair business practices and nuisances. ;
Those suits demand that the supermarket chains
switch completely to trucks that use less- pollutlrtg
fuel and pay damages to neighbors and workers
harmed by diesel exhaust.
They also want the companies to be ordered.fct
warn residents near the distribution centers and
their workers that they are being exposed tg• 4
carcinogen.
Additionally, the environmental groups want ,the.
companies to establish a fund for medical monitor::
ing of children and elderly people exposed to ,tj14
exhaust.
NRDC attorney Gail Ruderman Feuer said tiioii?
sands.of people around each distribution center face
exposure.
Grocery Firms
Accused of
Polluting Air
By MARLA CONE
TIMES ENVIR NMEN AL WRITER
-4 1 T.'! 9
Claimin that �eop a Uv-
ing near supermarket dis-
tribution centers face an
excessive cancer danger
from breathing diesel truck
fumes, California Atty,
Gen. Dan Lungren and en-
vironmental groups sued
four of the state's largest
grocery chains Tuesday.
The lawsuits target a
Vons distribution center in
Santa Fe Springs, a Ralphs
facility in Los Angeles,
Lucky Stores operations in
Buena Park and San Lean-
dro, and a Stater Bros. cen-
ter in Colton.
Please see GROCERY, A20
The environmental groups said
that their goal is to get the grocery
chains to convert their entire fleets
to cleaner- burning fuels, such as
liquefied natural gas.
At the supermarket distribution
centers, a continuous stream of
18- wheelers pick up and drop off
goods, spewing exhaust laden with
particles and other pollutants that
have been linked to respiratory
•_disease. Supermarkets own some of
the largest fleets of diesel trucks in
California. '
"These four companies came up
on our most - wanted list," said Gail
Ruderman Feuer, a senior attorney
with the environmental group
Natural Resources Defense Coun-
cil. "Their distribution centers are
smack in the middle of residential
neighborhoods and these facilities
are huge. We're talking hundreds,
if not thousands, of trucks driving
In and out of their facilities every
day.
The five centers were targeted
.4because they are among the largest
In the state and generate heavy
truck traffic near residential areas.
1
GROCERY:
State Targets
Air Pollution
Continued from Al
Vons spokesman Brian Dowling
said diesel trucks are the "single
best and most cost - efficient" way
to ship goods to stores.
"We've looked at alternatives,
but right now there is not a
suitable alternative that can han-
dle the kind of tonnage that is
going in our stores," he said.
"We try to be a good neighbor.
We try to be a good employer. But
we've got to bring product into that
distribution center from various
places and we've got to get it out to
the stores."
Judy Decker, a spokeswoman for
Lucky, said the company believes
that it "provides a clean and safe
working environment for our em.
ployees, and we feel we've been a
good neighbor."
The attorney general's lawsuits
allege that the four companies
failed to warn their workers and
nearby homeowners and schools of
the cancer risk as required under
Proposition 65, the state's land-
mark 1986 anti- toxics law. The
state's suit was filed after the
Natural Resources Defense Coun-
cil, the Coalition for Clean Air and
the Environmental Law Founda-
tion filed a complaint against the
supermarkets with Lungren's of-
fice.
In the suit, the attorney gen-
eral's office charges that the
supermarket companies "expose
thousands of people to diesel truck
exhaust without providing warn.
ings."
The coalition of environmental
groups simultaneously filed their
own lawsuits on similar grounds.
The lawsuits are noteworthy un-
der Proposition 65 in that they
target businesses that had been
considered fairly benign for resi-
dential areas, rather than the usual
factories and refineries that most
people associate with toxic fumes.
Indeed, some people living near
Ralph's distribution center north-
east of Glendale said they were not
particularly bothered by the truck
fumes that are part of the neigh-
borhood landscape.
"We would like clean air, of
course," said Cecilia Nunez, 52,
who has lived two blocks from the
center for 26 years. "But there's
trucks and cars in the whole city."
Feuer said the litigation "culmi.
nates a year's investigation" in
Targets of Suit
State officials and environmental activists say people living in
the vicinity of major grocery distribution centers are at
heightened risk of cancer because of exhaust from diesel trucks.
The state has sued the owners of four distribution centers in
Southern California and a fifth in Northern California.
0 0.5 ;
MILES GLENOAKS BLVD.
WILSON AYE. !'
Ralphs - + --
i �\.
.. � � coioRnoosi�
2 1
9N Glendale
la Mirada o o.s -
MILES
1LlICi{ty ARTESIA BLVD.
W : 6 Buena
y> Park
;ORANGETHORPEAVE.
' n g ` 30 ......
4 x
LA PALMA AVE.
Source: State attorney general's oMOe
which the environmental groups
monitored the air in homeowners'
yards near each facility.
The environmentalists said their
research shows that residents liv-
ing near the five facilities are
breathing about 15 times more
diesel exhaust than the average
person in the Los Angeles Basin
and face a cancer threat that is 10
to 100 times greater than the level
deemed significant by the state
law.
Diesel Exhaust
Threat Cited
The lawsuits follow a decision by
a state panel of scientists that
diesel exhaust poses a major risk of
lung cancer. Last week, the Air
Resources Board's science advisors
recommended after nine years of
review that diesel exhaust be de-
clared a toxic air pollutant.
UCLA toxicologist John Froines,
who chairs the panel, called diesel
exhaust, "without a doubt the most
toxic set of constituents that you
could ever find."
Diesel exhaust contains more
than 40 compounds that are
linked to cancer, including ben-
zene and dioxins. Especially dan-
gerous, health experts say, is the
large volume of fine particles
that can lodge in lungs and irig-
ger respiratory problems such as
asthma.
Norw
k
RosEC:rws AvE
Vons
cles, which hang In the air for
ERCELtl
DR.
about 450,000 tons a year of nitro-
gen oxides and hydrocarbons—]
ALON,
a�w:"
SPdn9s
smog that blankets the Los An-
geles Basin.
Some of the companies ex-
"
pressed disappointment with the
m
environmentalists' lawsuit because
,
ca
they say that they are researching
'
.3
Because of concerns over air
d
. , 01
0
C�rrftoa'
AIR
ESiA BLVD.
MILES,
'% , . d -_ ..
;•'A•?.'. A� ell i
Stater
Bros. } �f
.L
.1. BARro RD. arand
,xis • Terrace
k'
V
C o
�Cd :Z�
'e3c:;a
V
E ;, v
a, E >*
rn0 Ct
r� =c
,aare�� y�v
L
3 C rd
eo C, c �,
Each year, dlesef trucks, buses F`k' T'me' I
and _other engines in California
spew 27,000 tons of soot -like parti-
cles, which hang In the air for
about 10 days. They also emit
about 450,000 tons a year of nitro-
gen oxides and hydrocarbons—]
which form the photochemical
smog that blankets the Los An-
geles Basin.
Some of the companies ex-
"
pressed disappointment with the
m
environmentalists' lawsuit because
,
ca
they say that they are researching
low- polluting trucks,
.3
Because of concerns over air
d
pollution in the Los Angeles re-
gion, Lucky Stores is considering
an experiment with new dual -fuel
3 v`
trucks that run on natural gas and
3
diesel.
Decker said LLicky, which oper-
3
ates 430 trucks at its Buena Park
facility, hopes to start with one
truck, then expand to 25, which she
"the
said would be largest private
c .5
v
fleet of [heavy -duty] liquid natural
c
.gas vehiFles in the state,"
Z c �;
The trucks are untested and
unproven" for heavy loads, and the
g
engines may not be efficient
v
enough for the supermarkets'
cargo, Decker said.
Ralphs, the largest supermarket
i
in Southern California, also is seek-
I L c j
ing lower - polluting alternatives,
d c °
The company plans to install sys-
tems on some of its diesel engines
• °- 5
y
that cut some emissions.
How pollution
affects
the crime rate
Can
Bad Air
Make
Bad
,lotion
Le rate
i
Things 9s ?
Ha P p en ?1en .
By
RRandil Londer
PSRSnV Wr67I14P . AIIGIICT 0 14A7 • PAGE 7
.monder
JST 9. 1987 - PAGE 7
ON HOT, SMOGGY DAYS IN THE
PIT OF THE LOS ANGELES BASIN,
SGT. CHARLES MEALEY OF THE
CENTRAL AREA POLICE PRECINCT
BRACES HIMSELF FOR AN ON-
SLAUGHT OF CALLS. ON THOSE
SWELTERING DAYS, HE SAYS,
WHEN YOUR EYES BURN FROM
THE POLLUTION AND "YOU CAN'T
SEE THE TOP OF A BUILDING TWO
BLOCKS AWAY, MORE PEOPLE
STAY OUTDOORS, ARGUE AND
CARRY ON."
And some of these citizens, he notes,
will clobber each other. "That's when
the police have to step in," the veteran
cop declares.
Most policemen would agree that the
hotter it gets, the more incidents there
are of family vio-
lence, muggings and
assault. And lest you
think that this sounds
too much like the
once - popular "lunar
theory" (Remember
whenpeoplebelieved
that the crime rate
was higher when the
moon was full? Even
the police believed
it, until scientists de-
bunked the myth.),
then: is scientific proof
that bad air makes
bad things happen.
Evidence that
chemicals in the air
we breathe affect our
brains is growing.
Scientists suspect
that the airborne tox-
ins turn some peo-
ple to violence. In
Los Angeles, for ex-
ample, and othercit-
ies, hot weather can
worsen the effects of
pollution. That's
when some people,
goaded by bad air,
come out swinging.
Researchers like the psychologist
James Rotton of Florida International
University in North Miami have linked
higher crime rates to air fouled with
chemicals. The worst pollutant, accord-
ing to Rotton, is ozone. He estimates
that, every year, ozone provokes hun-
dreds of cases of family violence in big
cities with bad air.
Potentially, this could be a huge prob-
lem. Consider, for example, that, of the
300 largest cities in this country, one -
third have broken the federal clean -air
laws on ozone in the last three years.
"If we reduce the ozone by 50 per-
cent, we can reduce the incidence of
violence by a thousand cases," says
Rotton.
Ozone has some beneficial proper-
ties, however. When it appears in the
stratosphere, 12 miles above the ear_:.
ozone protects us from the harmful rays
of the sun. But when ozone forms clos-
er to the earth's surface —the sunli& -,
helps to make ozone when it hits chemi-
cals from car exhaust and industrial
sources —it threatens our health.
Rotton and his colleagues studied turn
years worth of police and pollution data
in Dayton, Ohio. They found that or
warm, dry days —high pollution days
—there were more assaults and cases of
family violence. Rotton concludes that.
without wind, rain or humidity to wash
away air poisons, bad air moves people
to mischief. To corroborate his theory
that warm, pollution- racked air causes
aggressive behavior, Rotton ran addi-
tional tests, using mathematical tech-
niques to rule out factors other than
pollution. His findings did not waver.
He said: "If you already have some trou-
ble in your life, irritating pollutants can
push you over the edge."
Rotton is now studying how people
react to low, sub -toxic levels of ozone.
That is the kind of pollution — usually
more than what is allowed by federal
clean -air laws —found in large amounts
in cities with a population of more than
100,000 people.
Even the scientists advancing these
theories agree that blaming antisocial
behavior solely on hot, dirty air is risky
business. "Behavior is complex and can
be altered by so many things," says
Lawrence Reiter of the Environmental
Protection Agency (Ei So you have
to make sure that behavioral changes
are due to a chemical [in the air] and not
some other factor."
Reiter studies how chemicals and pol-
lutants affect our brains, nervous sys-
tems and behavior. His is an emerging
field called neurotoxicology.
One of the problems of this research,
he says, "is that we are trying to evalu-
ate an abnormal state of the brain when
we still don't know enough about how
the brain works normally."
But the findings which link high lev-
els of both pollution and crime do fit
into the growing knowledge that, in 'the
long run, many chemicals can cause
nerve damage and behavioral changes.
For example, scientists have known for
Am9TY
and
upset3
Airborne
toxins
can push
you over
he
edge
The scene of the
crime is likely to
be hot and dirty.
years that mercury causes brain damage:
The 19th century "mad hatters" stam-
mered, twitched and trembled from inhal-
ing mercury vapors in London hat fac-
tories. Today, many factories use masks
and protective hoods to shield workers
from the worst effects of chemicals.
In recent years, scientists have dem-
onstrated that lead lowers children's in-
telligence. As a result, the EPA has
slashed the amount of lead allowed in
gasoline. In time, the agency may ban
leaded gas altogether.
The problem." says Reitter, "is how
do you interpret behavioral change —and
prove it is based directly on a chemical?"
This is the question that researchers
like Gary Evans of the University of
continued
.ly
Yr._ • - - _ - __
California at Irvine and Steve Jacobs,
formerly at Harvard, are trying to an-
swer. They searched for the subtle "oth-
er factors" that Reiter refers *to.* They
studied people living in the chemical
soup of Los Angeles. - -
j The psychologists talked to 6000 peo-
ple from all walks of life by telephone.
They asked about stress on the job and
at home, and about physical and mental
health symptoms. Then they matched
the levels of dirty air to the neighbor-
hoods of a random group.
According to Jacobs, people showed
an uncanny knack for knowing when
the air was bad. Even without knowing
the official measurements, they could
tell that the invisible ozone was high.
Jacobs said that Los Angeles residents
felt depressed when they thought the air
was*dirty "and they had a major stress
such as divorce or losing a job."
interestingly, lower income people
felt more smog, says Jacobs. He thinks
this may be because they tend to live in
more polluted areas. . - . .
If pollution makes people limp with
depression, how can it also make them
angry and aggressive?
"One explanation," says Jacobs, "is
that we are seeing one problem with
two stages. First you get irritable and
aggressive. And then, due to chronic
pollution and stress, the next stage is
depression. This is a problem that's not
going away:"
.-
Environmental watchdogs have fought
hard to reduce the levels of smog chok-
ing our cities. Since 1970, when Con-
gress passed the Clean Air Act, there
has been a reduction in the six worst air
pollutants: carbon monoxide from ve-
hicle exhaust; nitrogen dioxide from in-
dustry and automobiles; sulfur dioxide
from power plants; ozone from chemi-
cals mixing with sunlight; lead from
gasoline; and particulates such as dirt,
dust and soot from industry. Yet, con-
siderable levels of these poisons still
wash over our cities, threatening our
physical and, apparently, our mental
health.
`"The Clean Air Act sets very strict
health standards," says Lee M. Thomas,
head of the EPA. "In many cities, it is
impossible to reach those standards. To
do it, we will call on state and local
governments and individuals to make
some tough choices. Ultimately, people
may need to make basic lifestyle changes,
such as limiting how often and where
they drive their cars."
"All federal laws on pollution have
focused on death and disease," adds
Rotton. "But crimes and mental illness
cost us too. When planning our cities,
we need to take that into account."
The bottom line, some researchers
maintain, is that if we don't clean up our
air even faster, we can expect more
mental depression and more crime. IN
P4Ri A . 411A11.tT 9 14A7 - P4R4nE MArA71ME
Experts Split
Over Peril
of Particulates
By MARLA CONE
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
When tiny particles of
pollution descend on a city,
everything— skyscrapers,
mountains, the horizon —
drowns in a sea of soot that
can persist for days and
stretch for miles.
But something more
ominous happens too.
Death counts rise. People
who might have survived a
heart attack or bout of
pneumonia or other illness
are more likely to die.
Scientists consider the
link between airborne par-
ticles and premature deaths
about as compelling and
well - documented as any
finaing can oe. But even they are
debating the merits of a Clinton
administration plan to force a
nationwide cleanup — staggering in
scope and cost —when fundamental
questions remain about why the
microscopic particles seem to be
killing people.
Although severe pollution has
long been known to be harmful and
even lethal, only in the last few
years have researchers made the
surprising discovery that deaths
seem to be tied to the moderate
particle pollution found in many
cities today. But how can a fairly
small dose hasten a person's death?
How can pieces of pollution made
up of chemicals that are vastly
different from city to city all be
dangerous? And is it wise to mount
a massive national effort to tackle
the threat while such scientific
mysteries linger?
Dilemmas Lead
to Judgment Call
The move by the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency to
tackle one of the nation's most
pervasive urban pollutants raises
profound dilemmas for public
health policy, focusing on how
much danger is acceptable, how
much proof of harm is needed, and
how far health officials should go
in an effort to protect lives. The
answer winds up a judgment call,
even for medical experts.
"You have to be willing to err on
the side of being very careful,
because the penalty for being
wrong is that you've done nothing
about a problem responsible for
thousands of deaths per year," said
Dr. Philip Bromberg, director of
University of North Carolina's Cen-
ter for Environmental Medicine and
Lung Biology. "When you deal with
public health, you accept less cer-
tainty for a basis for action."
But University of Rochester
toxicologist Gunther Oberdorster,
who does research exposing lab
animals to fine particles, disagrees.
He said that setting new limits "is
the wrong thing to do at this time"
and should be postponed until sci-
entists can nail down what makes
tiny specks of pollution dangerous
and which are the most potent
types that warrant cleanup.
In November, the EPA proposed a
new health standard that, for the
first time, would limit the volume of
ultra -fine particulates allowable in
the air. One of the most far - reaching
environmental proposals to emerge
in a decade, it has triggered a
bruising battle and fervent opposi-
tion from the oil and auto industries
and others, as well as from many
members of Congress, governors
and mayors in both political parties.
A court order requires the EPA to
set final standards by July 19.
An estimated 167 counties
nationwide — including nearly all of
Southern California —would violate
the agency's proposed limit. Once
standards are set, those areas have
up to 15 years to cut pollution, most
likely from trucks, cars, power
plants, factories and wood smoke.
The ERA estimates the national
cost at $6 billion a year, starting in
2007, while industry groups predict it
will soar as much as 10 times higher.
The Los Angeles Basin, often
veiled with gray -brown soot, faces
the biggest burden. Even EPA Ad-
ministrator Carol Browner ac-
knowledges that California will
probably need to find replacements
for diesel fuel, which powers every-
thing from generators to trucks,
trains and ships. Midwestern states
reliant on coal -fired power plants
also would be hit hard.
The focus of the debate is an
amorphous, complex blend of
chemicals such as sulfates, carbon,
nitrates and minerals. They have
one thing in common: They mea-
sure less than 2.5 microns in di-
ameter, much finer than a human
hair or grain of sand. The EPA
currently restricts only coarser
particles, less than 10 microns,
which come mostly from dust
Virtually everywhere epi-
demiologists have looked, deaths
and hospitalizations from heart and
respiratory ailments increase on
days when particle pollution rises.
Such consistency in epidemiology
is so rare it's striking. Among the
cities studied are Los Angeles,
New York City, Philadelphia, De-
troit, Chicago, Santa Clara, Seattle,
Denver and Provo, Utah.
Based on those studies, an esti-
mated 64,000 Americans are believed
to be dying every year because of
particulates. EPA officials say their
proposed standard would save 15,000
of those lives and prevent several
hundred thousand asthma attacks
and bronchitis Mara yearly.
Speaking at a medical confer-
ence in San Francisco Jast month,
Terry Gordon, an associate profes-
sor of environmental medicine at
New York University's School of
Medicine, said these "silent extra
deaths" make particles as deadly as
+ if an airliner crashed each time
pollution rises.
Danger Exists,
Health Experts Agree
ome scientists say the danger is
I so clear and the evidence so
persuasive that the public deserves
I protection as soon as possible.
Twenty -seven scientists— includ-
ing some of the most prominent
researchers in environmental
I medicine —sent a missive to Presi-
dent Clinton in January urging
stringent itandards.
But other scientists are skeptical
about whether particulates are
really the culprit for premature
deaths, since no one knows why
relatively modest doses could be
lethal. They cannot at this point
identify what may make fine parti -
cles capable of killing, especially
when their chemical composition
varies greatly, depending on
whether they are emitted by cars,
trucks, factories or fires. For in-
stance, fine particles on the East
Coast are largely sulfur, while
California's are mostly nitrates and
carbon from gasoline and diesel.
"I am very well convinced that
we are showing links between
day -to -day numbers of deaths and
air pollution. And the weight of the
evidence indicates ... particles
seem to be responsible," said Jona-
than Samet, chairman of epidemi-
ology at Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity's School of Hygiene and Public
Health. "But," he said, "particles
are a mixture. Do we know enough
1+10 FRIDAY, JUNE 6, 1997 rt
AIR: Particles.Linked to Increase in Deaths
Continued from Al
about the cnaracteristics that may
be causing the health damage so
that we know what to regulate?
These are some of the difficult
issues we face."
Some toxicologists contend that
the EPA standards carry such a
high cost that they should wait until
these riddles are solved —a break-
through, probably at least five years
away, that could help pinpoint a
solution with less severe economic
consequences. Compared to the cast
of regulation, the cost of additional
science would be trivial, they say.
"It's very important to first find
out why particles are toxic," said
Robert Phalen, director of UC
Irvine's Air Pollution Health Ef-
fects Laboratory.
For any individual venturing
outside on a polluted day, the risk
is small. But because millions of
people breathe the minute parti-
cles, the overall death and illness
count can grow substantially.
Numerous studies have found
that deaths rise 1% to 5% among
the general population on days
when particulates increase by a
moderate amount. That amounts to
10 deaths per day in an area the
size of Los Angeles County or New
York City, or 300 people along the
entire East Coast during a three -
day episode.
In eastern Los Angeles County
alone, the EPA calculates that 800
people died prematurely in 1995
from cardiopulmonary ailments
aggravated by pollution. Riverside
residents face the highest risk
because particles are more volumi-
nous there than in any other urban
area in the country.
During severe sieges, there is no
doubt particulates can kill.
In London in 1952, about 5,000
people died during a weeklong fog of
coal smoke that soared to concen-
trations 40 times worse than any-
thing measured today. Deadly parti-
cle fogs also struck a Pennsylvania
valley in 1948 and Belgium in 1930.
But it wasn't until the early
1990s that scientists linked deaths
to the much lower pollution levels
found in modern cities.
In more than 20 separate studies,
researchers, dominated by a Har-
vard University team, examined
tens of thousands of hospital records
and death certificates in various
cities and compared them with pol-
lution conditions. Consistently,
deaths were higher in the most
polluted cities and on days when
volume of particles increased
"We're convinced this is more
than some oddball statistical ni-
cety," said John Bachmann, the
EPA's associate director of science
policy. "It's not as strong as ciga-
rette data [showing a high cancer
rate]. But we have three or four
lines of evidence to suggest [death
from particulates] isn't just a sta-
tistical fluke."
Still, some medical researchers
and toxicologists remain suspicious
because, over a lifetime, a minus-
cule volume of particles are depos-
ited in a person's body — probably
less than a gram.
Questions Linger
for Scientists
Toxicologists began trying to
answer these questions just in
the last few years. So far, they
have been unable to figure out how
particles damage the heart and
lungs or how to replicate the
deaths in healthy lab animals ex-
posed to different compounds.
The danger is partially because
of the particles' size —the tiniest
ones may irritate nerve endings
that affect the heart and penetrate
deep in the lungs. But some suspect
that the real danger comes from
acids that cling to some particles,
while others believe it is metals
such as iron, lead and zinc.
Medical experts also cannot pin-
point whether people with illnesses
are having their lives shortened by
days, weeks or years and what
happens to people exposed over a
lifetime.
Determining how particles can
kill is of critical concern to those
outside the laboratory as well. As
states and cities across the nation
frame multibillion - dollar strategies
to clean the air over the next
decade, they would prefer to know
which sources to target to get the
biggest bang for their bucks.
Phalen of UC Irvine said the
economic and social impacts are so
great it is premature for the EPA to
limit particles based on mass when
the real danger could be some
hidden compound that attaches it-
self to a select group of them.
But EPA and many other health
officials say too many lives are at
stake to wait. Browner, the EPA's
administrator, compared it to the
cigarette industry saying health
warnings shouldn't have been is-
sued until scientists knew exactly
how smoking causes cancer.
"If we had done something like
that with leaded gasoline or to-
bacco smoke, years would have
gone by," she said.
The Clean Air Act requires the
EPA to set standards providing "an
adequate margin of safety" for all
Americans, based on current sci-
ence. But what if scientists are at
odds? Of 21 scientists convened by
EPA, 19 recommended that the
agency limit ultra -fine particles.
The 19, however, disagreed or
wouldn't give opinions on how
stringent it should be, leaving
Browner to reach her own conclu-
sions.
The EPA's proposal is "defen-
sible but also attackable" on scien-
tific grounds, said Bromberg of the
' University of North Carolina. Still,
he believes a strong call for action
is merited when the recent mortal -
ity findings are combined with
lessons from the past, especially
during the London fog.
Because particles are already
i declining in most cities thanks to
smog- fighting efforts, some scien-
tists, including Oberdorster of the
University of Rochester, say new
standards can wait.
The EPA standards, however,
are designed with the more distant
future in mind. After they are set in
July, states and cities will have
until 2002 to craft cleanup strate-
gies, then eight to 10 years to
implement them. By then, Browner
said scientists will have uncovered
new clues to unravel the mysteries.
"To be honest with you, I don't
think the challenge (of cleaning up
particulates] is small," she said.
"But we should not in this country
walk away because we don't know
the answers."
Particle Pollution
Linked to premature deaths from heart and lung ailments, particulates
are a noxious stew of various compounds. Their composition varies
greatly from city to city, depending on its mix of vehicles, industry
and farming, which means each area needs to come up with its own
solutions.
(less than 2.5 microns)
Nitrates: Mostly car and truck exhaust. Also factories.
Sulfates: Coal -fired power plants, factories, boilers
Carbon: Diesel vehicles and equipment, fires, woodburning
Soillminerals: Paved roads, construction, erosion, farm tilling
Ammonium: Fertilizer, manure, sewage plants
Los Angeles Anaheim Riverside
Ammonium Nitrates Ammonium Nitrates Ammonium Nitrates
13% 30% 12% a4% 17% 39%
Carbon Sulfates Carbon Sail/ 15rc%�es Carbon Soil/ Sulfates
43% 13% 38% Minerals 27% Minerals �%
4% 7%
San Joaquin Valley Phoenix Washington, D.C.
Unknown Nitrates Nitrates Carbon Nitrates
12% U% acarbon 35% 13%
Carbon Soil/ uya tes Soil/14% fates
Soil /Minerals Sulfates
Minerals Minerals
7% 15% 5% 47%
•8
California has 14 counties that would violate the EPA's proposed
limit for fine particles. The Riverside, Visalia and San Bernardino
areas have the nation's worst concentrations.
Fresno Los Angeles San Bernardino
Imperial Madera San Diego
Inyo Merced San Joaquin
Kern Orange Tulare
Kings Riverside
Source: U.S. Ermronmenw Protection Aom and South Cart Ale Quality Management oistinct
t.os Angeles Times
Timeline, �
traces ^���
pollution
disasters
■ History reveals
reactive air- quality
regulations, while
officials take proactive
steps to stem accidents.
GINA PICC %LO
South Bay Weekly
quali ty control measures
have historically followed
assive air - pollution dis-
asters, a precedent the South
Coast Air Quality Management
District battles continually.
Today, AQMD officials are try-
ing to stay one step ahead in
implementing necessary reforms
but recount a long timeline of dis-
aster- driven regulations.
After Los Angeles residents in
1903 mistook the thick industrial
soot and fumes hanging over the
city for a solar eclipse, the City
Council approved the first ordi-
nance to prohibit dense smoke
from chimneys and smokestacks.
Three years after Black
Wednesday in 1943, when smog
caused a near blackout in down-
town Los Angeles — sending
workers to the hospital for vomit-
ing, burning eyes and breathing
problems — Los Angeles County
established air- pollution - control
districts.
The Federal Pollution Control
Act was enacted in 1955, the
same year the highest ozone level
was recorded in downtown Los
Angeles and in Vernon. Three
years earlier in 1952, a thick,
nearly blinding, smog in London
killed 4,000 people.
California issued the most air -
quality regulations during the
1980s at a time when fatal explo-
sions, neighborhood evacuations
and gas leaks at refineries in the
South Bay had become common-
place.
One of the worst accidents
took place at the Mobil Oil Co.
plant in Torrance in 1979 when a
19- year -old woman tried to start
her stalled car near the refinery's
tank farms and accidentally sent
up a spark that ignited a huge
cloud of leaking butane gas,
causing a fire that killed her as
well as two refinery workers.
Another explosion at the
Torrance Mobil refinery in
November 1987 caused a 17 -hour
fire that injured six people and
caused $17 million in damage.
There were two more explosions
that occurred in 1988: one that
injured eight workers and anoth-
er that killed a worker and
severely burned two others.
Despite these local episodes,
South Coast AQMD spokesman
Sam Atwood said the drastic
enforcement measures of the
1980s; were in direct response to a
disaster at the Union Carbide
pesticide plant in Bhopal, India,
in December 1984.
CorJT.�
SF�' (3ACSlt
HISTORY
CONTINUED FROM 1
A gas leak there killed 2,000
people instantly, injured 300,000
and was responsible for 8,000
additional deaths. Prior to the
tragedy, Bhopal officials were
iininformed about the plant's
'oxic releases.
"Even though there were
numerous incidents in the
South Bay, this really eclipsed
everything else," Atwood said.
This was just a monumental
disaster. It just grabbed the
world's attention."
In 1989, the AQMD adopted
its first plan to meet federal
clean -air standards by 2003,
forcing refineries to develop
cleaner processing methods
and more refined fuels. Two
years later, the Federal Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990
extended that deadline to 2010,
a goal that Atwood calls ambi-
tious.
"It's going to take to 2010
just to achieve the current fed-
eral health standards with the
ambitious plan," Atwood said.
"And the federal government
has already adopted more strin-
gent standards."
Amid these environmental
concerns, the Los Angeles
Basin's population has nearly
tripled in 40 years, from 4.8 mil-
lion in 1950 to 13 million in
1990. By 2010, the area will
boom by another six million to
nearly 19 million, according to
South Coast AQMD figures.
With more people crowding
into Southern California, there
are more cars on the freeways
being driven further distances,
California Air Resources Board
spokesman Jerry Martin said.
In June, the AQMD
launched the largest air -pollu-
tion study in a decade to deter-
mine whether regulators should
consider even stricter enforce-
ment measures.
The South Bay communities
of San Pedro, Torrance and
Hawthorne are among the
potential hotspots where the
state is placing air - quality mon-
itoring stations, according to
the AQMD.
"I think we're a long ways
from eclipsing the sun with fac-
tory soot and the air- pollution
disasters in London that have
literally killed thousands of
people," Atwood said. "But we
still have a long way to go."
FACTS
DID YOU KNOW ...
• In 1990, consumer products emitted about 266 tons
of smog - forming pollutants into California's air every-
day —more than all the refineries and gas stations in
the state?
• Painting homes and other buildings in Southern
California accounts for 60 tons of reactive air pollu-
tants a day?
• You can call the Air Resources Board public Tdorma-
tion number at (916) 322.2990 to learn more?
• Modern paints have been reformulated to reduce
emissions.; oil -based paints are cleaner than ever but
latex water based paints typically have fewer emissions?
Draft Report
Links Cancer,
Diesel Exhaust
■ Pollution: EPA quietly posts research
on Web site, as state prepares document
expected to reach similar conclusion.
Business advocate warns that banning the
fuel would cause havoc. New technologies
may be necessary to cut health threat.
By JAMES GERSTENZANG and MARLA CONE
TIMES STAFF WRITERS 4 [CID f 9 m
WASHINGTON— Lending federal weight to a con-
troversy already rolling down California's freeways,
the Clinton administration has quietly issued a draft
report linking diesel exhaust to lung cancer and other
respiratory ailments.
A state report due later this month is expected to
recommend that the exhaust be listed as a carcinogen.
Taken together, the two studies would add fuel to
the debate over whether emissions from trucks, buses,
diesel - powered cars and locomotives should be further
reduced.
But the prospect of new restrictions, stemming from
the study by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, prompted immediate objections Thursday
from a leading representative of California's business
community.
"The only thing you could do is eliminate diesel .. .
without having a replacement. I don't think you can do
any more without totally disrupting the economy and
public services." said Allan Zaremberg, president of
the California Chamber of Commerce.
While acknowledging that studies of the emissions'
impact on animals provide clearer results than those
dealing with the effects on people, the federal report
says:
"It is clear that too much exposure [to diesel
exhaust] increases the likelihood of non - cancer respi-
ratory system damage or the risk of lung cancer, and
thus we say diesel exhaust at some level of chronic
exposure poses a respiratory hazard for humans.
"As the total exposure over a lifetime increases,
basic respiratory functions can be impaired, and there
is a probability ... that lung tumors may appear later
in life."
In addition, the report suggests that young chil-
dren's "episodic or frequent exposure" to the exhaust
could increase their susceptibility to such diseases,
thus disproportionately increasing their lifetime risk."
The study was prepared over several months and
Continued from A3 plea"• tee DIESEL, A19
was posted without EPA an-
nouncement on the agency's World
Wide Web site. The report will be
subject to agency review, public
comment and possible revision be-
fore becoming final.
Questions about diesel exhaust's
contribution to cancer and respira-
tory disease have consumed Cali-
fornia air quality officials for years.
Toxicologists across the country
had linked the exhaust to cancer
but had not determined what level
of exposure is dangerous.
The upcoming state report, pre-
pared by a scientific board and due
for release April 22, will be relayed
to the California Air Resources
Board. If the board accepts the
scientists' recommendations and
declares diesel exhaust to be a toxic
substance, the agency will be re-
quired to propose steps that would
reduce the public's exposure to it.
That is where the trouble starts.
Diesel exhaust is ubiquitous. Ve-
hicles powered by the fuel spew
fumes on freeways, suburban and
city streets and across farmlands.
And while diesel engines in
automobiles have never been very
popular, most products enter the
state aboard diesel - powered trucks
or trains —and many children ride
to school on diesel - powered buses,
Zaremberg pointed out.
The noxious emissions from die-
sel engines have sparked efforts to
control them, even as the engines'
fuel efficiency has been touted as
an answer to another pollution
problem.
Richard Wilson, the acting as-
sistant EPA administrator for air
and radiation issues, said agency
standards have reduced diesel
truck and bus emissions by 90%
from those given off by previous
models.
"Diesel engines are more fuel -
efficient today than ever, helping
the nation reduce the pollution that
contributes to global warming," he
added.
Diesel is one of the most regu-
lated compounds in California,. be -_
cause' of its contribution to smog
and soot. The fuel has been refor-
mulated to reduce sulfur. State and
federal standards have forced re-
ductions in smog - forming emis-
sions from diesel engines not only
in trucks, buses and locomotives
but also in tractors, industrial gen-
erators and other sources.
Thus, major new technologies,
among them advances in alterna-
tive fuels or in the design of the
engine itself, might be required to
achieve further reductions in emis-
sions.
"In the short term, there is
probably very little that can be
done that's not being done already.
We already have the cleanest die-
sel fuel in the world," said Jerry
Martin, the Air Resources Board
spokesman.
Gerstenzang reported from Wash -
Ington and Cone from Los Angeles.
LOS ANGELES TIMES
'IMES 3 0�®
Hazar of
Diesel Exhaust
■ Re "Diesel Exhaust Found to Pose
Strong Cancer Risk," April 23: It's
amazing that the astounding dis-
covery of findings by a group of
scientists stated that emissions
from diesel - fueled buses, trucks,
etc. cause cancer and other diseases
and are generally depicted to cause
extremely unhealthy conditions.
Frankly, anyone living in the Los
Angeles Basin would only take
about 10 seconds to make the same
discovery after sitting behind one
of these vehicles on the road. It is
appalling that our lawmakers allow
the air to be poisoned by these
vehicles.
When are they going to wise up
and correct this harmful problem?
FRANK ABRAMOFF
Beverly Hills
■ Wait just one minute! Of those
14,850 who could die due to sec-
ondhand exposure to diesel smoke,
how many are also a part of the
232,572 who may die from second-
hand cigarette smoke?
These so- called statisticians are
just playing into a government
seeking more and more taxes to
pursue top -down programs whi,.h
ultimately can buy votes.
How about a 52.50 -per- gallon
tax on diesel fuel? That should
make them happy.
SAMUEL L. CLARK II
Redondo Be,,ch
Board Declares Diesel Soot aCancer- Causing Pollutant
■ Health: The compromise comes after a years -long
debate. It sets in motion a process to try to figure out
how to deal with the emissions of the toxic particulates.
By MARLA CONE
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
Diesel soot —the culprit behind
the smoke from trucks and buses
that annoys many Californians —is
a toxic, cancer - causing danger to
the public, the state's air quality
board declared in a unanimous vote
Thursday.
The decision, which set in place
an unusual compromise between
industry and environmentalists,
ended nearly 10 years of political
debate and scientific analysis by
state officials and a panel, of scien-
tists.
Now, the real work begins for
the state Air Resources Board. In a
process likely to take years, the
agency must evaluate strategies to
protect Californians from the fine
carbon particles emitted by diesel
engines, including those in trucks,
tractors and trains.
Air board Chairman John Dunlap
assured business leaders that ban-
ning diesel engines or fuel is not an
option.
Instead, the air board voted to
create a working group of health
experts, industry leaders and en-
vironmentalists who will help
devise a plan that is likely to
focus on tightening emission
standards for future vehicles and
finding ways to get rid of old,
smoking trucks.
Ending years of confrontation,
environmentalists and industry
groups Thursday endorsed the
move to list diesel particulates as a
toxic air contaminant.
"This is a really important step
and we're very pleased," said
Linda Waade of the environmental
group Coalition for Clean Air. "Af-
ter nine years, I absolutely believe
that it starts the clock ticking and
we'll see some really good [policy]
out of this. There will be no new
Please see DIESEL, ASS
Continued from A3
regulation immediately, but it
starts this very important risk -
evaluation process."
Earlier this week, industry
groups, from trucking companies to
oil giants, agreed to end their years
of intense opposition to air board
action on diesel so long as the
board identified only diesel par-
ticulates —not diesel exhaust as a
whole —as a toxic pollutant.
The main difference, business
leaders say, is that the board is
giving them something specific to
focus on— finding new technol-
ogies to reduce the particles cre-
ated by diesel engines.
Particulates are microscopic
pieces of soot that contain mol-
ecules of various toxic compounds
and can penetrate deep into lungs.
The particles are believed to cause
serious respiratory problems.
California Chamber of Com-
merce President Allan Zaremberg
called it a "win -win situation" and
a "fair compromise."
Board member Joseph Calhoun,
a former General Motors engineer,
said he had "lost some sleep" over
the prospect of voting to identify
diesel exhaust as toxic. But he
found it more reasonable to act
only on diesel particulates —the
ingredient that health studies, en-
gineers and regulators have fo-
cused on.
Already, under existing emission
standards, a new diesel truck or
bus emits 90% fewer particles than
one manufactured a decade ago.
Many trucks on the road, though,
are still putting out large amounts
of smoke because the engines are
older models.
Despite the yeais -long delay
brought by industry opposition,
Dunlap said California is now
ahead of the curve.' The U.S.
Environmental Protection
Agency is evaluating diesel ex-
haust and is likely to declare it a
carcinogen.
Since 1989, debate has centered
on how much of a cancer risk diesel
poses to people driving on free-
ways, riding on buses, living near
trucking centers or simply breath-
ing urban air.
A state- appointed panel of sci-
entists concluded that diesel pollu-
tion could be causing 19,000 cases
Of lung cancer in California. But
that cancer estimate is highly con-
troversial and uncertain because it
is extrapolated to the general
population from studies that found
a high cancer rate among railroad
crews, truckers and other workers
who encounter high doses of ex-
haust.
Accord Near
on Hazards of
Diesel Exhaust
■ Pollution: Panel is expected
to declare soot a carcinogen
rather than targeting all
exhaust components.
By MARLA CONE
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
Ending a bitter fight over diesel
exhaust, the California Air Resources
Board today is expected to declare diesel
soot a cancer - causing pollutant after
industry leaders and environmentalists
struck a deal that quells nearly a decade
of intense opposition.
The agreement is an unusual compro-
mise in a war of words that has endured
for nine years —the time that state
environmental officials have spent re-
viewing the dangers that trucks, buses
And other diesel engines pose to public
health.
Convening this morning, the air board
had intended to declare diesel exhaust a
toxic air contaminant and begin crafting
a strategy to reduce the threat. Instead,
under the compromise, the board is
expected to identify only a portion of the
exhaust —tiny pieces of soot called par -
ticulates—as toxic. Diesel particulates
are microscopic pieces of carbon that
can lodge in the lungs, carrying a host of
carcinogenic molecules, and create
dark, noxious clouds of smoke.
Once today's decision is made, the
state must review ways to clean up
diesel particulates, perhaps by tighten-
ing emission standards for future trucks
and stepping up efforts to remove old,
smoking vehicles from California roads,
farms and construction sites.
Engine manufacturers, trucking com-
panies and other businesses say that it
would have been unfair and impractical
for the air board to indict everything
about diesel exhaust as dangerous. The
compromise, they say, will allow them
to focus instead on finding new technol-
ogies and other solutions to reduce the
27,000 tons of particles a year that come
from diesel equipment, which includes
millions of trucks, buses, trains, ships,
tractors and other machinery.
C a V.1Zl.A uts C o" Nti`?-T
ccfF-AV$oot,c- r++r C.
LOS ANGELES TIMES
DIESEL Emissions a Cancer - Causing Danger
Continued from A3 �
In a statement, a coalition of influen-
tial industry groups, led by the Califor-
nia Chamber of Commerce and Califor-
nia Trucking Assn., called it "a fair
compromise."
"It's time to put past disagreements
and public confrontations behind us.
With the agreement that has been
reached, we can continue to make
strides in making diesel fuel safer and
cleaner for the future," the industry
leaders said.
Environmentalists are thrilled with
the imminent end to the battle with the
trucking industry and other business
groups, saying that the public will be
well - protected if the California air
board works to reduce diesel particu-
lates.
"We now have the chance to come
out of the box with a strong, focused
effort," said Sierra Club legislative 13
consultant John White. "This is a
good thing, because it will give us a
chance to get to work and make
(air quality( improvements over
time. This is going to be a decades -
old struggle to clean up diesel
exhaust."
Under Gov. Pete Wilson, the air
board is extremely sensitive to
opposition from California
businesses, and the decision on
whether to declare that diesel is
toxic prompted vehement dissent
and lobbying from every industry
group —from oil companies to
farmers —as well as Republican
legislators.
To quell the protest, Air Re-
sources Board Executive Officer
Michael Kenny last month invited
negotiations with industry leaders, .
environmentalists and scientists.
White said industry groups agreed
to the deal after they failed to
persuade the Legislature to pro-
hibit the air board from naming
diesel exhaust as toxic.
All major business groups active
in the debate signed off on the
agreement, including engine
manufacturers, unions, oil compa-
nies, farmers and manufacturers.
Given the lack of opposition, the
air board members will probably
adopt the compromise today. Un-
der the proposal, the board's staff
"doesn't feel they lose any ability
to control diesel emissions and it
certainly brings a decade -long epi-
sode to a close," said air board
spokesman Jerry Martin. "It allows
us to move on to the real work of
actually reducing emissions."
The state's Scientific Review
Panel estimated that diesel pollu-
tion could eventually kill more
than 14,000 Californians by causing
450 lung cancers among every 1
million people exposed to average
concentrations for a lifetime. Diesel
exhaust ranks sixth in cancer po-
tency among 19 pollutants that the
board has already identified as
toxic.
Scientists are uncertain what
exactly in diesel exhaust causes
lung cancer. But they have focused
on the particulates, which are easy
to inhale deep into the lungs since
they measure only a slight fraction
of the diameter of a human hair.
Dozens of organic compounds
linked to cancer also attach to the
particles and are carried into the
lung.
Daniel Greenbaum, president of
the Health Effects Institute, an
independent air pollution research
group, said Wednesday that it
makes sense for regulators to tar-
get particulates. Only a small
amount of toxic substances are
found in diesel gases, as opposed to
the particles, he noted, so most of
the apparent health danger from
diesels can be addressed by reduc-
ing them.
Several dozen studies of railroad
crews, truckers, miners and other
workers have shown they con-
tracted lung cancer at a rate 40%
higher than normal.
Particulates have been linked to
numerous other serious health
problems. In human health studies
in dozens of cities around the
world, deaths from heart attacks
and lung ailments such as asthma
increase on days when particulates
in the air increase.
Despite the years of controversy,
there has been little doubt among
air board officials that they would
list diesel pollution as a "toxic air
contaminant," which state law de-
fines as a substance that "may pose
a present or potential hazard to
human health."
Business groups have argued
that the cancer research is flawed
and outdated because the people
who were studied were exposed to
old engines and dirtier fuel that
spewed more particles. As part of
the new deal, the air board would
note that the cancer estimates may
not accurately reflect new diesel
fuel and engines, which are 90%
cleaner than ones manufactured 10
years ago.
Beau Biller, a trucking associa-
tion spokesman, said declaring just
the particles as toxic instead of all
exhaust will reduce the threat that
trucking companies will be sued by
people exposed to fumes. Fear of
liability over the cancer threat has
been the companies' overriding
concern.
The EPA proposes tough
new clean -air standards
V
�
Z �
9�%
HE CLEAN-AIR ACT WENT A LONG WAY
toward making the sir we breathe
cleaner and healthier, but it didn't ,o
far enough. Despite the tons of lead.
sulfur dioxide and other combustion
products filtered from the atmosphere.
millions of Amencans suffer from pollu-
tion- related breathing disorders, includ-
ing asthma and bronchitis. In L993 the
iAmerican Lung association sued the En-
vironmental Protection Agency to make it
i re- evaluate its standards for particulates —
very fine dust particles (about one t ent. -
fifth the diameter of a human hair) —after
studies showed that they can lodge deep in
the lungs and may contribute to tens of
thousands of premature deaths.
Last week, two days before a court-
ordered deadline, the EPA made its move. In
a decision that EPA chief Carol Browner
I calls one of the most important of her ca-
reer, the agency proposed tough new stan-
dards on both particulates and ;round -
level ozone, a major component of smog.
The standards will save 20.000 lives a year.
according to the EPA. Under the new rules.
however, dozens of cities that meet the re-
quirements of the current Clean -Air Act
would suddenly fall out of compliance.
T(A;Z -. SMOG r SEC 7
(Co r,'C v-4 Qc-
t1/9/9 6
The stage is set for what could be the
biggest environmental battle of the decade.
More than 500 business and local- govem-
ment groups are fiercely lobbying against
the rules, arguing that they would cost bil-
lions, are based on dubious research, and
would require .Americans to change the way
they do everything from generating electric-
ity to barbecuing steaks. Opponents are like-
ly to get a sympathetic reception in Con-
gress, which last year gave itself the power to
veto such rules. —By Dick Thwn;nwAVahiWk n.
With reporting by Dan Cray /gas Angela
Pact Signed
on Curbing
Diesel Emission
■ Environment: Agreement by EPA,
California and manufacturers will reduce
exhaust from new farm and construction
machines nationwide by up to two-thirds.
By MARLA CONE c J 1 9 J g 6
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
Clouds of smoke wafting from bulldozers, tractors
and other construction and farm equipment will shrink
considerably under an agreement among the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, engine manufac-
turers and the state of California.
The national standards, to be phased in between
1999 and 2008, will reduce exhaust from each new
machine by up to two - thirds, a major step toward
controlling air pollution throughout the country —es-
pecially in smoggy Southern California.
The technology for cleaner diesel engines will raise the
cost of equipment purchased by farmers, builders, golf
courses and others. The price tag on a new farm tractor or
backhoe, for instance, is expected to increase by several
hundred dollars, according to preliminary EPA estimatei.
The pact is the second breakthrough in fulfilling the
Clinton administration's promise to assist California
with sources of smog that cross state borders and come
under federal control. Last year, the EPA and the state
signed a groundbreaking agreement with manufac-
turers to cut emissions from heavy -duty trucks and
buses in half starting in 2004.
Cleaning up diesel exhaust has been the most
challenging aspect of pollution control over the last
three decades, and farm and construction machines
have some of the dirtiest engines still legal in the
United States.
Nationally, the EPA's regulation will cleanse the air
of about 800,000 tons of nitrogen oxides in the year
2010, when the new engines will be widely used. In the
Los Angeles Basin, the reductions are equivalent to
removing 2 million cars from the roads, based on state
auto emission data.
"When fully implemented," EPA Assistant Admin-
istrator Mary Nichols said, "this agreement will
produce one of the largest emission reductions result-
ing from any single mobile source standard in the
history of EPA."
After more than a year of negotiations, the pact
emerged from an unusual, voluntary alliance between
the Clinton and Wilson administrations and 12 corpo-
rations, including Caterpillar, Deere & Co., and
Navistar International Corp. The signatures of high -
ranking environmental aides to the governor and the
president appear side by side with those of the
corporate executives.
"This ... opens a new frontier in environmental
protection," Nichols said, "one in which a complex and
pervasive source of air pollution will work in.coopera-
tion with government to develop cleaner, more
efficient technology."
Although the regulation will be national in scope,
California air quality officials played a lead role in
drafting it because the Los Angeles region faces the
most dire need for the pollution controls to achieve
health standards. The cleaner equipment should also
help cut smog in the farm belt areas of Sacramento and
the San Joaquin Valley. More than 90% of the decrease
in pollution, however, will come in the other 49 states.
"These pollution controls are necessary if California
is to attain —and of course maintain — healthy air
quality," said California Air Resources Board Chair-
man John Dunlap, who signed the agreement, "Na-
tional limits ... also have a benefit throughout the
rest of the nation, so we are pleased as DIESEL, A29
to provide the leadership here." 1
For two years, the Wilson ad- `
ministration has pushed for the
federal government to regulate
nationwide pollution sources such
as trucks, planes, trains and ships
to avoid putting the entire anti-
smog burden on California con-
sumers and industries. Under the
terms, the EPA must propose a
regulation outlining the farm and
construction machine standards
early next year.
"This approach keeps California
on a level playing field with na-
tional competitors," Dunlap said.
Walter Brown of the Engine
Manufacturers Assn., a Chicago -
based trade group, said the compa-
nies welcomed the chance to avoid
the usual contentious process of
setting government standards.
Corporations representing 85% of
the market signed the agreement,
which will prompt a multimillion -
dollar investment in research and
development of new engines.
"We are optimistic that these
standards can be reached and we
signed the agreement committing to
reaching them," Brown said. "Our
customers will have both cleaner
engines and engines that can main-
tain the fuel economy and good
performance that they've come to Oa S
expect from diesel engines."
gr—et-At �s \�SE�' tq�`
qj .
LOS ANGELES TIMES
DIESEL
Continued from A3
The effort is aimed at nitrogen
oxides, which react in the air to
create the urban ozone that is the
predominant gas in smog, and par-
ticulates, the fine pieces of soot
that stain the air. About 90 million
Americans breathe unhealthful
levels of the pollutants.
Tractors, graders, combines,
cranes, forklifts, compressors and
other "non- road" diesel equipment,
on an individual basis, are far dirtier
than most cars. Nationwide, the
engines put out 2 million tons of
nitrogen oxides per year— almost
half as much-as all the automobiles
in the country, said lion Kopinski,
the EPA's program manager for
non -road engine standards.
tesels have been difficult to
clean up because the high
temperature needed for combus-
tion of the fuel creates favorable
conditions for producing the nitro-
gen fumes. Reducing temperatures
can lower the nitrogen but it
increases soot, so the manufac-
turers have to find ways to balance
the temperature, pressure, timing
and air content when fuel is in-
jected into the engine.
An initial, less stringent phase of
EPA standards had already begun
to kick in with 1996 models of the
largest diesel machines.
But to comply beginning in 2001,
the manufacturers say new en-
gines will need an array of internal
changes, such as alterations in the
pressure and patterns of fuel deliv-
ery and redesigning of the combus-
tion chamber.
Also, high horsepower models
such as farm tractors and backhoes
will probably need new, sophisti-
cated components, such as elec-
tronic fuel injectors like those in
automobiles, and air - cooling sys-
tems for turbochargers. Some new
heavy -duty trucks are already be-
ing built with similar engine make-
overs.
Existing machines do not have to
be retrofitted, and because they
have an average life of 15 years —
some as long as 30 years —the
clean air benefits of the new en-
gines will emerge gradually,
reaching a 40% cut in current
emissions by 2010, the EPA esti-
mates.
Farmers, construction firms, golf
courses, transportation agencies
and others buy about half a million
pieces of the equipment each year.
EPA officials have not yet done a
full cost analysis, but the agency
predicts that the price of each new
high horsepower machine will rise
"in the low hundreds" of dollars
beginning in 2001, Kopinski said.
The manufacturers, however,
declined to estimate the costs.
They say they are working to
ensure that the new diesels will be
attractive to customers.
"We do know, as an industry,
we'll be spending millions of dol-
lars, investing it in research and
development programs and tooling
to develop these new engines,"
Brown said. "Our role is to produce
engines that people will buy and
that are cleaner, and we feel both
responsibilities. If nobody buys
them, it doesn't do the environ-
ment any good."
Air Pollution Estimates Called Flawed
■ Smog: Industrial emission calculations used in crucial policy
decisions are often wildly inaccurate, a USC study says.
By MARLA CONE 4 9 9 Z
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
Oil refineries and other large indus-
trial polluters are making major errors
in estimating their emissions, which
means air quality officials are basing
critical smog- fighting decisions on
"outdated, incomplete or inaccurate"
numbers, according to a University of
Southern California study.
USC environmental engineer Ronald
Henry, who led a study of Houston
petrochemical industries published re-
cently in the Proceedings of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, said pollu-
tion rates reported by companies are
"egregiously wrong' with "enormous
variations between what we thought
should be (in the airl and what we
actually saw there."
The primary problem, said Henry, is
that oil refineries and other large indus-
tries calculate the tons of pollutants
they release using complex mathemati-
cal formulas and occasional checks for
leaks in some of their equipment. If they
instead performed comprehensive test-
ing of the air around their plants, the
pollution inventories would be far more
precise, he said.
Since inventories are conducted in
similar ways nationwide, Henry sus-
pects reports from California companies
also are probably failing to portray
reality.
The accuracy of these inventories is
vital to the Los Angeles region's multi-
billion- dollar efforts to clean up smog.
The South Coast Air Quality Manage-
ment District plugs the numbers into
computer models that simulate future
air quality and gauge how far rules must
go to ensure that residents breathe
healthful air.
"We're really in fantasyland right
now when it comes to this stuff," Henry
said. "We've been lucky so far [in
cleaning up smog[, but we're at the
point now where our luck has probably
run out and we need to pay attention to
these issues we have swept under the
rug.'
For six months, the research team
collected automated, hourly measure-
ments of 54 volatile organic compounds,
or hydrocarbons, in Houston's Ship
Channel, a massive complex of oil
refineries and chemical plants. The
Please see AIR, A14
Continued from A3
detected fumes were then com-
pared to the reports the companies
filed with the state of Texas.
The quantity, as well as the
chemical composition, rarely
matched —the amount of real
emissions was as much as hundreds
of times more or less than the
companies reported, Henry said.
Although Henry believes some
miscalculations may be deliberate,
he thinks most are unintentional.
In fact, some Houston refineries
reported polluting more than they
actually are. One reported that it
was a major source of a pollutant
even though the researchers found
no trace even when the refinery
operated at full capacity.
"There is no pattern of wide-
spread misrepresentation," he said.
"It's a matter of people working
with a system that is broken."
Southern California oil refinery
managers said they believe their
reporting is accurate and they go to
great lengths to verify it.
"We have a great deal of confi-
dence in our testing program and in .
the reporting that we do to the
(AQMDI. We feet it is very accu-
rate," said Carolyn Keith, a
spokeswoman at Mobil's refinery in
Torrance. "And the AQMD doesn't
assume that your monitoring pro-
gram is going along on its own
accurately. They do unannounced
visits where they make sure the
reporting is accurate."
Glenn Sparks, Mobil's environ-
mental program supervisor, said
the Houston data is probably not
relevant to the Los Angeles area,
where industries face the nation's
toughest pollution rules. Under
AQMD rules, each refinery must
regularly inspect parts of its opera- ;
tion for fumes, especially thou- '
sands of valves and other pipeline'
components that can leak.
"We monitor about 140,000
points at this refinery on a quar-
terly basis." he said. "We have
about 11 people working full time,
just monitoring those particular
points."
In addition, storage tanks are
inspected yearly and sewer sys-
tems are checked for fumes.
Henry acknowledges that Los
Angeles area refineries have the
best pollution controls in the na-
tion, but he suspects that the
occasional inspections do not en-
sure that the inventories are accu-
rate. Flawed formulas, unnoticed
leaks or out -of -date data could be
at fault, and Henry said full -scale
measuring of the air around the
plants —as he did in Houston —
should be required as a "reality
check."
"In spite of the best efforts of
government and industry," the
study says, "the emissions from
refineries and chemical plants are
notoriously hard to determine."
The Houston study, commis-
sioned by the state of Texas, says
the "severe inconsistencies" in [
company reports "can severely
impact" the models that decision -
makers rely on to draft battle plans
for combating smog.
If industrial emissions are
underestimated here, the Los An-
geles region may not reach health.
standards for ozone, the main in-
gredient of smog, by 2010 as re-
quired under federal law. If they
are overestimated, costly rules can
be enacted with little benefit.
The AQMD has already come
under fire for its computer model-
ing of smog. Last fall, the agency's
scientific advisors resigned, and
one of their main complaints was
that AQMD staffers had altered
pollution estimates without inde-
pendent analysis. The agency's
more optimistic predictions al-
lowed several dozen proposed i
measures targeting businesses to
be dropped.
The AQMD relies on about 3,800
companies in Los Angeles, Orange,
Riverside and San Bernardino
counties to self- report their annual
emissions. Spokesman Bill Kelly
said the agency has no plans to
alter its requirements or study
whether the reported inaccuracies
in Houston reflect what occurs in
the Los Angeles area.
Kelly said "it's hard to believe"
that the emission estimates used by
the AQMD could be off by orders of
magnitude. In the Los Angeles
Basin, such a large discrepancy at
oil refineries would amount to
hundreds of tons of hydrocarbons
daily.
"We believe the method we
have is reasonably good, although
there's always going to be some
imprecision," he said.
//
O o
.., /
Air in part of county'a It assault'
By City News Service
Southeast Los Angeles residents may be
breathing air pollution that far exceeds state
health standards — up to 70 times safe levels,
according to a report presented to the AQMD
Friday.
"The results of the study are quite disturb-
ing," Carlos Porras, head of the advocacy group
Communities For A Better Environment, said
According to the report, "Holding Our
Breath — Environmental Injustice Exposed
in Southeast Los Angeles," pollution is worse
in southeast Los Angeles because of smoke-
stack industries and pollution from Los Ange-
les International Airport.
CBE urged the AQMD to step up pollution
regulations at LAX.
"We are seeing whole communities bom-
barded by a wide range of pollutants and no
willingness on the part of the AQMD to con-
sider the cumulative effects of this toxic as- year," he said.
sault," Porras said A key issue will be whether to lower the
Bill Kelly of the AQMD said the agency is threshold for cancer risks, on which emis-
developing a "cumulative risk standard" sions standards are based.
"We obviously think there may be some Researcher Shipra Bansal spent three years
merit to concerns that there are these toxic on the CBE study.
'hot spots' that exist," he said. Most residents in the study area are Latino
"We're going to examine the report. And we, and have a per capita income that is 45 per-
, have said that in the fall, we're going tq cent of the county average, she said.
consider essentially setting a cumulative risk The study dubbed a highly industrialized
standard, which is what they're seeking." section of Huntington Park "Asthmatown."
Kelly said the AQMD is waiting to analyze "Some 'Asthmatown' residents are being ex-
data from its 'own pollution studies in 14 posed to levels of respiratory irritants that
neighborhoods. With those results, the region- are more than 70 times the level considered
al air quality board will consider amend- safe by (the) . California Environmental Pro -
ments to Rule'. 1402, which sets health stan- . t on Agency," Bansal said.
dards for facilities that emit toxic air. It is an issue of "environmental justice,"
"If there is 'a need for a cumulative risk. Porras said, referring to a concept based on
standard; we would develop that standard findings that poor minority neighborhoods
and then present it to the board (early) next u e more polluted.
0
Pollution Link to
SIDS Is Probed
■ Health: Government research indicates that tiny
particulates may contribute to deadly syndrome. Babies
in highly polluted regions could be at greater risk.
By MARLA CONE 1
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
New government research
shows that tiny particles of air
pollution may contribute to sudden
infant death syndrome —a finding
that an environmental group said
Thursday points toward dirty air as
an explanation for 45 infant deaths
in parts of Southern California.
For several years, scientists
have known that more adults die
from cardiac and respiratory ail-
ments on days when particulates —
microscopic pieces of carbon soot,
sulfur and other pollutants —in-
crease.
But the new study, conducted by
federal government researchers
and published last week in a Na-
tional Institutes of Health journal,
is the first to find that the rate of
infant mortality also seems to in-
crease as particle pollution rises.
The study found that babies in
highly polluted areas were 26%
more likely to die of SIDS than
those who live in cities with
cleaner air.
Extrapolating from that data,
two advocacy groups, the Environ-
mental Working Group and Physi-
cians for Social Responsibility, es-
timated Thursday that particulates
could be responsible for 500 cases
of SIDS nationwide each year,
including 45 in Los Angeles,
Orange and Riverside counties.
The estimated number of deaths
in Southern California was the
highest in the country, reflecting
the fact that the Los Angeles
Basin, especially around Riverside,
has the nation's highest concentra-
tions of particulates, largely due to
emissions from cars and trucks.
Medical experts do not know how
or why particles seem to increase
deaths among people with respira-
tory or heart diseases —some sus-
pect that the particles may irritate
nerves that control the heart.
The report is certain to add to a
major controversy over the health
effects of particulate pollution.
That controversy is at the center of
the debate over controversial
standards the Clinton administra-
Please see POLLUTION, AID
Continued from A3
tion is about to adopt that would
limit the amount of ultra -fine par-
ticles allowable in the air. Under
those tougher standards, about 167
counties nationwide, including
most of Southern California, would
have air deemed unhealthful and
would face potentially costly new
cleanup bills.
The new study has several limi-
tations. Most important, the study,
which reviewed health records of
nearly 4 million babies born in the
United States between 1989 and
1991, excluded babies in California
and New York because those states
do not track critical data concern-
ing smoking by the parents —a
known risk factor for SIDS.
Ronald Harper, a UCLA neuro-
physiologist who specializes in
SIDS, said the study could be
pinpointing a previously undis-
closed factor in the unexplained
sudden deaths of babies while they
sleep. But Harper and other ex-
perts remain skeptical because of
the limitations of such studies that
try to track environmental influ-
ences on disease.
"This is an important first study
but it is a mistake to say air
pollution causes SIPS because the
mechanisms involved are far more
Involved than just air pollution,"
Harper said. "These authors have
pointed out an important environ-
mental stressor, and this stressor
along with important other issues,
such as prenatal factors, may con-
tribute to SIDS."
More than 3,800 infants in the
United States died of SIDS in 1994.
Doctors suspect that the babies'
heart and respiratory rates slow
and their blood pressure drops as
they sleep.
The federal scientists, led by
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency epidemiologist Tracey
Woodruff, discovered that in cities
with low particulate pollution, 1 of
every 1,000 babies died of SIDS,
compared with 1.13 in cities with
medium pollution and 1.26 in
highly polluted cities, according to
the article published in Environ-
mental Health Perspectives.
he researchers found that ba-
bies in the highly polluted
cities were 10% more likely to die
of SIDS even when differences in
birth weight, race, smoking by the
mother during pregnancy and tem-
perature —all factors that contrib-
ute to SIDS —were factored out.
The study did not attempt to dis-
tinguish between babies who slept
on their stomachs and those who
slept in other positions.
Some experts question how in-
fants who spend most of their time
indoors could be injured by outdoor
pollution. California researchers,
however, have found high particu-
late levels indoors.
But Harper noted that other
factors, such as income of the
families, could play a role in the
higher death rates found in the
Polluted cities. "It could be due to
some other factor in the people
who live in these cities," he said.
While the environment after
birth can be an important con-
tributor to SIDS, the infant deaths
often are related to what happens
while the baby is in the womb —
such as cigarette smoking by the
mother or abnormal cardiovascular
development, Harper said.
Deaths from SIDS have declined
30% over the past few years be-
cause doctors now tell parents that
infants should not sleep on their
stomachs or on soft bedding. Ba-
bies also are at higher risk of SIDS
if exposed to secondhand smoke or
if their mothers smoked while
pregnant.
The Environmental Working
Group used the risk rate from the
study to extrapolate the city -by-
city number of annual SIDS deaths
that might be tied to pollution.
Because of its severe pollution and
large population, the Los Angeles -
Orange- Riverside counties area
ranked first with 45, followed by
the New York City metropolitan
area with 29 and the Chicago area
with 27.
4
•O
6
`b
a
Air Pollution in the U.S.
SOURCI: Environmental Protecvon Agency. Map shows where air
concenrrenons of sulfur dioxide, paroculates. carbon monoxide,
lead. ozone and rrregen dioxide exceeded EPA standards during
September 1996. The r. coh snows the emissions of the first four
pius nitrogen oxiees ar.c volatile organs compounds.
he worst air pollution disaster ever recorded was in De-
cember 1952, when a temperature inversion trapped
soot, sulfur dioxide and other noxious gases over London,
killing 4,000. Nothing as dramatic has ever happened in a U.S.
-;ty, nor is it likely to, thanks largely to the efforts of the Envi-
)mental Protection Agency and various state agencies. Still,
it is likely that thousands of Americans die prematurely every
year because of air pollution.
The EPA has focused on air concentrations of six pollutants:
ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide,
particulates (soot) and lead. (The concern here is ground -lev-
el ozone, not ozone in the stratosphere, which blocks ultraviolet
rays.) The first five adversely affect lung function, exacerbat-
ing problems such as asthma. In addition, carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide and particulates contribute to cardiovascular
disease; the last also promotes lung cancer. Lead causes men-
tal retardation in children and high blood pressure in adults.
Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are the principal contribu-
tors to acid rain, and ozone damages crops and trees.
For each pollutant, the EPA has designated a maximum air
concentration compatible with good health. The map shows
areas where concentrations of the six pollutants were above
the maximum in September 1996, a fairly typical period.
Southern California has long had the biggest problems, with
Los Angeles, for example, having 103 days during 1995 in
V�
ZZ100
�o
J C)
0 O
CL =
N
O 10
Z Z
Q
� J
C�C J
G
1 Ii '
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20c"
YEAR
SULFUR DIOXIDE
U FAH I ILULAI t5
® CARSON MONOXIDE
® LEAD
❑ OZONE
NITROGEN
® DIOXIDE
o NITROGEN
OXIDES
VOLATILE O.RCA.N!C
COMPCUNDS
I
which one or more pollutants exceeded the standard. Still
this level marks an improvement over the 239 days recorded
in 1988. In contrast, no metropolitan area east of the Missis-
sippi registered more than 19 days above the maximum, ana
almost half registered two days or fewer. Over the past de-
cade or so, air quality in the East has improved, but ozone ane
several other pollutants remain substantial problems in many
areas. Stringent new standards for ozone and particulates
proposed by the EPA for adoption later this year woulc result
in many new areas failing to comply. These areas are mostly
east of the Mississippi, with the East North Central and Midd!e
Atlantic states, the Carolinas, Tennessee and Kentucky being
particularly affected.
The graph shows the dramatic fall in lead emissions since
1970, which stems from the elimination of leaded gasoline.
Emissions of the other pollutants, with the exception of nitro-
gen oxides, have been on a downward trend since the early
1970s. Air concentrations of the six pollutants are also head-
ing down, except for ozone, which is rising. Ozone, now the
most widespread air pollutant, is not emitted directly but
emerges from the interaction of other gases, notably nitrogen
dioxide and volatile organic compounds. In 1995, 47 percent
of emissions of the six pollutants came from transportation,
mostly motor vehicles; another 26 percent was of industrial
origin. — Rodger Doyle
Neivs and Analvsrs SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN April I'
Grit in L.A. Air" `-
Blamed in 69000
Deaths Yearli
Y 'ge
By MARLA CONE
TIMES ENVIRONMENTAL WRITER
Nearly 6.000 residents of Greater
Los Angeles, and 64,000 people in
major American cities, may bel...
dying annually from lung or heart
problems aggravated by breathing
the gritty air pollution known as '
particulates, according to a study
released Wednesday by a national
environmental group.
The microscopic particles are j
considered by health experts to be
the deadliest air pollutant, yet this
is the first time that anyone has
tried to quantify the threat nation-
ally and from city to city.
In 239 U.S. metropolitan areas,
the Natural Resources Defense
Council says cardiopulmonary,
deaths from particulates exceed
the toll from auto accidents, as well
as from AIDS and breast cancer
combined. The group used Harvard
and American Cancer Society re-
search and Environmental Protec-
tion Agency pollution data to make
its estimate.
The tiny pieces of pollution,
spewed from diesel trucks, cars,
dusty roads, power plants and an
array of other sources, are small
enough to lodge in lungs and
aggravate respiratory and heart
disease. They also are responsible
for the dirty, opaque haze that
often blankets the Los Angeles
Basin.
Scientists unassociated with the
group's project commended the
death calculations as reasonable,
even conservative, based on their
own research.
"They used assumptions that
would not give them extreme
highs. In fact, they used ones that
would maybe bias it a little down-
ward," said C. Arden Pope, a
Brigham Young University epi-
demiologist who co- authored the
Harvard studies and others that
found particulate pollution in-
creases premature deaths. "These
numbers seem to be a fairly rea-
sonable, literal interpretation of
the science as it exists today."
In recent research led by the
Harvard School of Public Health,
Pope and other scientists concluded
after tracking the health of thou-
sands of people in six cities that
particulates shorten lives by one to
three years. The biggest risk is faced
by. the elderly and people afflicted
with asthma, angina, pneumonia or
other lung and heart ailments.
Six California urban areas topped
the nation in the death rate per
capita blamed on particulates in
the study released Wednesday.
The worst was the Visalia area and
the Riverside -San Bernardino re-
gion, which have the nation's most
severe concentrations of the pollu-
tion, trailed closely by Bakersfield,
Fresno, Stockton and the Los An-
geles -Long Beach metropolitan
area.
And in total numbers of deaths
linked to particulates, the Los An-
geles -Long Beach area led the
nation, followed by New York,
Chicago and Philadelphia. The
Anaheim -Santa Ana metropolitan
area, San Diego and San Francisco
were not far behind.
aking the most conservative
fatality rate found in the Har-
vard- American Cancer Society
study, the environmental group
blamed the pollutant for 6.5% of
the 980,000 annual deaths from
pulmonary and heart ailments in
the studied cities. The percentage
varied from city to city based on
their air quality. Los Angeles was
assigned a much higher rate -17%
of cardiopulmonary deaths linked
to the pollution.
Pope tailed the death toll esti-
mates "quite large" compared to
other health threats. The mortality
estimated from particulates in
greater Los Angeles is four times
the number who died from auto
• accidents. Nationally, about 54,000
people die annually in traffic
wrecks.
"Over 64,000 [annual deaths; for
these metropolitan areas —that is
really quite substantial, especially
for something as nonvoluntary as
[breathing] air pollution," Pope said.
*The study comes as the Clinton
administration is debating how to
revise the EPA's nine - year -old
health standard for particulates,
and as the Los Angeles region's air
board contemplates new efforts for
cleaning up the pollution.
Several recent scientific studies,
especially the Harvard work, have
indicated that the EPA's current
standard is not stringent enough to
safeguard public health. The EPA
faces a court order to revise it by
January.
"Clearly, current health stand- ,
ards are not protecting thousands of '
people from the deadly conse-
quences of particulate air pollu-
tion," said Deborah Sheiman
Shprentz, author of the Natural
Resources Defense Council report.
"The single most important public
health decision facing EPA this
year is whether to establish new air
quality standards for fine particles."
Mary Nichols, assistant admin-
istrator of the EPA, said the agency
later this year will propose new
limits that will probably focus on
ultra -fine particles. Particles
smaller than 2.5 microns, a fraction
of the diameter of a human hair, are
the most hazardous and come
mostly from cars and trucks and
other equipment burning fossil fuels.
The environmental group said
5,000 to 38,000 deaths per year
could be prevented by the changes
the EPA is considering, depending
on how tough a standard the
agency chooses. The issge is con-
troversial because of the economic
impact of tough cleanup measures,
especially for diesel trucks, cars,
coal - burning power plants and
factories.
Particulate pollution in Los An-
geles, Orange, Riverside and San
Bernardino counties has remained
about the same or declined slightly
in the past 10 years, despite efforts
to clean up the air, according to
data from the South Coast Air
Quality Management District.
This summer, the AQMD is ex-
pected to unveil a decade -long
strategy for reducing the particles
in the four - county region to
achieve the health standard. It will
trigger a new emphasis in Califor-
nia pollution control that moves
beyond the traditional attack on
ozone, the main ingredient of smog.
Techniques used by the environ-
mental group were reviewed by
several scientists, including Har-
vard researcher Joel Schwartz and
Bailus Walker, a Howard Univer-
sity professor of environmental
medicine.
Walker said NRDC "chose the
best available scientific
methods.... Here there is little
about which to quibble."
Health experts are puzzled as to
why death rates apparently go up
with airborne levels of the smallest
particulates. They suspect it adds
an additional stress to lungs and
hearts that are already compro-
mised. However, the culprit might
not be the particles themselves,
but something they carry deep into
the lungs, such as toxic chemicals.
Still, Pope and Harvard epi-
demiologist D.W. Dockery re-
ported in 1994 that there is little
doubt that the particles do increase
premature deaths in a substantial
amount.
"Air pollution isn't as bad as
cigarette smoking, but it's the same
kind of thing," Pope said. "It's
simply not good for your lungs to
breathe this stuff and over long
enough periods of time, for many
people, it has substantial conse-
quences, and that's what this study
suggests."
A?,$ THURSDAY, MAY 9, 1996 *
'Death in the Air
Agency's Study
Tighter Control
i
KEN LUBAS /Los Angeles 'Mmes
A gardener works in shadow of Griffith Park Observatory with the
downtown skyline barely visible through a layer of smog.
A new study estimates that about 64,000 people in 239 U.S.
metropolitan areas are dying annually from breathing particulates,
considered the most deadly form of air pollution. Here are the top
cities and their estimated particulate- related death tolls:
AREA
ANNUALDEATHS
• Los Angeles -Long Beach ........ ..........................5,873
• New York ..................... ..........................4,024
• Chicago ................. ............................... 3,479
• Philadelphia ................... ..........................2,599
• Detroit ................................................. 2.123
• Riverside -San Bernardino .. ............................... 1,905
• San Francisco- Oakland .... ............................... 1,270
• Pittsburgh ............... ............................... 1,216
• St. Louis ................ ............................... 1,195
• Cleveland ..................... ..........................1,161
• Phoenix ................. ............................... 1.110
• Anaheim -Santa Ana ............ ..........................1,053
• San Diego ................. ............................... 999
Source: Natural Resources Defense council
The Environment Agency,
in a bid to reduce air pollu-
tion in the big cities, has pub.
lished a study report calling
for tighter restrictions on the
level of nitrogen oxide emis-
sions from motor vehicles in
Tokyo. Osaka and Yoko-
hama.
The interim report, pre-
pared by a group of experts
commissioned by the agency,
said overall limits should be
placed on emissions from
trucks and buses used by
each factory and business es-
tablishment in the three ci-
ties.
It also proposed measures
to restrict the types of trucks
and buses that can be used in
these areas. For example,
the use of smaller diesel cars
would be prohibited.
The agency said these and
other proposals would be im-
plemented "as soon as possi-
ble" after agreement is
Report Calls for
on NOx Emissions
C b�4t*4SON 8Jf l
reached among the govern-
ment departments and indus-
tries concerned.
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) re-
main a major cause of air
pollution in the urban cen-
ters, although restrictions
have been tightened several
times since the early 1970s.
These pollutants are dis-
charged from two major
sources — factories and other
facilities using fossil fuel.
and motor vehicles.
Emissions levels at facto-
ries and business establish-
ments in the three cities,
which were restricted begin-
ning in 1981, have been re-
duced anywhere between 44
percent and 55 percent over
the past eight years, accord-
ing to the agency.
Amounts of NOx dis-
charged by cars have also
been slashed markedly, by
58 -92 percent. Emissions
controls on each car are to be
further tightened on the basis
of recommendations made
by a government council last
December.
Still, levels of NOx pollu-
tion in the three areas will
have to be reduced by an ad-
ditional 30 -40 percent in or-
der to meet the standards,
the agency said. This is be-
cause the number of cars,
particularly high - pollution
diesel cars, is expected to in-
crease.
The report calls for putting
caps on the level of emissions
at each factory and business
establishment using trucks
and buses. Tight restrictions
are already in force for pas-
senger cars.
