CC RESOLUTION 4549RESOLUTION NO. 4549
A RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE EL SEGUNDO MULTI - HAZARD
MITIGATION PLAN IN ACCORDANCE WITH 44 C.F.R. § 201.6.
The City Council of the City of El Segundo does resolve as follows:
SECTION 1: The City Council finds as follows:
A. The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires local governments to
draft a Hazard Mitigation Plan to receive certain federal funding;
B. Failure to comply with the timely submission of an approved Mitigation
Plan could prevent the City from obtaining financial reimbursement from
the federal government following a catastrophic event;
C. The City prepared the Hazard Mitigation Plan which is attached as Exhibit
"A," and incorporated by reference ( "Plan "). The Plan will assist City
Council, City staff, and other El Segundo community leaders in making
decisions that would enhance the safety of El Segundo residents,
business owners, and City infrastructure.
SECTION 2: The Plan is adopted as set forth in Exhibit A. The City Manager, or
designee, is authorized to execute any required documents to obtain additional federal
or state approvals for the Plan.
SECTION 3: This Resolution will become effective immediately upon adoption.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this 6t
Page 1 of 2
ATTEST:
STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES ) SS
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO )
I, Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk of the City of El Segundo, California, do hereby certify that
the whole number of members of the City Council of said City is five; that the foregoing
Resolution No. 4549 was duly passed and adopted by said City Council, approved and
signed by the Mayor, and attested to by the City Clerk, all at a regular meeting of said
Council held on the 6th day of May, 2008, and the same was so passed and adopted by
the following vote:
AYES: McDowell, Busch, Brann, Fisher, Jacobson
NOES: None
ABSENT: None
ABSTAIN: None
_ I"'oKk , SLA
Cindy Mortesen, City C r
APPROVED AS -(O FORM:
MARK D. HENSLEY, CIT"�"�.' ORrY�
By:
y � `
Karl H: 6erger, Assistant City Attorney
Page 2 of 2
City of El Segundo
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan
Adopted May 6, 2008
Prepared under contract with:
Emergency Planning Consultants
San Diego, California
Carolyn J. Harshman, President
Special Recognition
Special Thanks
Multi- Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Planning Team:
City of El Segundo
- Kevin Smith, Fire Chief
- Eric Moore, Fire Battalion Chief
- Walt Krumbach, Police Lieutenant
- Jeff Robinson, Emergency Services Coordinator
- Bill Crowe, Assistant City Manager
- Steve Jones, Business Services Manager
- Dan Garcia, Assistant City Engineer
- Steve Finton, Director of Public Works /City Engineer
- Alexis Schopp, Assistant Planner
El Segundo Unified School District
- Geoff Yantz, Superintendent
- Mary Keener, Executive Director — Administrative Services
- Andy Cox, Supervisor of Maintenance
Acknowledgments
City of El Segundo City Council
- Kelly McDowell, Mayor
- Eric Busch, Mayor Pro -Tern
- Don Brann, Councilmember
- Bill Fisher, Councilmember
- Carl Jacobson, Councilmember
- Jim Boulgarides, Former Councilmember
Mapping
Maps were acquired from City of El Segundo, the Los Angeles County All- Hazard Mitigation
Plan, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and other maps publicly available on
the Internet.
Planning Guidance Materials
The Disaster Management Area Coordinators (DMAC) of Los Angeles County prepared planning
guidance materials that were utilized by the City of El Segundo in preparing this Multi- Hazard
Mitigation Plan. The guidance materials were based on the Clackamas County (Oregon)
Mitigation Plan. The City appreciates the efforts of both DMAC and Clackamas County.
Consulting Services
Emergency Planning Consultants:
Project Management and Planning Services: Carolyn J. Harshman, President
Planning Services: Timothy W. Harshman, Assistant
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 2
List of Mitigation Plan Tables, Figures, Matrices, Maps, and Photos
Type
Title
Section
Table 1
Mitigation Actions Matrix
Executive Summary
Map 1 -1
Base Map of City of El Segundo
Section 1: Introduction
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
Section 2: Plan
Maintenance
Table 4 -1
Vulnerability: Location, Extent, and Probability
Section 4: Risk
Assessment
Table 4 -2
Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment
Section 4: Risk
Assessment
Table 4 -3
City of El Segundo Critical and Essential Facilities
Vulnerable to Hazards
Section 4: Risk
Assessment
Worksheet
4 -1
City of El Segundo Inventory of Assets
Section 4: Risk
Assessment
Worksheet
4 -2
City of El Segundo Estimation of Losses
Section 4: Risk
Assessment
Figure 4 -1
Ranking Your Hazards
Section 4: Risk
Assessment
Table 5 -1
Earthquake Events In Southern California
Section 5: Earthquake
Table 5 -2
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
Section 5: Earthquake
Figure 5 -1
Causes and Characteristics of Earthquakes in Southern
California
Section 5: Earthquake
Map 5 -1
Earthquake Probabilities for California
Section 5: Earthquake
Map 5 -2
Earthquake Probabilities of Major California Faults
Section 5: Earthquake
Map 5 -3
Southern California Earthquake Fault Map
Section 5: Earthquake
Map 5 -4
Faults and Liquefaction Areas in the City of El
Segundo
Section 5: Earthquake
Map 5 -5
Seismic Shaking Intensities for the Newport-
Inglewood Fault
Section 5: Earthquake
Table 6 -1
Historical Records of Large Floods in Los Angeles
Count
Section 6: Flood
Table 6 -2
Tropical Cyclones of Southern California
Section 6: Flood
Schematic
6 -1
Floodplain and Floodway
Section 6: Flood
Map 6 -1
Flood Plains in Los Angeles County — Area G
Section 6: Flood
Map 6 -2
Flood Insurance Rate Map — Los Angeles County, CA
and Uninco orated Areas
Section 6: Flood
Figure 7 -1
Santa Ana Winds
Section 7: Windstorm
Table 7 -1
Fujita Tornado Damage Scale
Section 7: Windstorm
Table 7 -2
Santa Ana Wind Events During 2003
Section 7: Windstorm
Table 7 -3
Major Windstorms in the Vicinity of E1 Segundo
Section 7: Windstorm
Table 7-4
Major Tornado -Like Events in the Vicinity of City of
El Segundo
Section 7: Windstorm
Table 7 -5
Beaufort Scale
Section 7: Windstorm
Table 8 -1
Tsunami Events In California
Section 8: Tsunami
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 3
Figure 8 -1
Tsunami Formation
Section 8: Tsunami
Map 8 -1
Tsunami Run -Up Map
Section 8: Tsunami
Table 9 -1
Major Air Crashes near Los Angeles International
Section 9:
Airport
Technological and
Human - Caused
Note: The maps in this plan were provided by the City of El Segundo, Los Angeles County
All- Hazard Mitigation Plan, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), or were
acquired from public Internet sources. Care was taken in the creation of the maps
contained in this Plan, however they are provided "as is ". The City of El Segundo cannot
accept any responsibility for any errors, omissions or positional accuracy, and therefore,
there are no warranties that accompany these products (the maps). Although information
from land surveys may have been used in the creation of these products, in no way does this
product represent or constitute a land survey. Users are cautioned to field verify
information on this product before making any decisions.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 4
City of El Segundo Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan
Index
TitlePage .......................................................................................................................... ..............................I
Acknowledgments......................................................................................................... ............................... ii
Listof Maps .................................................................................................................. ............................... III
Index................................................................................................................................ .............................iv
Part I: Mitigation Actions
Executive Summary
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Plan Maintenance
Part II: Hazard Analysis
Section 3: Community Profile
Section 4: Risk Assessment
Section 5: Earthquake
Section 6: Flood
Section 7: Windstorm
Section 8: Tsunami
Section 9: Technological and Human - Caused Hazards
Part III: Resources
Appendix A: Plan Resource Directory
Appendix B: Public Participation Process
Appendix C: Benefit /Cost Analysis
Appendix D: List of Acronyms
Appendix E: Glossary
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 5
Part I: Mitigation Actions
Executive Summary: Hazard Mitigation Action Plan
The City of El Segundo Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan (Mitigation Plan) includes resources and
information to assist City residents, public and private sector organizations, and others interested
in participating in planning for natural, man -made, and technological hazards. The Mitigation
Plan provides a list of activities that may assist City of El Segundo in reducing risk and
preventing loss from future hazard events. The action items address multi- hazard issues, as well
as activities for Earthquake, Flood, Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human - Caused
Hazards.
How is the Plan Organized?
The Mitigation Plan contains a five -year action plan matrix, background on the purpose and
methodology used to develop the mitigation plan, a profile of the City of El Segundo, sections on
five hazards that occur within the City, and a number of appendices. All of the sections are
described in detail in Section I- Introduction.
Who Participated in Developing the Plan?
The City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan is the result of a collaborative planning effort between
City of El Segundo citizens, public agencies, non - profit organizations, the private sector, and
regional and state organizations. Public participation played a key role in development of goals
and action items. A Multi- Jurisdictional Planning Team guided the process of developing the
plan and consisted of the following representatives:
Multi - Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
City of El Segundo
Kevin Smith, Fire Chief
Eric Moore, Fire Battalion Chief
Jeff Robinson, Emergency Services Coordinator
Bill Crowe, Assistant City Manager
Steve Jones, Business Services Manager
Alexis Schopp, Assistant Planner
Steve Finton, Director of Public Works /City Engineer
Dan Garcia, Assistant City Engineer
Walt Krumbach, Police Lieutenant
El Segundo Unified School District
Geoff Yantz, Superintendent
Mary Keener, Executive Director — Administrative Services
Andy Cox, Supervisor of Maintenance
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 6
What is the Plan Mission?
The mission of the City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan is to promote sound public policy
designed to protect citizens, critical facilities, infrastructure, private property, and the
environment from natural, human - caused, and technological hazards. This can be achieved by
increasing public awareness, documenting the resources for risk reduction and loss - prevention,
and identifying activities to guide the City in creating a more sustainable community.
What are the Plan Goals?
The plan goals describe the overall direction that City of El Segundo can take to work toward
mitigating risk from natural, human - caused, and technological hazards. The goals are stepping-
stones between the broad direction of the mission statement and the specific recommendations
outlined in the action items.
Protect Life and Property
Implement activities that assist in protecting lives by making homes, businesses,
infrastructure, critical facilities, and other property more resistant to losses from natural,
man -made, and technological hazards.
Improve hazard assessment information to make recommendations for avoiding new
development in high hazard areas and encouraging preventative measures for existing
development in areas vulnerable to natural, man -made, and technological hazards.
Enhance Public Awareness
Develop and implement education and outreach programs to increase public awareness of
the risks associated with natural, human - caused, and technological hazards.
Provide information on tools; partnership opportunities, and funding resources to assist in
implementing mitigation activities.
Preserve Natural Systems
Support management and land use planning practices with hazard mitigation to protect
life.
Preserve, rehabilitate, and enhance natural systems to serve hazard mitigation functions.
Encourage Partnerships and Implementation
Strengthen communication and coordinate participation with public agencies, citizens,
non - profit organizations, business, and industry to support implementation.
Encourage leadership within the City and public organizations to prioritize and
implement local and regional hazard mitigation activities.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 7
Strengthen Emergency Services
Establish policy to ensure mitigation projects for critical facilities, services, and
infrastructure.
Strengthen emergency operations by increasing collaboration and coordination among
public agencies, non - profit organizations, business, and industry.
Coordinate and integrate hazard mitigation activities, where appropriate, with emergency
operations plans and procedures.
How are the Action Items Organized?
The action items are a listing of activities in which City agencies and citizens can be engaged to
reduce risk. Each action item includes an estimate of the timeline for implementation. Short-
term action items are activities that the City may implement with existing resources and
authorities within one to two years. Long -term action items may require new or additional
resources or authorities, and may take between one and five years (or more) to implement.
The action items are organized within the following matrix, which lists all of the multi- hazard and
hazard - specific action items included in the mitigation plan. Data collection and research and the
public participation process resulted in the development of these action items (see Appendix B:
Public Participation). The matrix includes the following information for each action item:
Funding Source. The action items can be funded through a variety of sources, possibly
including: operating budget /general fund, development fees, Community Development
Block Grant (CDBG), Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), other Grants, private
funding, Capital Improvement Plan, and other funding opportunities.
Coordinating Organization. The Mitigation Actions Matrix assigns primary
responsibility for each of the action items. The hierarchies of the assignments vary —
some are positions, others departments, and other committees. No matter, the primary
responsibility for implementing the action items falls to the entity shown as the
"Coordinating Organization ". The coordinating organization is the agency with
regulatory responsibility to address hazards, or that is willing and able to organize
resources, find appropriate funding, or oversee activity implementation, monitoring, and
evaluation. Coordinating organizations may include local, county, or regional agencies
that are capable of or responsible for implementing activities and programs.
Plan Goals Addressed. The plan goals addressed by each action item are included as a
way to monitor and evaluate how well the mitigation plan is achieving its goals once
implementation begins. The plan goals are organized into the following five areas:
Protect Life and Property
Public Awareness
Natural Systems
Partnerships and Implementation
Emergency Services
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 8
How Will the Plan be Implemented, Monitored, and Evaluated?
The Plan Maintenance Section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that
the City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The plan
maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually and
producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the City will integrate
public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an
explanation of how the City of El Segundo intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies
outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City's General Plan, Capital
Improvement Plans, and Building and Safety Codes.
Plan Adoption
Adoption of the Mitigation Plan by the City's governing body is one of the prime requirements
for approval of the plan. Once the plan is completed, the City Council will be responsible for
adopting the City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan. The governing body has the responsibility and
authority to promote sound public policy regarding hazards. The local agency governing body
will have the authority to periodically update the plan as it is revised to meet changes in the
hazard risks and exposures in the City. The approved Mitigation Plan will be significant in the
future growth and development of the City.
Coordinating Body
The City of El Segundo Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee (Committee) will be responsible
for coordinating implementation of Plan action items and undertaking the formal review process.
The City Council will assign the existing Hazard Mitigation Planning Team to perform the duties
of the Committee. It will be within the Committee's authority to delegate responsibility for Plan
maintenance and implementation to the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (authors of the Plan).
Convener
The City Council will adopt the City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan and the Hazard Mitigation
Advisory Committee will take responsibility for plan maintenance and implementation. The Chair
of the City's Hazard Mitigation Planning Team (Fire Chief Kevin Smith), will serve as a
convener to facilitate the Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and
presenting the Plan to the members of the Committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will
be a shared responsibility among all of the Committee members.
Implementation through Existing Programs
City of El Segundo addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its
General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and City Building and Safety Codes. The Mitigation
Plan provides a series of recommendations that are closely related to the goals and objectives of
existing planning programs. The City of El Segundo will have the opportunity to implement
recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures.
Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects
At the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee's first meeting, the Committee will utilize the
STAPLEE Tool (Plan Maintenance -- Table 2 -1) as a guide in implementing the Mitigation Plan.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 9
The Federal Emergency Management Agency's approaches to identify costs and benefits
associated with hazard mitigation strategies or projects fall into two general categories:
benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis. Conducting benefit /cost analysis for a
mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a project is worth undertaking
now, in order to avoid disaster - related damages later. Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how
best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a specific goal. Determining the economic
feasibility of mitigating hazards can provide decision makers with an understanding of the
potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative
projects.
Formal Review Process
The City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the
effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may
affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and timeline, and
identifies the agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The convener will be
responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members and organizing
the annual meeting. Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the
progress of the mitigation strategies in the Plan.
Continued Public Involvement
The City of El Segundo is dedicated to involving the public directly in the continual review and
updates to the Mitigation Plan. Copies of the plan will be available at El Segundo Fire
Department — Station #1 at 314 Main Street and El Segundo Library at 1 11 W. Mariposa Avenue.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 10
Table I — Mitigation Actions Matrix
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 11
Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -I
Integrate the goals and action items from the El
Emergency
I year
X
X
X
X
X
Segundo Multi -Hazard Mitigation Plan (Mitigation
Services
Plan) into existing regulatory documents and
Division
programs, where appropriate.
ESD
MH -2
Conduct a detailed vulnerability assessment in the
Planning,
Ongoing
X
X
future in order to accurately identify the extent of
Building, and
damages to vulnerable buildings, infrastructure, and
Safety (PBS),
critical facilities.
Public Works
(PW).
Emergency
Services
Division
ESD
MH -3
Identify and pursue funding opportunities to develop
ESD. Fire
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
X
and implement local mitigation activities.
Department
(FD), Police
Department
(PD), PW,
PBS, CM
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 11
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 12
Plan Goals Addressed
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Establish a formal role for the El Segundo Hazard
FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
X
Mitigation Advisory Committee to develop a
sustainable process for implementing, monitoring, and
evaluating citywide mitigation activities.
MH -5
Develop public and private partnerships to foster
FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
X
hazard mitigation program coordination and
collaboration in the City of El Segundo.
MH -6
Develop inventories of at -risk buildings and
FD, PBS, PW
Ongoing g
X
X
X
X
X
infrastructure and prioritize mitigation projects.
Develop, enhance, and implement education programs
ESD. FD
X
X
X
X
MH -7
aimed at mitigating all hazards, and reducing the risk
Ongoing
to citizens, public agencies, private property owners,
businesses, and schools.
MH -8
Establish a policy to ensure mitigation projects are in
PW ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
lace to safeguard critical facilities.
MH -9
Partner with other organizations and agencies with
_
similar goals to promote building codes that are more
PBS, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
disaster resistant at the local level.
MH -10
Adoption of International Building Code by the City.
PBS, FD
Adopted
X
X
X
1 %1/08
MH -I I
Ensure compliance to rebuilding in conformance with
PBS, FD
Ongoing
X
_
X
X
applicable codes, specifications, and standards.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 12
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 13
Plan Goals Addressed
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Ensure that repairs or construction funded by Federal
disaster assistance conform to applicable codes and
PBS, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
standards.
MH -13
Review current building codes and standards to
determine adequacy for disaster restoration of
PBS, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
properties.
MH -14
Coordinate and integrate hazard mitigation activitiesT
where appropriate, with emergency operations plans
ESD, FD,
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
X
PD, PW
and procedures.
MH -15
Establish measurable standards to evaluate mitigation
X
X
X
X
X
policies and programs and provide a mechanism to
ESD
Ongoing
update and revise the mitigation plan..
MH -16
Establish clear roles for participants of the committee,
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X
X
X
X
X
meeting regularly to pursue and evaluate
FD
Ongoing
implementation of mitigation strategies.
_
MH -17
Strengthen emergency operations by increasing
X
X
X
X
X
collaboration and coordination among public
ESD, PD, FD
Ongoing
agencies, non - profit organizations, business, and
industry.
MH -18
Develop a Preliminary Damage Assessment (PDA)
process and review PDA data to identify planning
PBS
Ongoing
X
X
X
concerns.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 13
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 14
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Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -19
Compile a directory of out -of -area contractors to help
with repairs.'reconstruction so that restoration occurs
ESD, PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
in a timely manner.
MH -20
Conduct a study to determine sufficient information to
I ESD, PBS,
identify disaster -prone areas such as tloodplains,
PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
earthquake fault lines, storm surge zones, etc.
MH -21
Install, improve, and maintain back -up power in
critical facilities.
I PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
MH -22
ESD,
Provide additional sheltering facilities.
Recreation
and Parks
Ongoing
X
X
X
(R &P
MH -23
Create a database with information to track the status
of repair or reconstruction of City facilities.
PBS, PW
Ongoing
X
X
I X
J
MH -24
Update the Mitigation Plan based on new information
1
on a regular basis.
ESD, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
MH -25
Determine how, when, and under what circumstances
government will demolish structures.
PBS, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
MH -26
Determine which structures and/or facilities that will
not he allowed to be repaired or reconstructed.
PBS, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
MH -27
Provide technical assistance to help the community
develop disaster management operations capabilities.
ESD, PD, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 14
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 15
Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -28
Encourage the development of mutual aid systems at
the local level, including the Emergency Management
ESD, PD, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
Assistance Compact.
MH -24
Conduct interim planning to locate, set up, and
City
I manage temporary sites where government functions
I Manager's
Ongoing
X
X
X
can continue their operations during recovery.
Office CM
i MH -30
Allocate city resources and assistance to mitigation
CM, City
Ongoing
X
X
X
projects when possible.
Council (CC)
MH -31
Identify all organizations within the jurisdiction that
ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
have programs or interests in hazard mitigation.
MH -32
Involve private businesses throughout the city in
ESD, FD, PD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
mitigation planning.
MH -33
Develop a database that identifies each property that
X
X
X
X
has received damage due to hazards identified within
this mitigation plan. The database should also include
a tax identification number of the property, a
ESD, PBS,
description of the property damage, the value of
Information
Ongoing
damage, and links to photographs of the damage.
Services (IS),
Developing this database will allow the community to
Finance
easily identify properties at high risk ofdamage from
certain hazards as well as properties that receive
repetitive damage from multiple hazards. In an effort
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 15
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 16
Plan Goals Addressed
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to gain historical information the community shall
send a survey to all residents requesting information
i
MH -34
that should be included in the database.
Engage the private sector to contribute to disaster
ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
preparedness and loss reduction at the local level.
MH -35
Write and administer appropriate grants to enhance all
PD. ESD,
Ongoing
X
X
X
agencies/departments' incident response capabilities.
FD, PW
MH -36
Promote hazard mitigation as a public value in
recognition of its importance to the health, safety. and
CM. CC
Ongoing
X
welfare of the population.
MH -37
Promote public education to increase awareness of
PD. FD, ESD
Ongoing
X
X
hazards and opportunities for mitigation.
MH -38
Post the City's Hazard Mitigation Plan on the website.-Il
IS, FD. CM
Ongoing
X
X
MH -39
Create 30 second commercials on mitigation steps and
strategies and disaster preparedness tips to be shown
on the local cable access channels.
Cable
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
CM. CC
c
MH -40
Distribute FEMA's Emergency Management Guide
Business
for Businesses and Industry and Preparing Your
Services,
As needed
X
X
X
X
f
I Business for the Unthinkable brochure to the Chamber
I ESD
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 16
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 17
Plan Goals Addressed
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of Commerce.
MH -41
Advertise the availability of emergency management
IS, CM, CC,
Ongoing
X
X
X
materials on the City's website.
FD, ESD
MH -42
Utilize the media for the distribution and publication
of hazard information.
Cable TV,
CM, CC
As needed
X
X
X
MH -43
Create a public speaking series on hazard related
topics.
FD, PD, ESD
As needed
X
X
MH -44
Update the City's website to provide additional hazard
IS, ESD
As needed
X
X
related information that is easily accessible.
MH -45
The State and County Office of Emergency Services
websites have information about disaster preparedness
IS, FD, PD,
and related links. Expand and update links to those
ESD
As needed
X
X
websites as needed and as appropriate.
MH -46
Utilize the City's website, press releases, local media
and public displays to advertise agencies such as the
American Red Cross, Community Emergency
IS, Cable TV,
Response Training, the Local Emergency Planning
CM, CC,
As needed
X
X
i X
X
Committee, Volunteer Organizations Active in
ESD
Disaster etc.
MH -47
Work with the American Red Cross, Board of
Education, and churches towards upgrading all shelter
R &P, FD
As needed
X
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 17
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 18
Plan Goals Addressed
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resources.
MH -49
Meet with local officials and major employers
encouraging the creation of resource centers in their
CM, FD,
Ongoing
X
X
X
respective lobbies.
ESD
MH -49
Identify and prioritize needs for additional shelter
supplies to include but not limited to additional cots,
R &P, ESD
As needed
X
X
blankets and shelter kits.
MH -50
Develop and promote a communications plan to
recruit and train more volunteers for sheltering
R &P, ESD
As needed
X
X
assistance.
MH -51
Conduct full -scale exercises that include evaluation
All City
Every
tools that will identify critical performance
I
X
X
I
X
expectations eve three ears.
Departments
other year
MH -52
Conduct annual tabletop disaster exercises with local
law enforcement, emergency managers, city officials,
FD, PD, CM,
ESD
Annual
X
X
and other disaster response agencies.
MH -53
Teach CERT classes to interested citizens in the City
to assist their neighbors during emergencies. This I
course will be taught throughout the city utilizing the
FD
Annual
X
X
X
X
paramedics and fire fighters.
L
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 18
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 19
Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -54
Train EMS, fire fighters, law enforcement, public
works, healthcare providers and other support
personnel in unified command using the Incident
Command System (ICS) model. By understanding the
FD, PD, ESD
Ongoing
X
i
X
X
role of each discipline will result in a cohesive
performance of their assigned tasks yielding an overall
emergency response that is not only effective, but
rapid with optimal outcome.
MH -55
Promote CERT through the Chamber of Commerce to
FD, ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
gain business participation.
MH -56
Develop and deliver information to all residents,
through community groups and;or publications,
FD, PD, R &P
Annual
X
X
X
information on how to shelter in place and when it is
I
appropriate to do so.
MH -57
Publicize FEMA's Emergency Management Institute
_
independent study courses available to the public to
CM, CC, IS,
include but not limited to Emergency Preparedness
Cable TV,
As needed
X
X
X
X
USA, Hazardous Material: Citizen Orientation,
ESD
Animals in Disaster, Disaster Mitigation for
Homeowners, etc.
MH -58
Develop list of available training opportunities and to
FD, PD
As needed
X
distribute the list to all local emergency res onders.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 19
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 20
Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -59
Review their Capital Improvement Plans to ensure
that programmed infrastructure improvements are not
PW, PBS
Annual
X
X
in high hazard areas.
MH -60
Planning, Building and Safety Department will review
_
the General Plan to ensure that designated growth
PC, PBS,
areas are not in high hazard areas identified in this
CC, CM
As needed
X
X
plan.
MH -61
Planning, Building and Safety Department will review
PBS
regulations pertaining to the jurisdiction to make sure
planning
that adequate zoning regulations are in place to reduce
Commission
As needed
X
X
I X
future development in high hazard areas in their
(PC)
jurisdiction.
MH -62
Establish an offsite Emergency Communications
Center (ECC) and Emergency Operations Center
(EOC). In the event the primary sites must be vacated,
CC, FD, PD,
Ongoing
X
I X
the off -site back -up centers can be rapidly mobilized
CM, IS
in a secured facility. Both centers will duplicate the
primary points of operation.
MH -63
Continue collection of MSDS reports from City
facilities to enhance and prepare emergency
FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
responders in the event of an incident at these
facilities.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 20
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 21
Goals Addressed
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MH -64
Establish and maintain a functional Emergency
PD, FD. IS,
Ongoing
X
X
Operations Center.
ESD
MH -65
Ensure training and exercise standards are maintained
as established in NIMS, National Incident
I CM, CC, FD,
Management System and SEMS, Standardized
ESD
Ongoing
X
I
X
Emergency Management System.
MH -66
Develop and complete a baseline survey to gather
perceptions of private citizens and the business
community regarding hazard risks and identify
mitigation needs.
FD. PD
Annual
X
X
-6
Identify Identify opportunities for partnering with citizens,
private contractors, and other jurisdictions to increase
availability of equipment and manpower for efficiency
I FD, PD, ESD
Ongoing
I
X
I X
of response efforts.
MH -69
Routine maintenance of the community's
infrastructure will be done to minimize the potential
fors stem failure because of or during a disaster.
PW, IS I
Ongoing
X
I
X
MH -69
Enhance response capability of municipal fire, police,
and emergency medical services personnel to meet the
needs ofspecial populations.
FD, PD. ESD
Ongoing
I
X
__
X
_LJ
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 21
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 22
Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -70
Assess availability of backup power resources of fire,
police, rescue, and emergency management personnel;
PW
Ongoing
X
X
Upgrade resources as necessary.
MH -71
Vehicle access routes to key health care facilities will
be protected from blockage as a result of a disaster.
PW FD, PD
As needed
X
X�
MH -72
Develop mitigation strategies to protect identified at-
PBS, ESD,
risk historic properties.
PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
MH -73
Incorporate the training goals and objectives used by
fire, EMS, law enforcement, public works, healthcare
providers and other support personnel into selected
ESD, PD,
hazardous material training. This will foster the
Ongoing
X
x
unified command relationship that will serve as the
FD, PW
incident management blueprint for all disaster
response.
MH -74 I
Establish and implement the National Incident
Management System (NIMS) throughout
ESD,
I
all city
CM
Ongoing
X
X
departments.
MH -75
Determine what kinds of minor repairs and temporary
protection activities (e.g., temporary roofing, protect
PBS
As needed
X
I
I
}(
against loss of life %injury, shoring, protect contents)
can be done in the immediate aftermath of a disaster.
MH -76
Identify water resources management and
Public Works
Ongoing
X
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 22
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 23
Plan Goals Addressed
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conservation opportunities.
Water
Division
(Water)
MH -77
Develop strategies for debris management following
FD. PD
As needed
X
X
X
an emergency or disaster.
MH -78
Coordinate the maintenance of emergency
transportation routes through communication among
I PD, PW
As needed
X
X
X
the county roads department, neighboring
MH -79
jurisdictions, and CalTrans.
ESD. FD,
Identify and provide signage for evacuation routes.
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
PD, PW
MH -80
Maintain a low power AM radio station that can be
ESD, PD,
activated in the event of an emergency to notify the
FD, PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
public.
MH -81
Maintain signs with blinking lights directing public to
ESD, PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
turn to AM radio station in the event of a disaster.
MH -82
Apply for Tsunami Ready /Storm Ready with
NOAA,'NWS to acknowledge that the city has
ESD, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
X
developed plans and procedures.
MH -83
Identify funding to purchase and install an emergency
_
ESD, CM,
alert system using horns; sirens, voice to warn the
Ongoing
X
X
X
public of impending danger.
FD, CC
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 23
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 24
Plan Goals Addressed
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MH -84
Purchase and install WebEOC to enhance incident
ESD . IS
Sept.
X
X
X
management in disasters.
2007
MH -85
Improve communication between CalTrans, City, and
County road departments to work together to prioritize
PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
and identify strategies to deal with road problems.
MH -86
Conduct a full review of the Mitigation Plan every 5
years by evaluating mitigation successes, failures, and
ESD, FD
Ongoing
I
X
X
areas that were not addressed.
MH -87
Provide business continuity workshops for business
owners to learn the importance of disaster mitigation
I ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
I X
and how to create an emergency operations plan for
I
their businesses.
MH -88
Distribution of letters to ALL property owners -all
areas of the City on the importance of water
PBS, PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
conservation and different venues of purchasing water
saving mechanisms for homes.
Earthquake Action Items
Integrate new earthquake hazard mapping data for the
EQ -1
City of El Segundo and improve technical analysis of
IS
Ongoing
X
X
X
earthquake hazards.
EQ -2
Encourage seismic strength evaluations of critical
PBS, PW
Ongoing
X
X
facilities in the City to identify vulnerabilities for
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 24
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 25
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Plan Goals Addressed
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mitigation of schools and university, public
infrastructure, and critical facilities to meet current
seismic standards.
Encourage reduction of nonstructural and structural
PBS, FD,
EQ -3
earthquake hazards in homes, schools, businesses, and
ESD
Ongoing
X
X
government offices.
EQ-4
Minimize earthquake damage risk by retrofitting
PBS, PW
Ongoing
X
X
critical facilities.
EQ-5
Encourage purchase of earthquake hazard insurance.
PBS, PW
Ongoing
X
X
Flood Action Items
FLD -1
Analyze each repetitive flood property within the city
PBS, PW
Ongoing
X
X —�
X
and identify feasible mitigation options.
FLD -2
Develop better flood warning systems.
ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
FLD -3
Enhance data and mapping for flood -prone areas
GIS, ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
within the City.
FLD -4
Identify surface water drainage obstructions for all
PW
Ongoing
X
X
arts of the Citv.
FLD -5
Establish a framework to compile and coordinate
surface water management plans and data throughout
PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
the Ci .
FLD -b
Record all structures in areas of repetitive losses due
PBS, PW,
Ongoing
X
X
X�
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 25
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 26
Plan Goals Addressed
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to flooding.
ESD
FLD -7
Revise the Zoning and Subdivision Ordinance to
require the utilization of various pervious surfaces in
order to reduce storm water runoff. This should
PBS
Ongoing
X
X
include utilizing the use of various pervious surfaces
in parking lots and recreational areas near the
flood lain.
_
FLD -8
Protect surrounding surface water and ecosystems
from pollutants often associated with flooding and
storm water runoff. Specifically apply storm water
PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
mitigation measures as required by TMDL and
NEDES.
FLD -9
Distribute seasonal disaster preparedness literature to
ALL property owners - all areas of the City to include
ESD, FD
Ongoing
X
X
X
but not limited to winter weather, drought, severe
i
storms, extreme heat, etc.
FLD -10
Understand the National Flood Insurance Program
(NFIP) requirements for new construction and
PBS
Ongoing
X
X
substantially improved buildings.
FLD -I I
_
The City will adopt a Resolution or Ordinance that
PBS PW
will prohibit future development in the Special Flood
ESD, CC
July, 2008
X
X �X
X
X
Hazard Area identified in the Flood Insurance Rate
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 26
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 27
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Plan Goals Addressed
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Map as being within Zone "A"
Windstorm Action Items
WS -I
Suppon encourage electrical utilities to use
PW
underground construction methods where possible to
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
reduce power outages from windstorms.
WS -2
Encourage development and enforcement oi'wind-
PBS
resistant building siting and construction codes.
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
WS -3
Continue to implement programs to keep trees from
threatening lives, property, and public infrastructure
rR&P. PW
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
during windstorm events.
Tsunami Action Items
TS -1
Train regulatory and response staff in tsunami threat.
ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
TS -2
Develop and conduct training and exercises relating to
ESD Ongoing
X
X
X
tsunami response.
TS -3
Develop a warning system in the City to notify
ESD Ongoing
X
X
X
residents of impending tsunami activity.
TS -4
Maintain system to receive early warning of tsunamis
ESD
Ongoing
X
X
X
X
X
from state and federal agencies.
Technological and Human - Caused Event Action Items
Tech -I Develop shelter -in -place protocols and redundant FD, PD,ESD I Ongoing I X X X X
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 27
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 28
Plan Goals Addressed
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notification methods for residents and businesses.
Develop and distribute public awareness materials
Tech -2
address a range of technological and human- caused
FD, PD,ESD Ongoing
x
x
X
X
hazard threats.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 28
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
The City of El Segundo is located in the southwestern quadrant of Los Angeles County. The City
is characterized by the unique and attractive landscape. However, the potential impacts of
hazards associated with the terrain make the environment and its occupants vulnerable to natural
disasters.
The City is subject to Earthquake, Flood, Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human -
Caused Hazards. It is impossible to predict exactly when these disasters will occur, or the extent
to which they will affect the City. However, with careful planning and collaboration among
public agencies, private sector organizations, and citizens within the community, it is possible to
minimize the losses that can result from these natural disasters. As the population of the region
continues to increase, the exposure to hazards creates an even higher risk than previously
experienced.
Why Develop a Mitigation Plan?
As the costs of damage from disasters continue to increase, the City realizes the importance of
identifying effective ways to reduce vulnerability to disasters. Mitigation Plans assist
communities in reducing risk from hazards by identifying resources, information, and strategies
for risk reduction, while helping to guide and coordinate mitigation activities throughout the City.
The plan provides a set of action items to reduce risks from hazards through education and
outreach programs and to foster the development of partnerships, and implementation of
preventative activities such as land use programs that restrict and control development in areas
subject to damage from hazards.
The resources and information within the Mitigation Plan:
(1) Establish a basis for coordination and collaboration among agencies and the public of
City of El Segundo;
(2) Identify and prioritize future mitigation projects; and
(3) Assist in meeting the requirements of federal assistance programs.
The Mitigation Plan works in conjunction with other City plans, including the Emergency
Operations Plan.
Who Does the Mitigation Plan Affect?
The City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan affects the entire City. Map 1 -1 shows the areas
contained within the boundaries of the City of El Segundo. The resources and background
information in the plan are applicable City -wide. The goals and recommendations contained in
this plan will lay groundwork for other local mitigation plans and partnerships.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 29
.�i p� I ,I ' ` 'k\ ♦�a f � .ate � ���� _
• - rs - air �'.� , , • ! � ••'
Hazard Land Use Policy in California
Planning for hazards should be an integral element of any city's land use planning program. All
California cities and counties have General Plans and the implementing ordinances that are
required to comply with the statewide planning regulations.
The continuing challenge faced by local officials and state government is to keep the network of
local plans effective in responding to the changing conditions and needs of California's diverse
communities, particularly in light of the very active seismic region in which we live.
Planning for hazards requires a thorough understanding of the various hazards facing the City and
region as a whole. Additionally, it's important to take an inventory of the structures and contents
of various City holdings. These inventories should include the compendium of hazards facing the
city, the built environment at risk, the personal property that may be damaged by hazard events
and most of all, the people who live in the shadow of these hazards.
Support for Hazard Mitigation
All mitigation is local and the primary responsibility for development and implementation of risk
reduction strategies and policies lies with each local jurisdiction. Local jurisdictions, however,
are not alone. Partners and resources exist at the regional, state and federal levels. Numerous
California state agencies have a role in hazards and hazard mitigation. Some of the key agencies
include:
♦ The Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES) is responsible for disaster
mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and the administration of federal funds after
a major disaster declaration;
♦ The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers information about
earthquakes, integrates this information on earthquake phenomena, and communicates
this to end -users and the general public to increase earthquake awareness, reduce
economic losses, and save lives.
♦ The California Division of Forestry (CDF) is responsible for all aspects of wildland fire
protection on private, state, and administers forest practices regulations, including
landslide mitigation, on non - federal lands.
♦ The California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) is responsible for geologic hazard
characterization, public education, the development of partnerships aimed at reducing
risk, and exceptions (based on science -based refinement of tsunami inundation zone
delineation) to state mandated tsunami zone restrictions; and
♦ The California Division of Water Resources (DWR) plans, designs, constructs, operates,
and maintains the State Water Project; regulates dams; provides flood protection and
assists in emergency management. It also educates the public, serves local water needs
by providing technical assistance
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 31
Plan Methodology
Information in the Mitigation Plan is based on research from a variety of sources. The City of El
Segundo conducted data research and analysis, participated in Planning Team meetings, and
developed the final mitigation plan. The research methods and various contributions to the plan
include:
Input from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Team convened three times to guide development of the
Mitigation Plan. The Team played an integral role in developing the mission, goals, and action
items for the Mitigation Plan. The Team consisted of representatives from:
El Segundo Unified School District — Superintendent's Office
El Segundo Unified School District — Administrative Services
El Segundo Unified School District — Facilities Maintenance
City of El Segundo — Fire Department
City of El Segundo — Police Department
City of El Segundo — City Manager's Office
City of El Segundo — Finance Department
City of El Segundo — Engineering Division
City of E1 Segundo — Public Works Department
City of El Segundo — Planning, Building, and Safety Department
Stakeholder interviews
Stakeholder interviews were conducted during the workshops and meetings identified above. The
interviews identified common concerns related to hazards and identified key long and short-term
activities to reduce risk from hazards.
State and federal guidelines and requirements for mitigation plans
Following are the Federal requirements for approval of a mitigation plan:
♦ Open public involvement, with public meetings that introduce the process and project
requirements.
♦ The public must be afforded opportunities for involvement in: identifying and assessing
risk, drafting a plan, and public involvement in approval stages of the plan.
♦ Community cooperation, with opportunity for other local government agencies, the
business community, other educational institutions, and non - profits to participate in the
process.
♦ Incorporation of local documents, including the local General Plan, the Zoning
Ordinance, the Building Codes, and other pertinent documents.
The following components must be part of the planning process:
♦ Complete documentation of the planning process
♦ A detailed risk assessment on hazard exposures in the City
♦ A comprehensive mitigation strategy, which describes the goals and objectives, including
proposed strategies, programs and actions to avoid long -term vulnerabilities.
♦ A plan maintenance process, which describes the method and schedule of monitoring,
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 32
evaluating and updating the plan and integration of the Mitigation Plan into other
planning mechanisms.
♦ Formal adoption by the City Council.
♦ Plan review by both State OES and FEMA.
♦ Plan approval by FEMA.
These requirements are spelled out in greater detail in the following plan sections and supporting
documentation.
Public participation opportunities were created through use of local media, the City's website,
distribution of a natural, human - caused, and technological hazards questionnaire, and the City
Disaster Council and City Council public hearings. In addition, the makeup of a Hazard
Mitigation Planning Team ensured a constant exchange of data and input from outside
organizations. Through its consultant, Emergency Planning Consultants, the City had access to
numerous existing mitigation plans from around the country, as well as current FEMA hazard
mitigation planning standards (386 series) and the State of California Mitigation Plan Guidance.
Other reference materials consisted of county and city mitigation plans, including:
Clackamas County (Oregon) Mitigation Plan
City of Long Beach (California) Mitigation Plan
San Diego County (California) Multi - Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan
Covina - Valley (California) Unified School District Mitigation Plan
City of Hermosa Beach (California) Mitigation Plan
San Diego (California) Unified School District Mitigation Plan
County of Los Angeles (California) Hazard Mitigation Plan
Hazard specific research: City staff collected data and compiled research on five hazards:
Earthquake, Flood, Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human - Caused Hazards.
Research materials came from the City General Plan, the City's Threat Assessment contained in
the Emergency Operations Plan, and state agencies including OES and CDF. The City of El
Segundo staff conducted research by referencing long time City of El Segundo employees and
locating City of El Segundo information in historical documents. The City of E1 Segundo staff
identified current mitigation activities, resources and programs, and potential action items from
research materials and stakeholder interviews.
Public Input
The City of El Segundo encouraged public participation and input in the Hazard Mitigation Plan
by posting its activities in the local newspaper and on the internet. In addition, the City
distributed via U.S. mail and internet a hazard questionnaire. During the review period for the
Draft Plan, sixty (60) electronic copies of the Plan were distributed to local businesses and other
interested citizens. The Plan Draft was also posted on the main page of the City's website for
over one month and copies were made available at Fire Station #1 and the City Library. The
public was encouraged to review public copies of the Plan Draft and participate in the Disaster
Council public meeting which was held on April 15, 2008 and the City Council public meeting
which was held on May 6, 2008.
The resources and information cited in the Mitigation Plan provide a strong local perspective and
help identify strategies and activities to make City of El Segundo more disaster resistant.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 33
How Is the Plan Used?
Each section of the Mitigation Plan provides information and resources to assist people in
understanding the City and the hazard - related issues. Combined, the sections of the plan work
together to create a document that guides the mission to reduce risk and prevent loss from future
hazard events.
The structure of the plan enables people to use a section of interest to them. It also allows the
City to review and update sections when new data becomes available. The ability to update
individual sections of the mitigation plan places less of a financial burden on the City. Decision -
makers can allocate funding and staff resources to selected pieces in need of review, thereby
avoiding a full update, which can be costly and time - consuming. New data can be easily
incorporated, resulting in a Mitigation Plan that remains current and relevant to the City of El
Segundo.
The Mitigation Plan and plan maintenance is organized into three parts. Part I contains an
Executive Summary, Introduction, and Plan Maintenance. Part II contains Community Profile,
Risk Assessment, and Hazard - Specific Sections. Part III includes the appendices. Each section of
the plan is described below.
Part I: Mitigation Actions
Executive Summary: Hazard Mitigation Action Plan
The Action Plan provides an overview of the mitigation plan mission, goals, and action
items. The plan action items are included in this section, and address multi- hazard issues,
as well as hazard - specific activities that can be implemented to reduce risk and prevent
loss from future hazard events. The Executive Summary also contains the Mitigation
Actions Matrix.
Section 1: Introduction
The Introduction describes the background and purpose of developing the Mitigation
Plan for the City of El Segundo.
Section 2: Plan Maintenance
This section provides information on plan implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
The Plan Maintenance Section also contains the STAPLEE Prioritization Tool.
Part II: Hazard Analysis
This section provides information on the process used to develop goals and action items
that cut across the five hazards addressed in the Mitigation Plan.
Section 3: Community Profile
The section presents the history, geography, demographics, and socioeconomics of the
City of El Segundo. It provides valuable information on the demographics and history of
the region.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 34
Sections 4: Risk Assessment
This section provides information on hazard identification, vulnerability and risk
associated with hazards in the City of El Segundo.
Section 5: Hazard - Specific Information
Hazard - Specific Section on the five chronic hazards is addressed in this plan. Chronic
hazards occur with some regularity and may be predicted through historic evidence and
scientific methods. The chronic hazards addressed in the plan include:
Section 5: Earthquake
Section 6: Flood
Section 7: Windstorm
Section 8: Tsunami
Section 9: Technological and Human - Caused Hazards
Each Hazard - Specific Section includes information on the history, hazard causes, hazard
characteristics, and hazard assessment.
Part III: Resources
The plan appendices are designed to provide users of the City of El Segundo Multi- Hazard
Mitigation Plan with additional information to assist them in understanding the contents of the
mitigation plan, and potential resources to assist them with implementation.
Appendix A: Plan Resource Directory
The resource directory includes City, local, regional, state, and national resources and
programs that may be of technical and/or financial assistance to the City of El Segundo
during plan implementation.
Appendix B: Public Participation
This appendix includes specific information on the various public processes used during
development of the plan.
Appendix C: Benefit/Cost Analysis
This section describes FEMA's requirements for benefit cost analysis in hazards
mitigation, as well as various approaches for conducting economic analysis of proposed
mitigation activities.
Appendix D: List of Acronyms
This section provides a list of acronyms for City, local, regional, state, and federal
agencies and organizations that may be referred to within the Mitigation Plan.
Appendix E: Glossary
This section provides a glossary of terms used throughout the plan.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 35
SECTION 2: PLAN MAINTENANCE
The Plan Maintenance section of this document details the formal process that will ensure that the
City of El Segundo Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan remains an active and relevant document. The
plan maintenance process includes a schedule for monitoring and evaluating the Plan annually
and producing a plan revision every five years. This section describes how the City will integrate
public participation throughout the plan maintenance process. Finally, this section includes an
explanation of how the City of El Segundo intends to incorporate the mitigation strategies
outlined in this Plan into existing planning mechanisms such as the City General Plan, Capital
Improvement Plans, and Building and Safety Codes.
Monitoring and Implementing the Plan
Plan Adoption
The City Council will be responsible for adopting the Mitigation Plan. This governing body has
the authority to promote sound public policy regarding hazards. Once the plan has been adopted,
the City's Fire Chief (or designee) will be responsible for submitting it to the State Hazard
Mitigation Officer at the Governor's Office of Emergency Services. The Governor's Office of
Emergency Services will then submit the plan to the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA) for review and approval. This review will address the requirements set forth in 44
C.F.R. Section 201.6 (Local Mitigation Plans). Upon acceptance by FEMA, City of E1 Segundo
will gain eligibility for Hazard Mitigation Grant Program funds.
Coordinating Body
A City of El Segundo Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will be responsible for
coordinating implementation of plan action items and undertaking the formal review process.
The City will assign representatives from City departments, divisions, and agencies, including,
but not limited to, the current Hazard Mitigation Planning Team will consist of the following
individuals:
Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
City of El Segundo
Kevin Smith, Fire Chief
Eric Moore, Fire Battalion Chief
Jeff Robinson, Emergency Services Coordinator
Bill Crowe, Assistant City Manager
Steve Jones, Business Services Manager
Alexis Schopp, Assistant Planner
Steve Finton, Director of Public Works /City Engineer
Dan Garcia, Assistant City Engineer
Walt Krumbach, Police Lieutenant
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 36
In order to make the Committee as broad and useful as possible, the City Manager may choose to
involve other relevant organizations and agencies in hazard mitigation. These additional
appointments could include:
A representative from the American Red Cross
A representative from a local government emergency response agency
The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will meet at least once a year. Meeting dates will be
scheduled once the final Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee has been established. These
meetings will provide an opportunity to discuss the progress of the action items and maintain the
partnerships that are essential for the sustainability of the mitigation plan.
Convener
The City Council will adopt the City of El Segundo Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan. Following
adoption, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will take responsibility for plan
implementation. The Fire Chief (or designee) will serve as a Convener to facilitate the Hazard
Mitigation Advisory Committee meetings, and will assign tasks such as updating and presenting
the Plan to the members of the Committee. Plan implementation and evaluation will be a shared
responsibility among all of the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members.
Implementation through Existing Programs
City of El Segundo addresses statewide planning goals and legislative requirements through its
General Plan, Capital Improvement Plans, and City Building and Safety Codes the Mitigation
Plan provides a series of recommendations - many of which are closely related to the goals and
objectives of existing planning programs. The City of El Segundo will have the opportunity to
implement recommended mitigation action items through existing programs and procedures.
The City of El Segundo Planning and Building Safety Department is responsible for adhering to
the State of California's Building and Safety Codes. In addition, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory
Committee will work with other agencies at the state level to review, develop and ensure Building
and Safety Codes that are adequate to mitigate or present damage by hazards. This is to ensure
that life- safety criteria are met for new construction.
Some of the goals and action items in the Mitigation Plan may be achieved through activities
recommended in the City's Capital Improvement Programs (CIP). Various city departments
develop CIP and review them on an annual basis. Upon annual review of the CIPs, the Hazard
Mitigation Advisory Committee will work with the city departments to identify areas that the
Mitigation Plan action items are consistent with CIP goals and integrate them where appropriate.
Within six months of formal adoption of the Mitigation Plan, the recommendations listed above
will be incorporated into the process of existing planning mechanisms at the City level. The
meetings of the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will provide an opportunity for
Committee members to report back on the progress made on the integration of mitigation
planning elements into City planning documents and procedures.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 37
Economic Analysis of Mitigation Projects
At the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee's first meeting, the Committee will utilize the
STAPLEE Tool (Plan Maintenance — Table 2 -1) to guide the implementation of the Mitigation
Plan.
FEMA's approaches to identify the costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation strategies,
measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit/cost analysis and cost - effectiveness
analysis.
Conducting benefit/cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining
whether a project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster - related damages later.
Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a
specific goal. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can provide decision -
makers with an understanding of the potential benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis
upon which to compare alternative projects.
Given federal funding, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will use a FEMA- approved
benefit/cost analysis approach to identify and prioritize mitigation action items. For other
projects and funding sources, the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will use other
approaches to understand the costs and benefits of each action item and develop a prioritized list.
For more information regarding economic analysis of mitigation action items, please see
Appendix C: Benefit /Cost Analysis.
Evaluating and Updating the Plan
Formal Review Process
The City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan will be evaluated on an annual basis to determine the
effectiveness of programs, and to reflect changes in land development or programs that may
affect mitigation priorities. The evaluation process includes a firm schedule and timeline, and
identifies the agencies and organizations participating in plan evaluation. The Convener or
designee will be responsible for contacting the Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members
and organizing the annual meeting.
Committee members will be responsible for monitoring and evaluating the progress of the
mitigation strategies in the Plan.
The Committee will review the goals and action items to determine their relevance to changing
situations in the City, as well as changes in State or Federal policy, and to ensure they are
addressing current and expected conditions. The Committee will also review the Risk
Assessment portion of the Plan to determine if this information should be updated or modified,
given any new available data. The coordinating organizations responsible for the various action
items will report on the status of their projects, the success of various implementation processes,
difficulties encountered, success of coordination efforts, and which strategies should be revised.
The Convener will assign the duty of updating the Plan to one or more of the Committee
members. The designated Committee members will have three months to make appropriate
changes to the Plan before submitting it to the Committee members, and presenting it to the City
Council (or other authority). The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will also notify all
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 38
holders of the City plan when changes have been made. Every five years the updated plan will be
submitted to the State Hazard Mitigation Officer and the Federal Emergency Management
Agency for review.
Continued Public Involvement
City of El Segundo is dedicated to involving the public directly in review and updates of the
Mitigation Plan. The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee members are responsible for the
annual review and update of the Plan.
The public will also have the opportunity to provide feedback about the Plan. Copies of the Plan
will be kept at the El Segundo Fire Department — Station #1 at 314 Main Street and El Segundo
Library at I I1 W. Mariposa Avenue. The existence and location of these copies will be
publicized in the quarterly City newsletter "Inside El Segundo ", which reaches every employee,
resident, and business owner in the City.
In addition, copies of the Plan and any proposed changes will be posted on the City website. This
site will also contain an email address and phone number to which people can direct their
comments and concerns.
A public meeting will also be held after each annual evaluation or when deemed necessary by the
Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee. The meetings will provide the public a forum for which
they can express its concerns, opinions, or ideas about the Plan. The City's Fire Department and
will be responsible for using City resources to publicize the annual public meetings and maintain
public involvement such as the City's web page, local Cable TV channels, and local newspapers.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 39
Table 2 -1 STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
STAPLEE Instructions
One method of assessing the costs and benefits associated with mitigation actions in FEMA's STAPLEE tool. STAPLEE (Social, Technical,
Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) is a systematic approach for weighing strengths and weaknesses of various
mitigation actions. Each of the STAPLEE categories can be assessed in terms of opportunities and constraints. Following is a list of questions
that will guide a jurisdiction through the STAPLEE process. Note: An answer of "yes" is not always judged positively.
Social
Community Acceptance - Will the mitigation action be socially accepted within the community where it will be implemented?
Yes (+) or No ( -)
Effect on Segment of Population - Will the mitigation action adversely impact one particular segment of the population (neighborhood, culture,
religion, etc.)?
No ( +) or Yes ( -)
Technical
Technical Feasibility - Is the mitigation action technically feasible?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Long -Term Solution - Will the mitigation action help to reduce losses in the long term?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Secondary Impacts - Will there be any secondary effects which could nullify the action's benefits?
No ( +) or Yes ( -)
Administrative
Staffing - Does the jurisdiction have the staffing capability (own and outside resources) to implement the action, and can it be readily obtained?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Funding Allocated - Has the jurisdiction allocated or funded the action (i.e. annual budget, CIP, grants, etc.)?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Maintenance, Operations - Can the community provide the necessary maintenance work required to maintain the mitigation action?
Yes (+) or No ( -)
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 40
Political
Political Support - Is there political support to implement and maintain the mitigation action?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Local Champion - Is there a local champion (political or public) willing to help see the action to completion?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Public Support - is there enough public support to ensure the success of the mitigation action'?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Local
State Authority - Do State regulations exist that support the implementation of the mitigation action?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Existing Local Authority - Are the proper local laws, ordinances, and resolutions in place to implement the mitigation action?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Potential Legal Challenge - Is the mitigation action likely to be challenged by stakeholders who may be negatively affected?
No (+) or Yes ( -)
Economic
Benefit of Action - Do the benefits of the mitigation action exceed the associated costs?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Cost of Action - Does the cost seem reasonable for the size of the problem and likely benefits?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Contributions to Economic Goals - Does the action contribute to other community economic goals, such as capital improvements or economic
development?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Outside Funding Required - Will outside sources of funding be required?
No ( +) or Yes ( -)
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 41
Environmental
Effect on Land /Water - Will the mitigation action have a significant affect the environment (including land, water, and air resources)?
No ( +) or Yes ( -)
Effect on Endangered Species - Will the mitigation action have a significant affect endangered species?
No (+) or Yes ( -)
Effect on HAZMAT.!Waste Sites - Will the mitigation action have a significant affect HAZMAT or waste sites?
No ( +) or Yes ( -)
Consistent with Community Environmental Goals - Will the mitigation action comply with local, State, and Federal environmental laws and
regulations?
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Consistent with Federal Environmental Laws - Is the mitigation action consistent with the community's environmental values and goals''
Yes ( +) or No ( -)
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 42
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 43
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 44
Table 2 -1
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 45
Table 2 -1
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 46
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 46
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current building
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 47
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clear roles for
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 48
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 49
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MH -19 - Compile a
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n/a
n/a
n/a
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15
directory of out -of-
area contractors to
help with repairs
and reconstruction
so that restoration
occurs in a timely
manner.
MH -20 - Conduct a
n/k
+
-
-
+
-
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
study to determine
sufficient
information to
identify disaster -
prone areas such as
floodplains,
earthquake fault
lines, storm surge
zones, etc.
MH -21 - Install
n/k
+
-
-
+
n a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
and improve back-
up power in critical
facilities.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 50
- I'able 2 -1
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Scorin : " +" = 1 20int, 1 point, ,a/&" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
additional
sheltering facilities.
MH -23 - Create a
n/k
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
database with
information to
track the status of
repair or
reconstruction of
City facilities.
MN -24 - Update
n k
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+
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la
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
the Mitigation Plan
based on new
information on a
re gular basis.
MH -25 -
n/k
-
+
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Determine how,
I
when, and under
18
what circumstances
government will
demolish
structures.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 51
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 point, A point, "Na" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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MI -26 -
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,
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
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Determine which
structures and/or
facilities that will
not be allowed to
be repaired or
reconstructed.
MH -27 - Provide
n/k
-
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
technical assistance
to help the
community
develop disaster
management
operations
ca abilities.
M11-28 -
n/k
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+
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n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
Encourage the
development of
mutual aid systems
at the local level,
including the
Emergency
Management
Assistance
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 52
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
Scorin : "+" = 1 poin = -1 point "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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MH -29 - Conduct
n/k
-
+
+
+
+
-
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
interim planning to
locate, set up, and
manage temporary
sites where
government
functions can
continue their
operations during
recovery.
MH -31 - Allocate
n/k
-
-
+
-
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
City resources and
assistance to
mitigation projects
when ossible.
MH -31 - Identify
n/k
+
+
-
+
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
all organizations
within the
jurisdiction that
have programs or
interests in hazards
mitigation.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 53
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
Scorin : "+" = I point,, -1 point, "Wit" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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MH -32 - Involve
n/k
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+
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-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
private businesses
throughout the city
in mitigation
Tannin .
MH -33 - Develop a
n/k
-
+
n/a
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
database that
identifies each
property that has
received damage
due to hazards
identified within
this mitigation
plan. The database
should also include
a tax identification
number of the
property, a
description of the
property damage,
the value of
damage, and links
to photographs of
the damage.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 54
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 point, 4 poin "n/a" — 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
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Developing this
database will allow
the community to
easily identify
properties at high
risk of damage
from certain
hazards as well as
properties that
receive repetiti\ e
damage from
multiple hazards.
In an effort to gain
historical
information the
community shall
send a survey to all
residents
requesting
information that
should be included
in the database.
I
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 55
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 oin = -1 in "n/e" = 0 point, "n/k" not known
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MH -34 - Engage
n/k
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-
+
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
the private sector to
contribute to
disaster
preparedness and
loss reduction at
the local level.
MI1 -35 - Write and
n/k
-
+
-
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
administer
appropriate grants
to enhance all
agencies/depart-
ments' incident
response
cap abilities.
MH -36 - Promote
n/k
+
+
r
+
+
-
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
hazard mitigation
as a public value in
recognition of its
importance to the
health, safety, and
welfare of the
pop ulation.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 56
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization'rool
(Scoring: "+" = 1 point 4 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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MH -37 - Promote
n/k
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+
+
+
+
+
n a
n/a
n a
n/a
n a
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public education to
increase awareness
of hazards and
opportunities for
mitigation.
MH -38 - Post the
n/k
+
+
-
-
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
City's Hazard
Mitigation Plan on
the w•ebsite.
Mi I -39 - Create 30
n/k
+
-
+
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
16
second
commercials on
mitigation steps
and strategies and
disaster
preparedness tips
to he shown on the
i
local cable access
channels.
MH40 - Distribute
n/k
+
+
+
+
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
rEMA's
Emergency
Management Guide
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 57
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: "+' = 1 point, " " _ -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
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Technical
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Political I Legal
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for Businesses and
Industry and
Preparing Your
Business for the
Unthinkable
brochure to the
Chamber of
Commerce.
MH41 - Advertise
n/k
+
-
-
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
the availability of
emergency
management
materials on the
City's website.
MH42 - Utilize
n/k
+
+
-
-
+
+
-
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
the media for the
distribution and
publication of
hazard information.
M1143 - Create a
n/k
-
-
-
t
+
-
-
f
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
public speaking
series on hazard
related topics.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 58
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 point, -1 point, "Na" - 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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MH44 - Update
n/k
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I
+
-
+
Na
Na
Na
Na
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17
the City's website
1
to provide
additional hazard
related information
that is easily
accessible.
MH45 - The State
n/k
+
+
-
f
+
-
+
+
+
I Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
17
and County Office
of Emergency
Services websites
have information
about disaster
I
preparedness and
;
I
related links.
Expand and update
I
I
I
links to those
I
I
websites as needed
and as appropriate.
M1146 - Utilize
n/k
+
+
+
-
-
! I
-
-
+
n/a
n/a
Na
17
1 the city's website'
I
I
press releases, local
I
media and public
i
displays to
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 59
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: "+ = 1 poin = A point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
A
P
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Social
Technical
Administrative
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Economic
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Mitigation Action
$
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advertise agencies
such as the
American Red
Cross, Community
Emergency
Response Training,
the local
Emergency
Planning
Committee,
Volunteer
Organizations
Active in Disaster
etc.
MH 47 - Work
n/k
-
-
4
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
with the American
Red Cross, Board
of Education, and
churches towards
upgrading all
shelter resources.
MH48 - Meet with
n/k
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
local officials and
major employers
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 60
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: "+ = 1 point, _ -1 in "n/a" - 0 point, "n/k" = not known)_
S
T
A
P
L
E
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Social_
Technical
Administrative
Political
Legal
Economic
Environmental
Mitigation Action
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encouraging the
creation of
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resource centers in
their respective
I
lobbies.
i
MH49 - Identify
n/k
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
and prioritize nerds
for additional
shelter supplies to
include but not
limited to
additional cots,
blankets and
shelter kits.
MII -50 - Develop
n/k
-
-
+
-
i
Na
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
and promote a
communications
plan to recruit and
train more
volunteers for
sheltering
assistance.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 61
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: "+" = 1 point,, -I point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
A
P
11
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Social
Technical
Administrative
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Economic
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MI1 -51 - Conduct
n/k
-
+
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
full -scale exercises
that include
evaluation tools
that will identify
critical
I
performance
expectations every
three year,.
MH -52 - Conduct
n/k
+
+
+
+
-
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
annual tabletop
disaster exercises
with local law
enforcement,
emergency
managers, City
officials, the LfPC
and other disaster
res rise agencies.
Ml 1-53 -Teach
n/k
+
-
-
+
f
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
CERT classes to
interested citizens
in the City to assist
their neighbors
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 62
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: "+ = 1 point, -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "nIk" = not known
S
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during
emergencies. This
course will be
taught throughout
the city utilizing
the paramedics and
firefighters.
MH -54 - Train
n/k
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
EMS, fire fighters,
law enforcement,
public works,
healthcare
providers and other
support personnel
in unified
command using the
Incident Command
System (ICS)
model. By
understanding the
role of each
discipline will
result in a cohesive
performance of
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 63
Table 2 -1
j STAPLES Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +' = 1 point, -1 point, "Na" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
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their assigned tasks
yielding an overall
emergency
response that is not
only effective, but
rapid with optimal
I
outcome.
M11-55 - Promote
n/k
-
+
+
—
i -
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
CERT through the
Chamber of
Commerce to gain
business
i
participation.
M11-56 - Develop
n/k
+
-
+
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
and deliver
information to all
residents, through
community groups
and/or
publications,
information on
how to shelter in
place and when it
is ap ro riate to do
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 64
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
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S
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MH -57 - Publicize
n/k
-
-
+
+
+
+
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
17
FEMA's
Emergency
Management
Institute's
independent study
courses available to
the public to
include but not
limited to
Emergency
Preparedness USA,
Hazardous
Material: Citizen
Orientation,
Animals in
Disaster, Disaster
Mitigation for
Homeowners, etc.
MH- 58 - Develop
n/k
*
+
-
-
+
+
+
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
16
list of available
training
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 65
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 point, -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
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opportunities and
to distribute the list
I
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to all local
emergency
responders.
I
MH -59 - Review
n/k
+
-
i
i i
-
n/a
n/a
Na
n/a
n/a
17 i
Capital
I
Improvement Plans
to ensure that
programmed
infrastructure
I
j
improvements are
not in high hazard
areas.
MH -60 - Planning,
n/k
-
-
-
+
-
i -
-
+
-
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
Building and
Safety Department
will review the
General Plan to
ensure that
i
designated growth
areas are not in
high hazard areas
identified in this
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 66
Table 2 -1
STAPLES. Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 point, 4 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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plan.
MH -61- Planning,
n/k
+
-
-
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+
+
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+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
Building and
Safety Department
will review
regulations
pertaining to the
jurisdiction to
make sure that
adequate coning
regulations are in
place to reduce
future development
in high hazard
areas in their
urisdiction.
MH -62 - Establish
n/k
+
-
+
+
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
13
an offsite
Emergency
Communications
Center (ECC) and
Emergency
Operations Center
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 67
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 point, -I point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
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(EOC). In the event
the primary sites
must be vacated,
the off -site back -up
centers can be
rapidly mobilized
in a secured
facility. Both
centers will
duplicate the
primary points of
operation.
MH -63 - Continue
n/k
4
+
-
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
collection of
MSDS reports
from city facilities
to enhance and
prepare emergency
responders in the
event of an incident
at these facilities.
MH -64 - Establish
n/k
+
-
-
+
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n a
n/a
17
and maintain a
functional
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 68
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
Scorin : "+" = 1 poin -I point, "Na" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
A
P
L
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Social
Technical
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Ml 1-65 - Ensure
n/k
-
-
*
+
-
+
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
14
training and
exercise standards
are maintained as
established in
NIMS, National
Incident
Management
System and SEMS,
Standardized
Emergency
Management
System.
MH -66 - Develop
n/k
-
+
-
+
-
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
I S
and complete a
i
baseline surrey to
gather perceptions
of private citizens
and the business
munity
rding hazard
j
and identify
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 69
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 point, -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
A
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mitigation needs.
MH -67 - Identify
n/k
-
+
+
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
opportunities for
partnering with
citizens, primate
contractors, and
I
other jurisdictions
to increase
I
availability of
I
equipment and
manpower f'or
efficiency of
response efforts.
MH -68 - Routine
n/k
-
-
+
_
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
maintenance of the
community's
infrastructure will
be done to
minimize the
potential for
system failure
because of or
during a disaster.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 70
Table
STAPI.EE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 poin = -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
T
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MH -69 - Enhance
nIc
-
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I -
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n/a
i n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
response capability
ofmunicipal fire,
police, and
emergency medical
i
services personnel
to meet the needs
ofspecial
I
populations.
MH -70 - Assess
a
n a
n/a
n a
n a
14
availability of
backup power
I
resources of fire,
police, rescue, and
emergency
management
personnel; Upgrade
resources as
necessary.I
MH -71 - Vehicle
n/k
-
*
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
I R
access routes to
key health care
facilities will he
rotated from
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 71
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 poin _ -1 point, "Na" = 0 poin "R/k" = not known
S
T
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blockage as a result
of a disaster.
MH -72 - Develop
n/k
-
-
+
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
Mitigation
strategies to protect
identified at -risk
historic properties.
M11-73 -
n/k
+
-
+
+
+
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
Incorporate the
training goals and
objectives used by
I
fire, EMS, law
enforcement,
public works,
healthcare
providers and other
support personnel
into selected
hazardous material
training. This will
foster the unified
command
relationship that
will serve as the
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 72
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: "+" = 1 poin _ -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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incident
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blueprint for all
disaster response.
MH -74 - Establish
n/k
-
-
-
-
-
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
and implement the
National Incident
Management
System (NIMS)
throughout all City
departments.
MH -75 -
n/k
-
-
-
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
Determine what
kinds of minor
repairs and
temporary
protection activities
I
(e.g., temporary
roofing, protect
against loss of
life/injury, shortng,
protect contents)
can be done in the
immediate
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 73
•I 'able 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring : " +" = 1 point, "- _ -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
Mitigation Action
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MH -76 - Identity
n/k
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-
-
+
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+
n/a
i n/a
n/a
' n/a
n/a
15
water resources
management and
conservation
opportunities.
MH -77 - Develop
n/k
-
+
-
_
-
+
*
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
strategies for debris
management.
MH -78 -
n/k
+
-
+
-
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
18
Coordinate the
maintenance of
emergency
transportation
routes through
communication
among the county
roads department,
neighboring
jurisdictions, and
Carrrans.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 74
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
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and provide
signage for
evacuation routes.
Mli -80 - Maintain
n/k
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-
-
+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
a low poH er AM
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radio station that
can be activated in
,
the event of an
emergency to
notify the public.
MH -81 - Maintain
n/k
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'
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
signs with blinking
lights directing
public to turn to
AM radio station in
the event of a
disaster.
MH -82 -Apply for
n/k
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+
+
+
+
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-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
Tsunami
Ready /Storm
Ready with
NOAA/NWS to
acknowledge that
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 75
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
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MH -83 - Identify
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n/a
15
funding to
purchase and
install an
emergency alert
system using
homs /sirens, voice
to Ham the public
,
ofimpending
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danger.
MH -84 - Purchase
n/k
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-
+
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n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
and install
WebEOC to
enhance incid ent
management in
disasters.
MH -85 - Improve
n/k
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+
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
communication
between CalTrans,
City ' and County
road de artments
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 76
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
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M11-86 - Conduct a
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n/a
n/a
n/a
Na
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15
full review of the
Mitigation Plan
every 5 years by
evaluating
mitigation
successes, failures,
and areas that were
not addressed.
MH -87 - Provide
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+
Na
Na
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business continuity
workshops for
business owners to
learn the
importance of
disaster mitigation
and how to create
an emergency
operations plan for
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 77
Table L1
STAPLES Prioritization 7'001
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their businesses.
MH -88 -
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n/a
n/a
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15
Distribution of
letters to ALL
property owners -all
I
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the importance of
water conservation
and different
venues of
purchasing water
saving mechanisms
I
for homes.
Earthquake Action Items I
EQ -1 - Integrate
n/k
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n/a
Na
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
new earthquake
hazard mapping
data for the City of
El Segundo and
improve technical
analysis of
earthquake
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 78
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 point, -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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hazards.
EQ -2 - Encourage
n/k
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
seismic strength
evaluations of
critical facilities in
the City to identify
vulnerabilities for
mitigation of
schools and
university, public
infrastructure, and
critical facilities to
meet current
seismic standards.
EQ -3 - Encourage
n/k
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n/a
n/a
n/a
Na
18
reduction of'
nonstructural and
structural
earthquake hazards
in homes, schools,
i
businesses, and
government
offices.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 79
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization'rool
Scorin : "+" = 1 point, -1 point, "n /a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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n/a
n/a
n/a
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earthquake damage
i
risk by retrofitting
critical facilities.
EQ -5 - Encourage
n/k
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-
+
+
+
-
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
I8
purchase of
earthquake hazard
insurance.
Flood Action Items
FLD -I - Analyze
n/k
-
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i
+
1
n/a
Na
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
each repetitive
flood property
within the city and
identify feasible
Mitigation options.
FLD -2 - Develop
n/k
-
+
+
+
i
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
1-1
better flood
warning systems.
FLD -3 - Enhance
n/k
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
I S
data and mapping
for Flood -prone
areas within the
city.
J
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 80
Table 2 -1
ST•APLEE Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 poin , " _ -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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FLD -4 - Identify
n/k
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Na
Na
Na
Na
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surface water
drainage
obstructions for all
arts of the City.
FLD -5 - Establish a
n/k
-
+
_
+
Na
n/a
Na
n/a
Na
15
framework to
compile and
coordinate surface
water management
plans and data
throughout the
City.
FLD -6 - Record all
n/k
-
-
a
-
Na
Na
Na
Na
n/a
15
structures in areas
of repetitive losses
due to floodin .,.
FLD -7 - Revise the
n/k
-
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+
7
-
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na 1
15
"Zoning and
Subdivision
Ordinance to
require the
utilization of
various perIvious
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 81
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 82
S
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surfaces in order to
reduce storm water
runoff. This should
i
include utilizing
the use of various
pervious surfaces
in parking lots and
recreational areas
near the flood lain.
FLD -8 - Protect
n/k
-
-
+
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15
surrounding
surface water and
ecosystems from
pollutants often
associated with
flooding and storm
water runoff.
Specifically, apply
storm water
mitigation
measures as
required by ,rMDI.
and NEDES.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 82
Table 2 -1
STAPL.EE Prioritization Tool
Scorin : "+" = 1 point, = -1 point, "n /a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S T A P L E E
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-
-
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-
+
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
seasonal disaster
preparedness
literature to ALL
property owners -
all areas of the City
to include but not
limited to winter
weather, drought,
severe storms,
extreme heat etc.
FLD -10 -
a/k
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-
-
+
+
i
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n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17�
Understand the
National Flood
Insurance Program
(NFIP)
requirements for
new construction
and substantially
improved
buildings.
FLD -11 - The City
n/a
-
+
+
+
r
13
W adopt a
I
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 83
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring " +" = 1 point, -1 point, "Na" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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Ordinance that will
prohibit future
development in the
Special Flood
liazard Area
identified in the
Flood Insurance
Rate Map as being
within Zone "A"
Windstorm Action Items
WS -1 -
n/k
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Na
Na
Na
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17
SupporVencourage
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electrical utilities
I
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construction
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methods where
possible to reduce
power outages
from windstorms.
WS-2 - Encourage
n/k
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-
+
n/a
-
+
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
17
development and
I
enforcement of
wind - resistant
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 84
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Priorittzation Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 point, - -1 point, "n/a" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
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building siting and
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WS -3 - Continue to
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n/a
Na
13
implement
programs to keep
trees from
threatening lives,
property, and
public
infrastructure
during windstorm
events.
Tsunami Action Items
TS -I -Train
n/k
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
14
regulatory and
response staff in
tsunami threat.
TS -2 - Develop and
n/k
-
-
t
n/a
Na
Na
Na
Na
14
conduct training
and exercises
relating to tsunami
response.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 85
Table 2 -1
STAPLEE Prioritization Tool
(Scoring: " +" = 1 point, -1 point, "n/a" = U poln . Nk" = not known
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,':
u
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c
J
a
a
p
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TS -3 - Develop a
n/k
-
! `
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
roaming system in
the City to notify
i
residents of
impending tsunami
activity.
TS -4 - Maintain
n/k
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
17
system to receive
early warning of
tsunamis from state
and federal
a tencies.
Technological and Human Caused Action Items
Tech -I - Develop
n/k
-
+
*
n/a
Na
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
shelter -in -place
protocols and
redundant
notification
methods for
residents and
businesses.
Tech -2 - Develop
n/k
+
+
-
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
14
and distribute
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 86
Table 2 -1
STAPLES Prioritization Tool
Scorin : " +" = 1 point,"-"= -1 point, "Wit" = 0 point, "n/k" = not known
S
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Technical
Administrative
Political
Legal
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f
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 87
SECTION 3: COMMUNITY PROFILE
Why Plan for Hazards in City of El Segundo?
Hazards impact residents, property, the environment, and the economy of City of El Segundo.
Earthquake, Flood, Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human - Caused Hazards have
exposed the City of El Segundo to the financial and emotional costs of recovering after natural,
human- caused, and technological disasters. The risk associated with hazards increases as more
people move to areas affected by hazards.
Even in those communities that are essentially "built -out" i.e., have little or no vacant land
remaining for development; population density continues to increase when low density housing is
replaced with medium and high density development projects.
The inevitability of hazards, and the growing population and activity within the City create an
urgent need to develop strategies, coordinate resources, and increase public awareness to reduce
risk and prevent loss from future hazard events. Identifying the risks posed by hazards, and
developing strategies to reduce the impact of a hazard event can assist in protecting life and
property of citizens and communities. Local residents and businesses can work together with the
City to create a Mitigation Plan that addresses the potential impacts of hazard events.
Geography and the Environment
City of El Segundo has an area of 5.46 square miles and is located in southern Los Angeles
County. (Source: El Segundo Chamber of Commerce)
Elevations in the City range from a high of 90 feet above sea level to a low of 5 feet above sea
level. The terrain of the community is predominantly rolling sand dune topography. (Source: El
Segundo Chamber of Commerce)
Community Profile
The Standard Oil Company first settled the area comprising the City of El Segundo in 1911. Less
than six years later, the City itself was incorporated in January 18, 1917.
The City is served by the 105 and 405 freeways, and the major arterial is Highway 1 (Sepulveda
Blvd.) which runs north to south.
The Metro Green Line Light Rail Line serves the City with an elevated rail system running
through the City. The Metropolitan Transportation Authority provides passenger transportation.
Climate
Temperatures in the City of El Segundo range from 55 degrees in the winter months to 70 degrees
in the summer months. However the temperatures can vary over a wide range, particularly when
the Santa Ana winds blow, bringing higher temperatures, very low humidity, and strong winds.
(Source: Los Angeles County Hazard Mitigation Plan)
Rainfall in the region averages 12 inches of rain per year. But the term "average" means very
little in this region as the annual rainfall during this time period has ranged from only 4.35 inches
in 2001 -2002 to 38.2 inches in 1883 -1884. (Los Angeles)
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 88
Furthermore, actual rainfall in the Southern California region tends to fall in large amounts during
sporadic and often heavy storms rather than consistently over storms at somewhat regular
intervals. In short rainfall in Southern California might be characterized as feast or famine within
a single year.
Minerals and Soils
El Segundo is underlain by the Pliestocene -age El Segundo San Dunes at the western edge of the
Los Angeles Basin within the Transverse Ranges Geomorphic Province in Southern California.
The El Segundo Sand Dunes consist predominantly of dense sands, with some local deposits of
silts and clays within natural depressions, particularly in the eastern portion of the City. Rock is
present at great depth beneath the City.
Other Significant Geologic Features
There are no known faults with the potential for surface fault rupture within the City of El
Segundo, but significant ground shaking can result from rupture of a large number of nearby
faults.
The major faults that have the potential to affect the greater El Segundo region are the:
Newport - Inglewood Fault (east of the City)
Palos Verdes Fault (offshore, west of the City)
Southern California has a history of powerful and relatively frequent earthquakes, dating back to
the powerful magnitude 8.0+ 1857 San Andreas Earthquake which did substantial damage to the
relatively few buildings that existed at the time. Paleoseismological research indicates that large
magnitude (8.0 +) earthquakes occur on the San Andreas Fault at intervals between 45 and 332
years with an average interval of 140 years. Other lesser faults have also caused very damaging
earthquakes since 1857. Notable earthquakes include the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake, the 1971
San Fernando Earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Earthquake and the 1994 Northridge Earthquake.
In addition, many areas in Southern California have sandy soils that are subject to liquefaction.
The City of El Segundo has no liquefaction zones except for a an are a of coastline at the west
side of the City as discussed in Section 5: Earthquake.
Population and Demographics
The City of El Segundo has a residential population of about 17,000 in an area of 5.46 square
miles. The daytime population of the City increases to approximately 85,000 with an influx of
people working or conducting business within the City.
The increase of people living and working in City of El Segundo creates more community
exposure, and changes how agencies prepare for and respond to hazards.
The City of El Segundo is experiencing a great deal of in -fill building, which is increasing the
population density creating greater service loads on the built infrastructure, including roads, water
supply, sewer services and storm drains.
Hazards do not discriminate, but the impacts in terms of vulnerability and the ability to recover
vary greatly among the population. According to Peggy Stahl of the Federal Emergency
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 89
Management Agency (FEMA) Preparedness, Training, and Exercise Directorate, 80% of the
disaster burden falls on the public, and within that number, a disproportionate burden is placed
upon special needs groups: women, children, minorities, and the poor.
According the 2000 Census figures, the demographic make up of the City is as follows:
City of El Segundo
Caucasian
83.6%
African American
1.2%
Asian
6.4%
Native American
0.5%
Other
3.5%
Mixed Race
4.8%
The ethnic and cultural diversity suggests a need to address multi - cultural needs and services.
The percentage of citizens living in poverty in the City of El Segundo is about 4.6% according to
the 2000 Census.
Vulnerable populations, including seniors, disabled citizens, women, and children, as well as
those people living in poverty, may be disproportionately impacted by hazards.
Examining the reach of hazard mitigation policies to special needs populations may assist in
increasing access to services and programs. FEMA's Office of Equal Rights addresses this need
by suggesting that agencies and organizations planning for natural disasters identify special needs
populations, make recovery centers more accessible, and review practices and procedures to
remedy any discrimination in relief application or assistance.
The cost of hazards recovery can place an unequal financial responsibility on the general
population when only a small proportion may benefit from governmental funds used to rebuild
private structures. Discussions about hazards that include local citizen groups, insurance
companies, and other public and private sector organizations can help ensure that all members of
the population are a part of the decision- making processes.
Land and Development
Development in Southern California from the earliest days was a cycle of boom and bust. The
Second World War however dramatically changed that cycle. Military personnel and defense
workers came to Southern California to fill the logistical needs created by the war effort. The
available housing was rapidly exhausted and existing commercial centers proved inadequate for
the influx of people. Immediately after the war, construction began on the freeway system, and
the face of Southern California was forever changed. Home developments and shopping centers
sprung up everywhere and within a few decades the urbanized portions of Southern California
were virtually built out. This pushed new development further and further away from the urban
center.
The City of El Segundo General Plan addresses the use and development of private land,
including residential and commercial areas. This Plan is one of the City's most important tools in
addressing environmental challenges including transportation and air quality; growth
management; conservation of natural resources; clean water and open spaces.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 90
The environment of most Los Angeles County cities is nearly identical with that of their
immediate neighbors and the transition from one incorporated municipality to another is seamless
to most people. Seamless too are the exposures to the hazards that affect all of Southern
California.
Housing and Community Development
(Source: 2000 Census)
City of El
Segundo
Development Type
Professional, scientific, and
technical services
Residential
30%
Commercial /Industrial
70%
Housing Type
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation
Single- Family
77.4%
Multi- Residential
(20+ units)
11.6%
other
11%
Housing Statistics
Total Available Housing
Units
7,261
Owner-Occupied Housing
97.23%
Average Household Size
2.27
Average Home Value
$371,900
Employment and Industry
(Source: 2000 Census)
City of El Segundo
Major Industries
Employees
Professional, scientific, and
technical services
8,334
Educational services
1 -19
Health care and social
assistance
379
Arts, entertainment, and
recreation
250 -499
Other services (except public
administration)
1,183
Mitigation activities are needed at the business level to ensure the safety and welfare of workers
and limit damage to industrial infrastructure. Employees are highly mobile, commuting from
surrounding areas to industrial and business centers. This creates a greater dependency on roads,
communications, accessibility and emergency plans to reunite people with their families. Before
a hazard event, large and small businesses can develop strategies to prepare for hazards, respond
efficiently, and prevent loss of life and property.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 91
Transportation and Commuting Patterns
Private automobiles are the dominant means of transportation in Southern California and in the
City of El Segundo. However, the City of El Segundo meets its public transportation needs
through a mixture of a regional transit system (MTA), and various City contracted bus systems.
MTA provides both bus and light rail service to the City of El Segundo and to the Los Angeles
County metropolitan area. In addition to this service, the City promotes alternative transportation
activities.
As stated in the City's General Plan, the City of El Segundo is served by the 405 and 105,
connecting the City to adjoining parts of Los Angeles County. As daily transit rises, there is an
increased risk that a hazard event will disrupt the travel plans of residents across the region, as
well as local, regional and national commercial traffic.
Localized flooding can render roads unusable. A severe winter storm has the potential to disrupt
the daily driving routine of hundreds of thousands of people. Hazards can disrupt automobile
traffic and shut down local and regional transit systems.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 92
SECTION 4: RISK ASSESSMENT
What is a Risk Assessment?
Conducting a risk assessment can provide information: on the location of hazards, the value of
existing land and property in hazard locations, and an analysis of risk to life, property, and the
environment that may result from hazard events. Specifically, the five levels of a risk assessment
are as follows:
1) Hazard Identification
The Planning Team considered a range of hazards facing the region including: Earthquakes,
Flooding, Wildfire, Landslide, Tsunami, Windstorm, Drought, and Technological and Human -
Caused Hazards. The attached Ranking Your Hazards — Figure 4 -1 is used by the Team to
prioritize the hazards with the highest probability of impacting the City of El Segundo. The
Team agreed that any hazard receiving a Team score higher than "3" would be included in the
Mitigation Plan. Utilizing the ranking technique, the Team identified Earthquake, Flood,
Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human - Caused Hazards as the most prominent
hazards facing the City.
This is the description of the geographic extent, potential intensity, and the probability of
occurrence of a given hazard. Maps are frequently used to display hazard identification data.
The City of E1 Segundo identified five major hazards that affect this geographic area. These
hazards — Earthquake, Flood, Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human - Caused
Hazards - were identified through an extensive process that utilized input from the Hazard
Mitigation Planning Team. The geographic extent of each of the identified hazards has been
identified by the City of El Segundo utilizing the maps contained in the City's General Plan and
the Los Angeles County All- Hazard Functional Plan. The vulnerabilities posed by these hazards
are depicted on Table 4 -1.
2) Profiling Hazard Events
This process describes the causes and characteristics of each hazard and what part of the City's
facilities, infrastructure, and environment may be vulnerable to each specific hazard. A profile of
each hazard discussed in this plan is provided in each hazard section.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 93
Table 4 -1:
Vulnerability: Location, Extent, and Probability*
3) Vulnerability Assessment/Inventorying Assets
This is a combination of hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned)
property development(s) and population(s) exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of
particular concern because these entities provide essential products and services to the general
public that are necessary to preserve the welfare and quality of life in the City and fulfill
important public safety, emergency response, and/or disaster recovery functions. The critical
facilities have been identified and are illustrated in Table 4 -3 at the end of this section.
4) Risk Analysis
Estimating potential losses involves assessing the damage, injuries, and financial costs likely to
be sustained in a geographic area over a given period of time. This level of analysis involves
using mathematical models. The two measurable components of risk analysis are magnitude of
the harm that may result and the likelihood of the harm occurring. Describing vulnerability in
terms of dollar losses provides the community and the state with a common framework in which
to measure the effects of hazards on assets. For each hazard where data was available,
quantitative estimates for potential losses have been included in the hazard assessment. Data was
not available to make vulnerability determinations in terms of dollar losses. The Mitigation
Actions Matrix (Executive Summary — Table 1) includes an action item to conduct such an
assessment in the future.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 94
Location
Extent
Probability
(Where)
How Big an Event)
(How Often)*
Hazard
Earthquake
Entire Project
The Southern California Earthquake
Moderate
Area
Center (SCEC) in 1995 concluded
that there is an 80 -90 % probability
that an earthquake of M7.0 or greater
will hit Southern California before
2024.1
Flood
Throughout
Coastal Flooding: Coastal Areas
Moderate
Project Area
Urban Flooding: Urbanized Areas
Severe Weather Flooding
Windstorm
Entire Project
50 miles per hour or greater
Moderate
area
Tsunami
Coast
Up to 40 foot run -up along coastal
Low
region.'
Technological
Entire Project
Varies widely by hazard event
Low- Moderate
and Human -
Area
Caused
Hazards
* Probability is defined as: Low = 1:500 years, Moderate = 1:100 years, High = 1:10 years
State of California Hazard Mitigation Plan
3) Vulnerability Assessment/Inventorying Assets
This is a combination of hazard identification with an inventory of the existing (or planned)
property development(s) and population(s) exposed to a hazard. Critical facilities are of
particular concern because these entities provide essential products and services to the general
public that are necessary to preserve the welfare and quality of life in the City and fulfill
important public safety, emergency response, and/or disaster recovery functions. The critical
facilities have been identified and are illustrated in Table 4 -3 at the end of this section.
4) Risk Analysis
Estimating potential losses involves assessing the damage, injuries, and financial costs likely to
be sustained in a geographic area over a given period of time. This level of analysis involves
using mathematical models. The two measurable components of risk analysis are magnitude of
the harm that may result and the likelihood of the harm occurring. Describing vulnerability in
terms of dollar losses provides the community and the state with a common framework in which
to measure the effects of hazards on assets. For each hazard where data was available,
quantitative estimates for potential losses have been included in the hazard assessment. Data was
not available to make vulnerability determinations in terms of dollar losses. The Mitigation
Actions Matrix (Executive Summary — Table 1) includes an action item to conduct such an
assessment in the future.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 94
5) Assessing Vulnerability/ Analyzing Development Trends
This step provides a general description of City facilities and contents in relation to the identified
hazards so that mitigation options can be considered in land use planning and future land use
decisions. This Mitigation Plan provides comprehensive description of the character of the City
of El Segundo in the Community Profile. This description includes the geography and
environment, population and demographics, land use and development, housing and community
development, employment and industry, and transportation and commuting patterns. Analyzing
these components of the City of El Segundo can help in identifying potential problem areas and
can serve as a guide for incorporating the goals and ideas contained in this mitigation plan into
other community development plans.
Hazard assessments are subject to the availability of hazard - specific data. Gathering data for a
hazard assessment requires a commitment of resources on the part of participating organizations
and agencies. Each hazard - specific section of the Plan includes a section on hazard identification
using data and information from City, County or State agency sources.
Regardless of the data available for hazard assessments, there are numerous strategies the City
can take to reduce risk. These strategies are described in the action items detailed in the
Mitigation Actions Matrix (Executive Summary — Table 1). Mitigation strategies can further
reduce disruption to critical services, reduce the risk to human life, and alleviate damage to
personal and public property and infrastructure.
Federal Requirements for Risk Assessment
Federal regulations for local hazard mitigation plans (44 C.F.R. Section 201.6(c)(2)) require a
risk assessment. This risk assessment requirement is intended to provide information that will
help communities to identify and prioritize mitigation activities that will reduce losses from the
identified hazards. There are five hazards profiled in the Mitigation Plan, including Earthquake,
Flood, Windstorm, Tsunami, and Technological and Human - Caused Hazards. The Federal
criteria for risk assessment and information on how the City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan meets
those criteria is outlined in Table 4 -2 below.
Table 4 -2: Federal Criteria for Risk Assessment
Section 322 Plan Requirement
How is this addressed?
Identifying Hazards
Each hazard section includes an inventory of the best
available data sources that identify hazard areas. To the
extent data are available; the existing maps identifying the
location of the hazard were utilized. The Executive
Summary and the Risk Assessment sections of the Plan
include a list of the hazard maps.
Profiling Hazard Events
Each hazard section includes documentation of the history,
and causes and characteristics of the hazard in the City.
Assessing Vulnerability:
Where data is available, the vulnerability assessment for
Identifying Assets
each hazard addressed in the Mitigation Plan includes an
inventory of all publicly owned land within hazardous
areas. Each hazard section provides information on
vulnerable areas within the City. Each hazard section also
identifies potential mitigation strategies.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 95
Section 322 Plan Requirement
How is this addressed?
Assessing Vulnerability:
The Risk Assessment Section of this Mitigation Plan
Estimating Potential Losses
identifies key critical facilities that provide services to the
City and includes a map of these facilities. Assessments
have been completed for the hazards addressed in the plan,
and quantitative estimates were made for each hazard where
data was available.
Assessing Vulnerability:
The Community Profile Section of this Plan provides a
Analyzing Development Trends
description of the population trends and transportation
patterns.
Critical and Essential Facilities
Facilities critical to government response and recovery activities (i.e., life safety and property and
environmental protection) include: local government 9 -1 -1 dispatch centers, local government
emergency operations centers, schools (hosting shelters), local police and fire stations, local
public works facilities, local communications centers, hospitals, bridges and major roads, and
shelters. Also, facilities that, if damaged, could cause serious secondary impacts may also be
considered "critical ". A hazardous materials facility is one example of this type of critical
facility.
Essential facilities are those facilities that are vital to the continued delivery of key City services
or that may significantly impact the City's ability to recover from the disaster. These facilities
may include: buildings such as the jail, law enforcement center, public services building,
community corrections center, the courthouse, and juvenile services building and other public
facilities such as schools. The following Table 4 -3 illustrates the critical and essential facilities
providing services to the City of El Segundo. Note that secondary impacts associated with
earthquake hazards have been included on a site -by -site basis.
City Assets and Potential Estimated Losses
The City owns a number of assets that could potentially be impacted by hazards. Worksheet 4-
1: City of El Segundo Inventory of Assets identifies each of the significant assets owned by the
City including buildings and other facilities. The worksheet details estimated replacement value
for each of the assets as well as the estimated value of the contents of the buildings. Worksheet
4 -2: City of El Segundo Estimated Loss — Structure and Contents of City Facilities provides
estimates of the total potential loss including structure and contents for all significant City assets
in the event of a significant earthquake on a local fault. The estimates are based on a magnitude
6.9 earthquake on the Newport- Inglewood fault with a peak ground acceleration of 55 %.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 96
Table 4 -3: City of El Segundo Critical and Essential Facilities Vulnerable to Hazards
(X = site's risk rating is "possible, likely, or highly likely ", N/A = Not Applicable)
EQ
Flood
Wind
Tsunami
Tech
and
Human -
Caused
Facility
Address
•
N/A
X
N;A
X
1 9 -1 -1 Dispatch Center
348 Main Street
•
N/A
X
N/A
X
Police Station
348 Main Street
•
N/A
X
N/A
X
Fire Station No. 1
314 Main Street
X
N.'A
X
N/A
I X
City Hall
350 Main Street
X
N/A
X
N/A
X
Fire Station No. 2
2161 E. El Segundo Blvd.
X
N; A
X
N/A
X
Water Department Office and
Maintenance Building
400 Lomita Street
X
N%A
X
N/A
X
Reservoirs
400 Lomita Street
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 97
Worksheet 4 -1: City of El Segundo Inventory of Assets
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 98
V
w a
6 Z
O
w
C
C a
Size of
Replacement
Content
Identify Asset
Source
cL
.9
°a
•=
`
u`Y
Bldg
Value
Value
of Info
e C
S <
�
5 p .c
(s9 ft)
(S)
(s)
U
U
U
9 -1 -1 Dispatch Center
Fire
X
X
4,980
1,278,680
2.200,000
Police Station
Fire
X
X
26,466
6,107,370
1.067,100
Fire Station No. I
Fire
X
X
8,539
4,291,110
235,700
City Hall
Fire
X
29,700
8,835,570
859,800
Fire Station No. 2
Fire
X
X
4,976
1,116,180
64,800
Water Department Office
Fire
X
5.476
1,144,780
I 150,500
and Maintenance Building
Holds 9.5
Reservoirs
Fire
X
X
Million
9,596,200
0
Gallons
Pump House A
Fire
i X
1
2,155
483,100
Pump House B
Fire
X
1,058
258,480
_366,200
250,000
Maintenance Facility
Fire
X
5,214
1,434,480
192,400
Administration
Maintenance Facility Shop
Fire
X
17,170
21992,490
660,700
Maintenance Facility
Fire
I 8,814
1,2!9,220
242,300
Vehicle Storage
Maintenance Facility
Fire
4,320
475,190
95,000
Warehouse Storage
Library
Fire
14,686
3,818,980
1,453,300
Library Annex
Fire
15,643
4,042,010
1,548,000
Urho Saari Swim Stadium
Fire
6,520
3,884,050
109,400
Park Vista Senior Housing
Fire
X
26,500
Not known
Not known
97 Apartment Units
Gordon Clubhouse
Fire
11,623
2,217,530
161,000
Joslyn Center
Fire
7,350
1,324,470
97,100
Pump Station I
Fire
X
51,200
40,000
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 98
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 99
41
h
a
q
o
Source
ti
C
Size of
Replacement
Content
Identify Asset
of Info
=
o
a° h
o h
" V
�'o
= " 'O
'o
Bldg
Value
Value
(s4 ft)
(S)
(S)
U
Gi
Gi
Pump Station 7
Fire
X
83,900
65,000
Pump Station 2
Fire
X
_
94,900
50,000
Pump Station 4
Fire
X
68,900
120,000
Pump Station 6
Fire
X
76,300
50.000
Pump Station 8
Fire
X
52,900
50,000
Pump Station 13
Fire
X
28,600
125.000
Pump Station 16
Fire
X
51,000
225,000
Pump Station 17
Fire
X
151,350
175,000
Pump Station 9
Fire
X
65,000
50.000
Pump Station 5
Fire
X
109,700
50,000
Storm Drain Plant 18
Fire
X
1,379,790
750,000
Teen Center
Fire
5,518
1,045,270
75,900
Fire Station 01 Handball
Fire
1,070
164,530
0
Court
Fire Station # 1 Hose Tower
Fire
105
32,700
0
Fire Station # I Gym
Fire
726
85,000
15,000
Fire Training Tower
Fire
2,000
325,530
0
-:::E Golf Course Clubhouse
Fire
5,200
1,386,510
230,00()
Golf Course Maintenance
Fire
1,740
1 223,770
75,400
Acacia Park Pool Restrooms
Fire
147
28,700
0
Hilltop Park Pool Restrooms
Fire
760
144,300
0
Library Park Bandstand
Fire
850
63,800
0
Recreation Park Checkout
Fire
3,880
388,590
55,400
Building
. Elevator Tower
Fire
510
37,820
75,000 '
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 99
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 100
Source
w
C a°
e
"a
C b
A
Size of
Replacement
Content
Identify Asset
of Info
w
=
e a
a
o
if
« �
Bldg
Value
Value
(s9 ft)
($)
($)
U
Recreation Park Electrical
Distribution Room, Shop,
Fire
1,245
204,300
0
Small Equipment Garage,
i
Restroom
J
Recreation Park Concession
Fire
I
584
106,650
8,200
Stand and Restrooms
_
Recreation Park Hardball
I
I
Concession Stand and
Fire
i
960
190,850
0
Restrooms
Recreation Park Softball
_
Concession Stand and
Fire
I 640
141,050
0
Restrooms
Recreation Park Racquetball
Fire
1,870
245,080
0
Court
Recreation Park Announcers
Fire
108
14,560
600
Booth
_
I
Camp Eucalyptus
Fire
225,630
30,600
Insulation Test House
Fire
1,400
157,300
0
Cable Building
Fire
X
836
109,150
98,500
Pressure Reduction Station
Fire
X
140,970
200,000
Storage Building
Fire
1,066
373,310
26,800
Totals
232,405
$62,568,800
$12,394,700
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 100
Worksheet 4 -2: City of El Segundo Estimated Loss - Structure and Contents of City Facilities
(Note: These estimates are based on an Earthquake on the Newport - Inglewood Fault (M 6.9) with a Peak Ground Acceleration of 55 %)
Name or
Structure
X
Percent
Structure
+
Replacement
X
Percent
Contents
Total
Description of
Replacement
Damage
Loss
Value of
Damage
Loss
(Structure +
Structure
Value
( %)
(S)
Contents
( %)
(S)
Contents)
(S)
(S)
9 -1 -1 Dispatch
Center
1,278,680
X
0.29
=
370,817
+
2,200,000
X
0.29
=
638,000
2,570,817
Police Station
6,107,370
X
0.29
=
1,771,137
+
1,067,100
X
0.29
=
309,459
2,838,237
Fire Station No. 1
4,291.110
X
0.29
=
1,244,421
+
235,700
X
0.29
=
68,353
1,480,121
City Hall
8,835,570
X
0.29
=
2,562,315
+
859,800
X
0.29
=
249,342
3,422,115
Fire Station No. 2
1,116,180
X
0.29
=
323,692
+
64,800
X
0.29
=
18,792
388,492
Water Department
Office and
Maintenance
Building
1,144,780
X
0.29
=
331,986
+
150,500
X
0.29
-
43,645
482,486
Reservoirs
9,596,200
X
N;K
=
N/K
+
N,K
X
N/K
-
N'K
N %K
Pump House A
483,100
X
0.29
=
140,099
366,200
X
0.29
=
106,198
506,299
Pump House B
258.480
X
0.29
=
74,959
+
250.000
X
0.29
-
72,500
324,959
Maintenance
Facility
Administration
1,434,480
X
0.29
=
415,999
192,400
X
0.29
=
55,796
608,399
Maintenance
i
Facility Shop
2,992,490
1 X
0.29
=
867,822
+
660,700
X
0.29
=
191,603
1,528,522
Maintenance
Facility Vehicle
Storage
1,219,220
X
0.29
=
353.573
+
242,300
X
0.29
=
70.267
595,8734
Maintenance
Facility
Warehouse
Storage
475,190
X
0.29
=
137,805
+
95,000
X
0.29
=
27,550
232,805
Library
3,818,980
X
0.29
=
1,107,504
+
1,453,300
X
0.29
=
421,457
2,560,804
Library Annex
4,042.010
X
0.29
=
1,172,182
+
1,548,000
X
0.29
=
448,920
2,720,183
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 101
Name or
Description of
Structure
Structure
Replacement
Value
(S)
X
Percent
Damage
( %)
Structure
Loss
(S)
+
Replacement
Value of
Contents
(S)
X
Percent
Damage
( %)
Contents
Loss
(S)
Total
(Structure +
Contents)
Urho Saari Swim
Stadium
3,884,050
X
0.29
=
1,126,374
+
. 109,400
X
0.29
=
31,726
1,235,774
Park Vista Senior
Housing 97
Apartment Units
NIX
X
N/K
=
N. K
+
WK
X
N: K
=
N K
N, K
Gordon Clubhouse
2,217,530
X
0.29
=
643,083
+
161,000
X
0.29
=
46,690
804,084
Joslyn Center
1.324,470
X
0.23
-
304,628
+
97,100
X
0.23
=
22,333
401,728
Pump Station 1
51,200
X
0.29
14,848
+
40,000
X
0.29
=
11,600
54,848
Pump Station 7
83,900
X
0.29
=
24,331
+
65,000
X
0.29
=
18,850
89,331
Pump Station 2
94,900
X
0.29
=
27,521
+
50,000
X
019
=
14,500
77,521
Pump Station 4
68,900
X
0.29
-
19,981
+
. 120,000
X
0.29
=
34,800
139,981
Pump Station
76,300
X
0.29
=
22,127
+
50,000
X
0.29
=
14,500
72,127
Pump Station 8
52,900
X
0.29
=
15,341
+
50,000
X
0.29
=
14,500
65,341
Pump Station 13
28,600
X
0.29
=
8,294
+
125,000
X
0.29
=
36,250
133,294
Pump Station 16
51,000
X
0.29
=
14,790
+
225,000
X
0.29
=
65,250
239,790
Pump Station 17
151,350
X
0.29
=
43,891
+
175,000
X
0.29
=
50,750
218,891
Pump Station 9
65,000
X
N/K
=
N'K
+
50,000
X
N. K
=
N/K
N:'K
Pump Station 5
109,700
X
0.23
=
25,231
+
50,000
X
0.23
=
11,500
75,231
Storm Drain Plant
18
1,379,790
X
0.29
=
400,139
+
750,000
X
0.29
=
217,500
1,150,139
Teen Center
1,045,270
X
0.29
=
303,128
+
75,900
X
0.29
=
22,011
379,028
Fire Station
#I Handball Court
164,530
X
0.29
=
47,714
+
N: K
X
0.29
=
N; K
NX
Fire Station #1
Hose Tower
32,700
X
0.29
=
9,483
+
N, K
X
0.29
=
N/K
N %K
Fire Station #)
Gym
85,000
X
0.23
=
19,550
+
15,000
X
0.23
=
3,450
34,550
Fire Training
Tower
325,530
X
0.29
=
94,403
+
N/K
X
0.29
=
N %K
N/K
Golf Course
Clubhouse
1,386,510
X
0.29
=
402,087
+
230,000
X
0.29
=
66,700
632,088
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 102
Name or
Structure
X
Percent
Structure
+
Replacement
X
Percent
Contents
Total
Description of
Replacement
Damage
Loss
Value of
Damage
Loss
(Structure +
Structure
Value
( %)
(S)
Contents
( %)
(S)
Contents)
(S)
(S)
Golf Course
Maintenance
223,770
X
0.29
=
64.893
+
75,400
X
0.29
=
21,866
140,29
Acacia Park Pool
Restrooms
28,700
X
N'K
=
N
+
N,K
X
N
=
N K
N
Hilltop Park Pool
Restrooms
144,300
X
0.29
=
41,847
+
N/K
X
0.29
=
N ,,K
N -K
Library Park
I
Bandstand
63,800
X
0.29
=
18,502
+
N K
X
0.29
=
N,K
N K
Recreation Park
Checkout Building
388,590
X
0.29
=
112,691
+
55,400
X
0.29
—
16,066
168,09
Elevator Tower
37,820
X
0.23
=
8,698
+
75,000
X
0.23
=
17,250
83,699
Recreation Park
Electrical
Distribution
Room, Shop,
Small Equipment
Garage, Restroom
204,300
X
0.23
=
46,989
+
N/K
X
0.23
=
N K
N %K
Recreation Park
Concession Stand
and Restrooms
106,650
X
0.29
=
30,928
+
8,200
X
0.29
—
2,378
39,128
Recreation Park
Hardball
Concession Stand
and Restrooms
190,850
X
0.29
=
55,346
+
N/K
X
0.29
=
N.'K
N- K
Recreation Park
Softball
Concession Stand
and Restrooms
141,050
X
0.29
=
40904
+
N/K
X
0.29
—
N:K
N/K
Rec Park
N/K
N/K
N, K
Racquetball Court
245,080
X
N. "K
=
N -K
+
N!K
X
=
Recreation Park
N/K
N K
N, K
Announcers Booth
14,560
X
N'K
=
N/K
+
600
X
=
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 103
Name or
Structure
X
Percent
Structure
+
Replacement
X
Percent
Contents
Total
Description of
Replacement
Damage
Loss
Value of
Damage
Loss
(Structure +
Structure
Value
( ° /.)
(S)
Contents
( %)
(S)
Contents)
(S)
(S)
Camp Eucalyptus
225,630
X
NiK
=
N/K
+
30,600
X
N;K
=
N;K
N'K
Insulation Test
House
157,300
X
0.29
=
45617
+
I N'K
X
0.29
=
N/K
NX
Cable Building
109,150
X
0.23
=
25104
+
98,500
X
0.23
=
22,655
123,604
Pressure Reduction
Station
140,970
X
=
0
1 +
200,000
X
N,K
=
N/K
N %K
Storage Building
373,310
X
0.29
=
108259
1 +
26,800
X
0.29
=
7,772
135,060
Total Loss to Structure and Contents
$26,753,739.00
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 1(A
Summary
Hazard mitigation strategies can reduce the impacts concentrated at large employment and
industrial centers, public infrastructure, and critical facilities. Hazard mitigation for industries
and employers may include developing relationships with emergency management services and
their employees before disaster strikes, and establishing mitigation strategies together.
Collaboration among the public and private sector to create mitigation plans and actions can
reduce the impacts of hazards.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 105
Figure 4 -1:
Ranking Your Hazards
It is important to keep in mind that your rankings should be
based on a hazard event that would overwhelm your jurisdiction's
ability to respond effectively.
For each hazard listed assign a score. Place a number in the appropriate box.
Identify any additional hazards for the jurisdiction at the end of the list labeled as "Other
Hazard."
Hazard
Score
I
An event of that magnitude is not
Flooding
likely to occur
2
There is a slight chance that an event
Windstorm
of that ma nitude will occur
3
It is possible that an event of that
Landslide
magnitude will occur
Wildfire
An event of that magnitude has
4
occurred here in the past and is likely
to occur again
5
There is a high probability that an
event of that magnitude will occur
Identify any additional hazards for the jurisdiction at the end of the list labeled as "Other
Hazard."
Hazard
Score
Earthquake
3
Flooding
3
Tsunami
3
Windstorm
3
Drought
1
Landslide
1
Wildfire
1
Technological and Human - Caused Hazards
3
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 106
SECTION 5: EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
Why Are Earthquakes a Threat to the City of El Segundo?
The City of El Segundo was impacted by the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake however data is not
available on the extent or values of the damages sustained by the City. It is known that the both
the El Segundo High School and the elementary school which is now known as Richmond Street
School suffered significant damages that resulted in the demolition and rebuilding of both
campuses.
The most recent significant earthquake event affecting Southern California was the January 17th
1994 Northridge Earthquake. At 4:31 A.M. on Monday, January 17, a moderate but very
damaging earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 struck the San Fernando Valley. In the following
days and weeks, thousands of aftershocks occurred, causing additional damage to affected
structures.
57 people were killed and more than 1,500 people seriously injured. For days afterward,
thousands of homes and businesses were without electricity; tens of thousands had no gas; and
nearly 50,000 had little or no water. Approximately 15,000 structures were moderately to
severely damaged, which left thousands of people temporarily homeless. 66,500 buildings were
inspected. Nearly 4,000 were severely damaged and over 11,000 were moderately damaged.
Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system.
Extensive damage was caused by ground shaking, but earthquake triggered liquefaction and
dozens of fires also caused additional severe damage. This extremely strong ground motion in
large portions of Los Angeles County resulted in record economic losses.
However, the earthquake occurred early in the morning on a holiday. This circumstance
considerably reduced the potential effects. Many collapsed buildings were unoccupied, and most
businesses were not yet open.
Historical and geological records show that California has a long history of seismic events.
Southern California is probably best known for the San Andreas Fault, a 400 mile long fault
running from the Mexican border to a point offshore, west of San Francisco. "Geologic studies
show that over the past 1,400 to 1,500 years large earthquakes have occurred at about 130 year
intervals on the Southern San Andreas Fault. As the last large earthquake on the Southern San
Andreas occurred in 1857, that section of the fault is considered a likely location for an
earthquake within the next few decades."
But San Andreas is only one of dozens of known earthquake faults that crisscross Southern
California. Some of the better known faults include the Newport- Inglewood, Whittier,
Chatsworth, Elsinore, Hollywood, Los Alamitos, Puente Hills, and Palos Verdes Faults. Beyond
the known faults, there are a potentially large number of "blind" faults that underlie the surface of
Southern California. One such blind fault was involved in the October 1987 Whittier Narrows
Earthquake.
Although the most famous of the faults, the San Andreas, is capable of producing an earthquake
with a moment magnitude of greater than 8, some of the "lesser" faults have the potential to
inflict greater damage on the urban core of Southern California. Seismologists believe that local
faults such as the Newport- Inglewood Fault or the Palos Verdes Fault could potentially inflict
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 107
greater damage on El Segundo than certain scenarios of ground rupture on the more distant San
Andreas Fault.
Tremendous earthquake mapping and mitigation efforts have been made in California in the past
two decades, and public awareness has risen remarkably during this time. Major federal, state,
and local government agencies and private organizations support earthquake risk reduction, and
have made significant contributions in reducing the adverse impacts of earthquakes. Despite the
progress, the majority of California communities remain unprepared because there is a general
lack of understanding regarding earthquake hazards among Californians.
Table 5 -1: Earthquake Events in the Southern California Region
(Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
To better understand the earthquake hazard, the scientific community has looked at historical
records and accelerated research on those faults that are the sources of the earthquakes occurring
in the Southern California region. Historical earthquake records can generally be divided into
records of the pre - instrumental period and the instrumental period. In the absence of
instrumentation, the detection of earthquakes is based on observations and felt reports, and are
dependent upon population density and distribution. Since California was sparsely populated in
the 1800s, the detection of pre - instrumental earthquakes is relatively difficult. However, two
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 108
Southern California Region Earthquakes with a Magnitude 5.0 or Greater
1769
Los Angeles Basin
1916
Tejon Pass Region
1800
San Diego Region
1918
San Jacinto
1812
Wrightwood
1923
San Bernardino Region
1812
Santa Barbara Channel
1925
Santa Barbara
1827
Los Angeles Region
1933
Long Beach
1855
Los Angeles Region
1941
Carpenteria
1857
Great Fort Tejon
1952
Kern County
1858
San Bernardino Region
1954
West of Wheeler Ridge
1862
Old Town San Diego
1971
San Fernando
1892
San Jacinto /Elsinore Fault
1973
Point Mugu
1893
Pico Canyon
1986
Coastal San Diego
1894
Lytle Creek Region
1986
North Palm Springs
1894
East of San Diego
1987
Whittier Narrows
1899
Lytle Creek Region
1992
Landers
1899
San Jacinto and Hemet
1992
Big Bear
1907
San Bernardino Region
1994
Northridge
1910
Glen Ivy Hot Springs
1999
Hector Mine
To better understand the earthquake hazard, the scientific community has looked at historical
records and accelerated research on those faults that are the sources of the earthquakes occurring
in the Southern California region. Historical earthquake records can generally be divided into
records of the pre - instrumental period and the instrumental period. In the absence of
instrumentation, the detection of earthquakes is based on observations and felt reports, and are
dependent upon population density and distribution. Since California was sparsely populated in
the 1800s, the detection of pre - instrumental earthquakes is relatively difficult. However, two
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 108
very large earthquakes, the Fort Tejon in 1857 (M7.9) and the Owens Valley in 1872 (M7.6) are
evidence of the tremendously damaging potential of earthquakes in Southern California. In more
recent times two M7.3 earthquakes struck Southern California, in Kern County (1952) and
Landers (1992). The damage from these four large earthquakes was limited because they
occurred in areas which were sparsely populated at the time they happened. The seismic risk is
much more severe today than in the past because the population at risk is in the millions, rather
than a few hundred or a few thousand persons.
History of Earthquake Events in Southern California
Since seismologists started recording and measuring earthquakes, there have been tens of
thousands of recorded earthquakes in Southern California, most with a magnitude below three.
No community in Southern California is beyond the reach of a damaging earthquake. Table 5 -1
describes the historical earthquake events that have affected Southern California.
Measuring and Describing Earthquakes
An earthquake is a sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated
within or along the edge of the Earth's tectonic plates. The effects of an earthquake can be felt far
beyond the site of its occurrence. They usually occur without warning and, after just a few
seconds, can cause massive damage and extensive casualties. Common effects of earthquakes are
ground motion and shaking, surface fault ruptures, and ground failure. Ground motion is the
vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault ruptures, seismic waves
radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of the vibration increases with the amount of
energy released and decreases with distance from the causative fault or epicenter. Soft soils can
further amplify ground motions. The severity of these effects is dependent on the amount of
energy released from the fault or epicenter. One way to express an earthquake's severity is to
compare its acceleration to the normal acceleration due to gravity. The acceleration due to
gravity is often called "g ". A ground motion with a peak ground acceleration of 100 %g is very
severe. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is a measure of the strength of ground motion. PGA is
used to project the risk of damage from future earthquakes by showing earthquake ground
motions that have a specified probability (10 %, 5 %, or 2 %) of being exceeded in 50 years. These
ground motion values are used for reference in construction design for earthquake resistance.
The ground motion values can also be used to assess relative hazard between sites, when making
economic and safety decisions. Another tool used to describe earthquake intensity is the
Magnitude Scale. The Magnitude Scale is sometimes referred to as the Richter Scale. The two
are similar but not exactly the same. The Magnitude Scale was devised as a means of rating
earthquake strength and is an indirect measure of seismic energy released. The Scale is
logarithmic with each one -point increase corresponding to a 10 -fold increase in the amplitude of
the seismic shock waves generated by the earthquake. In terms of actual energy released,
however, each one -point increase on the Richter scale corresponds to about a 32 -fold increase in
energy released. Therefore, a magnitude 7 (M7) earthquake is 100 times (10 X 10) more
powerful than a M5 earthquake and releases 1,024 times (32 X 32) the energy. An earthquake
generates different types of seismic shock waves that travel outward from the focus or point of
rupture on a fault. Seismic waves that travel through the earth's crust are called body waves and
are divided into primary (P) and secondary (S) waves. Because P waves move faster (1.7 times)
than S waves they arrive at the seismograph first. By measuring the time delay between arrival of
the P and S waves and knowing the distance to the epicenter, seismologists can compute the
magnitude for the earthquake.
The Modified Mercalli Scale (MMI) is another means for rating earthquakes, but one that
attempts to quantify intensity of ground shaking. Intensity under this scale is a function of
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 109
distance from the epicenter (the closer to the epicenter the greater the intensity), ground
acceleration, duration of ground shaking, and degree of structural damage. This rates the level of
severity of an earthquake by the amount of damage and perceived shaking (Table 5 -2).
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 110
Table 5 -2: Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
MMI
Description
Summary Damage
Full Description
Value
of
Description Used
Shaking
on 1995 Maps
Severity
I
Not Felt
II
Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or
favorably laced.
III
Felt indoors. Hanging objects swing. Vibration
like passing of light trucks. Duration estimated.
May not be recognized as an earthquake.
IV
Hanging objects swing. Vibration like passing
of heavy trucks; or sensation of a jolt like a
heavy ball striking the walls. Standing
motorcars rock. Windows, dishes, doors rattle.
In the upper range of IV, wooden walls and
frame creak.
V
Light
Pictures Move
Felt outdoors; direction estimated. Sleepers
wakened. Liquids disturbed, some spilled.
Small unstable objects displaced or upset.
Doors swing, close, open. Shutters, pictures
move. Pendulum clock stop, start, change rate.
VI
Moderate
Objects Fall
Felt by all. Many frightened and run outdoors.
Persons walk unsteadily. Windows, dishes,
glassware broken. Knickknacks, books, etc.,
off shelves. Pictures off walls. Furniture moved
or overturned. Weak plaster and masonry D
cracked.
VII
Strong
Nonstructural
Difficult to stand. Noticed by drivers of
Damage
motorcars. Hanging objects quiver. Furniture
broken. Damage to masonry D, including
cracks. Weak chimneys broken at roofline. Fall
of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices.
Some cracks in masonry C. Small slides and
caving in along sand or gravel banks. Concrete
irrigation ditches damaged.
VIII
Very Strong
Moderate Damage
Steering of motorcars affected. Damage to
masonry C, partial collapse. Some damage to
masonry B; none to masonry A. Fall of stucco
and some masonry walls. Twisting, fall of
chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers,
and elevated tanks. Frame houses moved on
foundations if not bolted down; loose panel
walls thrown out. Cracks in wet ground and on
steep slopes.
IX
Very Violent
Extreme Damage
Most masonry and frame structures destroyed
with their foundations. Some well -built
wooden structures and bridges
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 111
MMI
Description
Summary Damage
Full Description
Value
of
Description Used
Shaking
on 1995 Maps
Severity
destroyed. Serious damage to dams, dikes,
embankments. Large landslides. Water thrown
on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, etc. Sand and
mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat
land.
X
Rails bent greatly. Underground pipelines
completely out of services.
XII
Damage nearly total. Large rock masses
displaced. Lines of sight and level distorted.
Objects thrown into air.
Figure 5 -1: Causes and Characteristics of Earthquakes in Southern California
Earthquake Faults
A fault is a fracture along between blocks of the earth's crust where either side moves relative to
the other along a parallel plane to the fracture.
Strike -slip
Strike -slip faults are vertical or almost vertical rifts where the ►.
earth's plates move mostly horizontally. From the observer's
perspective, if the opposite block looking across the fault moves � '�`
to the right, the slip style is called a right lateral fault; if the
block moves left, the shift is called a left lateral fault.
Dip -slip
Dip -slip faults are slanted fractures where the blocks mostly shift
vertically. If the earth above an inclined fault moves down, the
fault is called a normal fault, but when the rock above the fault
moves up, the fault is called a reverse fault.
Thrust faults
Thrust faults have a reverse fault with a dip of 45 ° or less.
Dr. Kerry Sieh of Cal Tech has investigated the San Andreas
Fault at Pallett Creek. "The record at Pallett Creek shows that rupture has recurred about every
130 years, on average, over the past 1500 years. But actual intervals have varied greatly, from
less than 50 years to more than 300. The physical cause of such irregular recurrence remains
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 112
unknown." Damage from a great quake on the San Andreas would be widespread throughout
Southern California.
Earthquake Related Hazards
Ground shaking, landslides, liquefaction, and amplification are the specific hazards associated
with earthquakes. The severity of these hazards depends on several factors, including soil and
slope conditions, proximity to the fault, earthquake magnitude, and the type of earthquake.
Ground Shaking
Ground shaking is the motion felt on the earth's surface caused by seismic waves generated by the
earthquake. It is the primary cause of earthquake damage. The strength of ground shaking
depends on the magnitude of the earthquake, the type of fault, and distance from the epicenter
(where the earthquake originates). Buildings on poorly consolidated and thick soils will typically
see more damage than buildings on consolidated soils and bedrock.
Earthquake - Induced Landslides
Earthquake- induced landslides are secondary earthquake hazards that occur from ground shaking.
They can destroy the roads, buildings, utilities, and other critical facilities necessary to respond
and recover from an earthquake. Many communities in Southern California have a high
likelihood of encountering such risks, especially in areas with steep slopes.
Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state
to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight.
Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these buildings
and structures. Many communities in Southern California are built on ancient river bottoms and
have sandy soil. In some cases this ground may be subject to liquefaction, depending on the
depth of the water table.
Amplification
Soils and soft sedimentary rocks near the earth's surface can modify ground shaking caused by
earthquakes. One of these modifications is amplification. Amplification increases the magnitude
of the seismic waves generated by the earthquake. The amount of amplification is influenced by
the thickness of geologic materials and their physical properties. Buildings and structures built
on soft and unconsolidated soils can face greater risk. Amplification can also occur in areas with
deep sediment filled basins and on ridge tops.
Earthquake Hazard Assessment
Hazard Identification
The 2007 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (WGCEP 2007), a multi-
disciplinary collaboration of scientists and engineers, has released the Uniform California
Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF), the first comprehensive framework for comparing
earthquake likelihoods throughout all of California. In developing the UCERF, the 2007
Working Group revised earlier forecasts for Southern California (WGCEP 1995) and the San
Francisco Bay Area (WGCEP 2003) by incorporating new data on active faults and an improved
scientific understanding of how faults rupture to produce large earthquakes. It extended the
forecast across the entire state using a uniform methodology, allowing for the first time
meaningful comparisons of earthquake probabilities in urbanized areas such as Los Angeles and
San Francisco Bay Area, as well as comparisons among the large faults in different parts of the
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 113
State. The study was organized by the Southern California Earthquake Center, the U.S.
Geological Survey, and the California Geological Survey, and it received major support from
the California Earthquake Authority, which is responsible for setting earthquake insurance
rates statewide. According to the new forecast, California has a 99.7% chance of having a
magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake during the next 30 years. The likelihood of an even more
powerful quake of magnitude 7.5 or greater in the next 30 years is 46 %. Map 5 -1: Earthquake
Probabilities for California illustrates the probability that an earthquake of various magnitudes
will occur in California within 30 years. Such a quake is more likely to occur in the southern half
of the State, 37% chance in 30 years, than in the northern half, 15% chance in 30 years. The
probability of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake over the next 30 years striking the greater Los
Angeles area is 67 %. For the entire California region, the fault with the highest probability of
generating at least one magnitude 6.7 quake or larger is the southern San Andreas, 59% in the
next 30 years. Map 5 -2: Earthquake Probabilities of Major California Faults illustrates the
probability that a rupture of a major fault will occur within California that will result in an
earthquake of a magnitude 6.7 or greater within 30 years (Southern California Earthquake Data
Center).
Map 5 -3: Southern California Earthquake Faults plots the various major faults in Southern
California.
In California, many agencies are focused on seismic safety issues: the State's Seismic Safety
Commission, the Applied Technology Council, Governor's Office of Emergency Services,
United States Geological Survey, Cal Tech, the California Geological Survey as well as a number
of universities and private foundations.
These organizations, in partnership with other state and federal agencies, have undertaken a
rigorous program in California to identify seismic hazards and risks including active fault
identification, bedrock shaking, tsunami inundation zones, ground motion amplification,
liquefaction, and earthquake induced landslides. Seismic hazard maps have been published and
are available for many communities in California through the State Division of Mines and
Geology.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 114
Map 5 -1: Earthquake Probabilities for California
(Source: www.scec.org /uceri)
CALIFORNIA AREA
EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES
Magnitude 30 -Year Probability
" Probabilities do not include the
Cascadia Subduction Zone.
ELM
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 115
Map 5 -2: Earthquake Probabilities of Major California Faults
(Source: www.seec.org /ucerf)
CALIFORNIA FAULTS
Probability of M2:6.7 Earthquakes
S. San Andreas
sax
�Ha rward -R ers Creek
� 31%
San Jacinto
six
N. San Andreas
21%
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 116
Map 5 -3: Southern California Earthquake Fault Map
Southern California
Earthquake Fault Map
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 117
In California, each earthquake is followed by revisions and improvements in the Building Codes.
1933 Long Beach Earthquake resulted in the Field Act, affecting school construction. The 1971
Sylmar Earthquake brought another set of increased structural standards. Similar re- evaluations
occurred after the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and 1994 Northridge Earthquake. These code
changes have resulted in stronger and more earthquake resistant structures.
The Alquist - Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act was passed in 1972 to mitigate the hazard of
surface faulting to structures for human occupancy. This state law was a direct result of the 1971
San Fernando Earthquake, which was associated with extensive surface fault ruptures that
damaged numerous homes, commercial buildings, and other structures. Surface rupture is the
most easily avoided seismic hazard.
The Seismic Hazards Mapping Act, passed in 1990, addresses non- surface fault rupture
earthquake hazards, including liquefaction and seismically induced landslides. The State
Department of Conservation operates the Seismic Mapping Program for California. Extensive
information is available at their website: http: / /gmw.consrv.ca.pov /shmp /index.htm
Vulnerability Assessment
The effects of earthquakes span a large area, and large earthquakes occurring in many parts of the
Southern California region would probably be felt throughout the region. However, the degree to
which the earthquakes are felt, and the damages associated with them may vary. At risk from
earthquake damage are large stocks of old buildings and bridges: many high tech and hazardous
materials facilities: extensive sewer, water, and natural gas pipelines; earth dams; petroleum
pipelines; and other critical facilities and private property located in the county. The relative or
secondary earthquake hazards, which are liquefaction, ground shaking, amplification, and
earthquake- induced landslides, can be just as devastating as the earthquake.
The California Geological Survey has identified areas most vulnerable to liquefaction.
Liquefaction occurs when ground shaking causes wet granular soils to change from a solid state
to a liquid state. This results in the loss of soil strength and the soil's ability to support weight.
Buildings and their occupants are at risk when the ground can no longer support these buildings
and structures. Map 5 -4 identifies areas in the vicinity that are subject to liquefaction and
landslides associated with earthquake activities.
The City of El Segundo has facilities near liquefaction zones as shown on Map 5 -4:
Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide - Induced Areas in the City of El Segundo. The only
liquefaction prone areas within El Segundo are located in the coastal area at the west side of the
City.
Several major active faults exist in Los Angeles County, including the San Andres, Newport
Inglewood, Elsinore, San Jacinto, Whittier, and Norwalk. The Newport Inglewood Fault and the
Palos Verdes Fault are considered to be the greatest potential threat to El Segundo, due to its
proximity to the City. (Southern California Earthquake Data Center).
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 118
Map 54: Liquefaction and Earthquake Landslide- Induced Areas in the City of El Segundo
(Source: http: / /gmw.consrv.ca.gov /shmp /htmi/pdf maps_so.html)
(Key: Blue line indicates faults, green checkered indicates soft soils prone to liquefaction, red
indicates high liquefaction, green indicates moderate liquefaction, and grey indicates
low
liquefaction)
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V P v
too
kr 1. ..�... -`
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 119
Map 5 -5: Seismic Shaking Intensities for the Newport - Inglewood Fault
(Source: http: / /www.consrv.ca.gov /cgs /rghm/loss /index.htm)
-- Earthquake Planning Scenario- -
Rapid Instrumental Intensity Map for Newport - Inglewood M5 9 Scenario
Smrwio Dale Fn Aug 3 2001 05 00 W AM POT M 6 9 M3 78 W118 13 Depth 6 Okm
34 5'
34'
33 5'
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Risk Analysis
Risk analysis is the third phase of a hazard assessment. Risk analysis involves estimating the damage and
costs likely to be experienced in a geographic area over a period of time. Factors included in assessing
earthquake risk include population and property distribution in the hazard area, the frequency of
earthquake events, landslide susceptibility, buildings, infrastructure, and disaster preparedness of the
region. This type of analysis can generate estimates of the damages to the region due to an earthquake
event in a specific location. FEMA's software program, HAZUS, uses mathematical formulas and
information about building stock, local geology and the location and size of potential earthquakes,
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 120
economic data, and other information to estimate losses from a potential earthquake. The HAZUS
software is available from FEMA at no cost.
For greater Southern California there are multiple worst case scenarios, depending on which fault might
rupture, and which communities are in proximity to the fault. But damage will not necessarily be limited
to immediately adjoining communities. Depending on the hypocenter of the earthquake, seismic waves
may be transmitted through the ground to unsuspecting communities. In the 1994 Northridge Earthquake,
Santa Monica suffered extensive damage, even though there was a range of mountains between it and the
origin of the earthquake.
Damages for a large earthquake almost anywhere in Southern California are likely to run into the billions
of dollars. Although building codes are some of the most stringent in the world, ten's of thousands of
older existing buildings were built under much less rigid codes. California has laws affecting un-
reinforced masonry buildings (URM's) and although many building owners have retrofitted their
buildings, hundreds of pre- I933 buildings still have not been brought up to current standards. The City of
El Segundo has 14 un- reinforced masonry commercial buildings which have all been retrofitted. These
buildings are located primarily in the "Old Town" area in the 100 -300 blocks of Richmond Street and
Virginia Street.
Non - structural bracing of equipment and contents is often the most cost - effective type of seismic
mitigation. Inexpensive bracing and anchoring may be the most cost effective way to protect expensive
equipment. Non - structural bracing of equipment and furnishings will also reduce the chance of injury for
the occupants of a building.
City Earthquake Issues
What is Susceptible to Earthquakes?
Earthquake damage occurs because humans have built structures that cannot withstand severe shaking.
Buildings, airports, schools, and lifelines (highways and utility lines) suffer damage in earthquakes and
can cause death or injury to humans. The welfare of homes, major businesses, and public infrastructure is
very important. Addressing the reliability of buildings, critical facilities, and infrastructure, and
understanding the potential costs to government, businesses, and individuals as a result of an earthquake,
are challenges faced by the region.
Dams
There are a total of 103 dams in Los Angeles County, owned by various agencies. These dams hold
billions of gallons of water in reservoirs. Releases of water from the major reservoirs are designed to
protect Southern California from flood waters and to store domestic water. Seismic activity can
compromise the dam structures, and the resultant flooding could cause catastrophic flooding. Following
the 1971 Sylmar Earthquake the Lower Van Norman Dam showed signs of structural compromise, and
tens of thousands of persons had to be evacuated until the dam could be drained. The dam has never been
refilled.
El Segundo is not downstream of any dams or major water reservoirs.
Buildings
The built environment is susceptible to damage from earthquakes. Buildings that collapse can trap and
bury people. Lives are at risk and the cost to clean up the damages is great. In most California
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 121
communities, including the City of El Segundo, many buildings were built before 1993 when building
codes were not as strict. City structures are built in compliance with State of California building
standards, not those controlled by the local jurisdictions.
Retrofitting of critical facilities was mandated back in 1990. To date, the City has retrofitted 100% of
City owned proposed structures. Given the retrofitting program, the number of buildings at risk has been
decreased significantly. The California Seismic Safety Commission makes annual reports on the progress
of the retrofitting of un- reinforced masonry buildings.
Infrastructure and Communication
Residents in the City of El Segundo commute frequently by automobiles and public transportation such as
buses and light rail. An earthquake can greatly damage bridges and roads, hampering emergency
response efforts and the normal movement of people and goods. Damaged infrastructure strongly affects
the economy of the community because it disconnects people from work, school, food, and leisure, and
separates businesses from their customers and suppliers.
Damage to Lifelines
Lifelines are the connections between communities and outside services. They include water and gas
lines, transportation systems, electricity, and communication networks. Ground shaking and
amplification can cause pipes to break open, power lines to fall, roads and railways to crack or move, and
radio and telephone communication to cease. Disruption to transportation makes it especially difficult to
bring in supplies or services. Lifelines need to be usable after earthquake to allow for rescue, recovery,
and rebuilding efforts and to relay important information to the public.
Disruption of Critical Services
Critical facilities include police stations, fire stations, hospitals, shelters, and other facilities that provide
important services to the City. These facilities and their services need to be functional after an earthquake
event. See Section 4: Risk Assessment for critical and essential facilities vulnerable to earthquakes.
Businesses
Seismic activity can cause great loss to businesses, both large -scale corporations and small retail shops.
When a company is forced to stop production for just a day, the economic loss can be tremendous,
especially when its market is at a national or global level. Seismic activity can create economic loss that
presents a burden to large and small shop owners who may have difficulty recovering from their losses.
These closures can also have a significant impact on local school districts.
Forty percent of businesses do not reopen after a disaster and another twenty -five percent fail within one
year according to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Similar statistics from the
United States Small Business Administration indicate that over ninety percent of businesses fail within
two years after being struck by a disaster. These businesses could easily be providers of services to the
City. These disruptions would also impact the City.
Individual Preparedness
Because the potential for earthquake occurrences and earthquake related property damage is relatively
high in the City of El Segundo, increasing individual preparedness is a significant need. Strapping down
heavy furniture, water heaters, and expensive personal property, as well as being earthquake insured, and
anchoring buildings to foundations are just a few steps individuals can take to prepare for an earthquake.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 122
Death and Injury
Death and injury can occur both inside and outside of buildings due to collapsed buildings, falling
equipment, furniture, debris, and structural materials. Downed power lines and broken water and gas
lines can also endanger human life.
Fire
Downed power lines or broken gas mains may trigger fires. When fire stations suffer building or lifeline
damage, quick response to extinguish fires is less likely. Furthermore, major incidents will demand a
larger share of resources, and initially smaller fires and problems will receive little or insufficient
resources in the initial hours after a major earthquake event. Loss of electricity may cause a loss of water
pressure in some communities, further hampering fire fighting ability.
Debris
After damage to a variety of structures, much time is spent cleaning up bricks, glass, wood, steel or
concrete building elements, office and home contents, and other materials. Developing a strong debris
management strategy is essential in post- disaster recovery. Disasters do not exempt the City of El
Segundo from compliance with AB 939 regulations.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 123
SECTION 6: FLOOD HAZARDS
Why are Floods a Threat to the City of El Segundo?
Urban flooding could pose a threat to life and safety, and possibly can cause damage to public and private
property. There is potential for localized flooding in natural depressions within the City's sand dune
topography. Coastal flooding could also potentially impact a small portion of the City coastline area
located generally between Grand Avenue and 45th Street. The City of El Segundo has not had a major
flood event since the area was first settled in the 19`' century.
History of Flooding in the City of El Segundo
Although the National Flood Insurance Program ranks the majority of the City of El Segundo as a Zone
"X", or area of minimal flood hazard outside the 0.2% annual chance floodplain, it is still susceptible to
urban flooding. The main source of flooding for the City is from localized urban flooding caused by
severe weather. This flooding is prevalent in natural depressions within the sand dune topography. A
small portion of the City located on the coastline has been determined by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency to be in a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) Zone "A" which is subject to
inundation by the I% annual chance flood.
Historic Flooding in Los Angeles County
Historic Flooding in Los Angeles County Records show that since 1811, the Los Angeles River has
flooded 30 times, on average once every 6.1 years. But averages are deceiving, for the Los Angeles basin
goes through periods of drought and then periods of above average rainfall. Between 1889 and 1891 the
river flooded every year, from 1941 to 1945, the river flooded 5 times. Conversely, from 1896 to 1914, a
and again from 1944 to 1969, a period of 25 years, the river did not have serious floods.
Average annual precipitation in Los Angeles County ranges from 13 inches on the coast to approximately
40 inches on the highest point of the Peninsular Mountain Range that transects the county. Several
factors determine the severity of floods, including rainfall intensity and duration. A large amount of
rainfall over a short time span can result in flash flood conditions. A sudden thunderstorm or heavy rain,
dam failure, or sudden spills can cause flash flooding. The National Weather Service's definition of a
flash flood is a flood occurring in a watershed where the time of travel of the peak of flow from one end
of the watershed to the other is less than six hours.
Table 6-1: Historical Records of Large Floods in Los Angeles County
(Source: http: / /www4.ncdc.noaa.gov /cgi- win/ wwcgi .dll ?wwevent— ShowEvent— l92429)
Date
Loss
Source of Estimate
Comments
Estimation
1995
$50 million
National Oceanic and
Flash Flood
Atmospheric Association
1995
$50 thousand
National Oceanic and
Flood/Flash Flood
Atmospheric Association
2005
$1 million
National Oceanic and
Flash Flood
Atmospheric Association
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 124
Naturally, this rainfall moves rapidly downstream, often with severe consequences for anything in its
path. In extreme cases, flood - generated debris flows will roar down a canyon at speeds near 40 miles per
hour with a wall of mud, debris and water many feet high.
In Southern California, stories of floods, debris flows, persons buried alive under tons of mud and rock
and persons swept away to their death in a river flowing at thirty -five miles an hour are without end.
What Factors Create Flood Risk?
Flooding occurs when climate, geology, and hydrology combine to create conditions where water flows
outside of its usual course.
Winter Rainfall
Over the last 125 years, the average annual rainfall in the region is 15 inches. But the term "average"
means very little because there is a fluctuation rate in the coastal rains as high as thirty percent in forty -
five out of every one hundred years, which is coupled with a highly seasonal rainfall pattern with only
fifteen percent falling during the hottest six months of the year.
Monsoons
Another relatively regular source for heavy rainfall, particularly in nearby mountains and foothills is from
summer tropical storms. Table 6 -2 lists tropical storms that have had significant rainfall in the past
century, and the general areas affected by these storms. These tropical storms usually coincide with El
Nino years.
Table 6 -2: Tropical Cyclones of Southern California
(Source: http:// i% �% ".fema.gov /nwz97 /ein_scal.shtm)
Month-
Year
Date(s)
Area(s) Affected
Rainfall
July 1902
20th and 2151
Deserts and Southern Mountains
up to 2"
Aug. 1906
18th and 19th
Deserts and Southern Mountains
up to 5"
Sept. 1910
15th
Mountains of Santa Barbara County
2"
Aug. 1921
20th and 21 st
Deserts and Southern Mountains
up to 2"
Sept. 1921
30th
Deserts
up to 4"
Sept. 1929
18th
Southern Mountains and Deserts
up to 4"
Sept. 1932
28'h -Oct 1 st
Mountains and Deserts, 15 Fatalities
up to 7"
Aug. 1935
25th
Southern Valleys, Mountains and Deserts
up to 2"
Sept. 1939
4th - 7th
Southern Mountains, Southern and Eastern
Deserts
up to 7"
11th and 12th
Deserts, Central and Southern Mountains
up to 4"
19th - 21 st
Deserts, Central and Southern Mountains
up to 3"
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 125
Month-
Year
Date(s)
Area(s) Affected
Rainfall
25th
Long Beach, W/ Sustained Winds of 50 Mph
5"
Surrounding Mountains
6 to 12"
Sept. 1945
9th and 10th
Central and Southern Mountains
up to 2"
Sept. 1946
30th - Oct 1 st
Southern Mountains
up to 4"
Aug. 1951
27th - 29th
Southern Mountains and Deserts
2 to 5"
Sept. 1952
19th - 21st
Central and Southern Mountains
up to 2"
July 1954
17th - 19th
Deserts and Southern Mountains
up to 2"
July 1958
28th and 29th
Deserts and Southern Mountains
up to 2"
Sept. 1960
9th and 10th
Julian
3.40"
Sept. 1963
l7th - 19th
Central and Southern Mountains
up to 7"
Sept. 1967
1st - 3rd
Southern Mountains and Deserts
21
1972
6th
Southeast Deserts
up to 2"
Sept. 1976
10th and 1 l th
Central and Southern Mountains. Ocotillo, CA
was Destroyed 3 Fatalities
6 to 12"
Aug. 1977
n/a
Los Angeles
2"
Mountains
up to 8"
Oct. 1977
6th and 7th
Southern Mountains and Deserts
up to 2"
Sept. 1978
5th and 6th
Mountains
3"
Sept. 1982
24th - 26th
Mountains
up to 4"
Sept. 1983
20th and 21 st
Southern Mountains and Deserts
up to 3"
Geography and Geology
The greater Southern California region is the product of rainstorms and erosion for millennia. "Most of
the mountains that ring the valleys and coastal plain are deeply fractured faults and, as they (the
mountains) grew taller, their brittle slopes were continually eroded. Rivers and streams carried boulders,
rocks, gravel, sand, and silt down these slopes to the valleys and coastal plain .... In places these sediments
are as much as twenty thousand feet thick"
Much of the coastal plain rests on the ancient rock debris and sediment washed down from the mountains.
This sediment can act as a sponge, absorbing vast quantities of rain in those years when heavy rains
follow a dry period. But like a sponge that is near saturation, the same soil fills up rapidly when a heavy
rain follows a period of relatively wet weather. So even in some years of heavy rain, flooding is minimal
because the ground is relatively dry. The same amount of rain following a wet period of time can cause
extensive flooding.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 126
As a region, the majority of buildable portions of Los Angeles County are developed. This leaves very
little open land to absorb rainfall. This lack of open ground forces water to remain on the surface and
rapidly accumulate. If it were not for flood control systems including concrete lined river and stream
beds, flooding would be a much more common occurrence. In -fill building is becoming a much more
common practice in many areas. Developers tear down an older home which typically covers up to 40%
of the lot size and replacing it with three or four town homes or apartments which may cover 90 -95% of
the lot.
Another potential source of flooding is "asphalt creep." The street space between the curbs of a street is a
part of the flood control system. Water leaves property and accumulates in the streets, where it is directed
towards the underground portion of the flood control system. The carrying capacity of the street is
determined by the width of the street and the height of the curbs along the street. Often, when streets are
being resurfaced, a one to two inch layer of asphalt is laid down over the existing asphalt. This added
layer of asphalt subtracts from the rated capacity of the street to carry water. Thus the original engineered
capacity of the entire storm drain system is marginally reduced over time. Subsequent re- paving of the
street will further reduce the engineered capacity even more.
Flood Terminology
Floodplain
A floodplain is a land area adjacent to a river, stream, lake, estuary, or other water body that is subject to
flooding. This area, if left undisturbed, acts to store excess flood water. The floodplain is made up of two
sections: the floodway and the flood fringe.
100 -Year Flood
The 100 -year flooding event is the flood having a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in magnitude
in any given year. Contrary to popular belief, it is not a flood occurring once every 100 years. The 100 -
year floodplain is the area adjoining a river, stream, or watercourse covered by water in the event of a
100 -year flood. Schematic 6 -1 Floodplain shows the relationship of the floodplain and the floodway.
The coastal area of E1 Segundo deemed to be a Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA) in Zone "A" is subject
to inundation by the I% annual chance flood.
Schematic 6 -1: Floodplain and Floodway
(Source: FEMA How -To -Guide Assessing Hazards)
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 127
Map 6-1: Floodplains in Los Angeles County — Area G
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 128
— Am" Cdop
bna►nar ManapM+am Aaa G
FEYA Fbod AUY»
L*99n
50'fau Food
Flan
1000 ION Pool
Platy
100 Was Fbod
PLrn
500 Saar Fkod
Flaw
1000 ION Pool
Platy
Map 6-2: Flood Insurance Rate Map Los Angeles County, California and Incorporated Areas
Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency, National Flood Insurance Program
Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan - 129
FIRM
Y
Floodway
The floodway is one of two main sections that make up the floodplain. Floodways are defined for
regulatory purposes. Unlike floodplains, floodways do not reflect a recognizable geologic
feature. For NFIP purposes, floodways are defined as the channel of a river or stream, and the
overbank areas adjacent to the channel. The floodway carries the bulk of the flood water
downstream and is usually the area where water velocities and forces are the greatest. NFIP
regulations require that the floodway be kept open and free from development or other structures
that would obstruct or divert flood flows onto other properties.
The City of El Segundo regulations prohibit all development in the floodway. The NFIP
floodway definition is "the channel of a river or other watercourse and adjacent land areas that
must be reserved in order to discharge the base flood without cumulatively increasing the water
surface elevation more than one foot. Floodways are not mapped for all rivers and streams but
are generally mapped in developed areas.
Base Flood Elevation (BFE)
The term "Base Flood Elevation" refers to the elevation (normally measured in feet above sea
level) that the base flood is expected to reach. Base flood elevations can be set at levels other
than the 100 -year flood. Some communities use higher frequency flood events as their base flood
elevation for certain activities, while using lower frequency events for others. For example, for
the purpose of storm water management, a 25 -year flood event might serve as the base flood
elevation; while the 500 -year flood event may serve as base flood elevation for the tie down of
mobile homes. The regulations of the NFIP focus on development in the 100 -year floodplain.
Characteristics of Flooding
There are several types of flooding that could affect the City: coastal, urban, and reservoir failure
(see descriptions below). In addition, any low -lying areas have a potential for ponding. The
flooding of developed areas may occur when the amount of water generated from rainfall and
runoff exceeds a storm water system's capability to remove it.
Urban Flooding
As land is converted from fields or woodlands to roads and parking lots, it loses its ability to
absorb rainfall. Urbanization of a watershed changes the hydrologic systems of the basin. Heavy
rainfall collects and flows faster on impervious concrete and asphalt surfaces. The water moves
from the clouds, to the ground, and into streams at a much faster rate in urban areas. Adding
these elements to the hydrological systems can result in flood waters that rise very rapidly and
peak with violent force.
The City of El Segundo has a high concentration of impermeable surfaces that either collect
water, or concentrate the flow of water in unnatural channels. During periods of urban flooding,
streets can become swift moving rivers and basements can fill with water. Storm drains often
back up with vegetative debris causing additional, localized flooding. There are also localized
areas of potential for frequent flooding in natural depressions within the sand dune topography.
Another possible source of urban flooding could result from damage to the two in- ground
concrete reservoirs and one steel elevated water tank containing 9.6 million gallons that are
located in the 300 block of Lomita Street.
Coastal Flooding
Low lying coastal communities of Southern California have one other source of flooding, coastal
flooding. This occurs most often during storms which bring higher than normal tides. Storms,
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 130
the time of year and the tidal cycle can sometimes work to bring much higher than normal tides
which cause flooding in low lying coastal areas. This hazard however is limited to those areas.
What is the Effect of Development on Floods?
When structures or fill are placed in the floodway or floodplain water is displaced. Development
raises the river levels by forcing the river to compensate for the flow space obstructed by the
inserted structures and/or fill. When structures or materials are added to the floodway or
floodplain and no fill is removed to compensate, serious problems can arise. Flood waters may
be forced away from historic floodplain areas. As a result, other existing floodplain areas may
experience flood waters that rise above historic levels. Displacement of only a few inches of
water can mean the difference between no structural damage occurring in a given flood event, and
the inundation of many homes, businesses, and other facilities. Careful attention should be given
to development that occurs within the floodway to ensure that structures are prepared to withstand
base flood events. In highly urbanized areas, increased paving can lead to an increase in volume
and velocity of runoff after a rainfall event, exacerbating the potential flood hazards. Care should
be taken in the development and implementation of storm water management systems to ensure
that these runoff waters are dealt with effectively.
How are Flood -Prone Areas Identified?
Flood maps and Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) are often used to identify flood-prone areas. The
NFIP was established in 1968 as a means of providing low -cost flood insurance to the nation's
flood -prone communities. The NFIP also reduces flood losses through regulations that focus on
building codes and sound floodplain management. NFIP regulations (44 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Chapter 1, Section 60, 3) require that all new construction in floodplains must
be elevated at or above base flood level.
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) and Flood Insurance Studies (FIS) Floodplain maps are the
basis for implementing floodplain regulations and for delineating flood insurance purchase
requirements. A Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) is the official map produced by FEMA
which delineates SFHA in communities where NFIP regulations apply. FIRMS are also used by
insurance agents and mortgage lenders to determine if flood insurance is required and what
insurance rates should apply.
Water surface elevations are combined with topographic data to develop FIRMs. FIRMS
illustrate areas that would be inundated during a 100 -year flood, floodway areas, and elevations
marking the 100 - year -flood level. In some cases they also include base flood elevations (BFEs)
and areas located within the 500 -year floodplain. Flood Insurance Studies and FIRMs produced
for the NFIP provide assessments of the probability of flooding at a given location. FEMA
conducted many Flood Insurance Studies in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These studies and
maps represent flood risk at the point in time when FEMA completed the studies. However, it is
important to note that not all 100 -year or 500 -year floodplains have been mapped by FEMA.
FEMA flood maps are not entirely accurate. These studies and maps represent flood risk at the
point in time when FEMA completed the studies, and does not incorporate planning for
floodplain changes in the future due to new development. Although FEMA is considering
changing that policy, it is optional for local communities. The FEMA FIRM map for the City of
El Segundo was last updated in 1987. FEMA is currently developing a new FIRM map of El
Segundo that is scheduled to become effective September 26, 2008. Map 6 -2: Flood Insurance
Rate Map Los Angeles County, California and Incorporated Areas represents the current
status of the FIRM map scheduled to become effective in September. Human - caused and natural
changes to the environment have changed the dynamics of storm water run -off since then.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 131
Flood Mapping Methods and Techniques
Although many communities rely exclusively on FIRMs to characterize the risk of flooding in
their area, there are some flood -prone areas that are not mapped but remain susceptible to
flooding. These areas include locations next to small creeks, local drainage areas, and areas
susceptible to manmade flooding.
Communities find it particularly useful to overlay flood hazard areas on tax assessment parcel
maps. This allows a community to evaluate the flood hazard risk for a specific parcel during
review of a development request. Coordination between FEMA and local planning jurisdictions
is the key to making a strong connection with GIS technology for the purpose of flood hazard
mapping.
Hazard Assessment
Hazard Identification
Hazard identification is the first phase of flood- hazard assessment. Identification is the process of
estimating: (1) the geographic extent of the floodplain (i.e., the area at risk from flooding); (2) the
intensity of the flooding that can be expected in specific areas of the floodplain; and (3) the
probability of occurrence of flood events. This process usually results in the creation of a
floodplain map. Floodplain maps provide detailed information that can assist jurisdictions in
making policies and land -use decisions.
Vulnerability Assessment
Vulnerability assessment is the second step of flood - hazard assessment. It combines the
floodplain boundary, generated through hazard identification, with an inventory of the property
within the floodplain. Understanding the population and property exposed to hazards will assist
in reducing risk and preventing loss from future events. Because site - specific inventory data and
inundation levels given for a particular flood event (10 -year, 25 -year, 50 -year, 100 -year, and 500 -
year) are not readily available, calculating a community's vulnerability to flood events is not
straightforward. The amount of property in the floodplain, as well as the type and value of
structures on those properties, should be calculated to provide a working estimate for potential
flood losses.
None of the City of El Segundo's facilities are located within a 100 -year floodplain.
Risk Analysis
Risk analysis is the third and most advanced phase of a hazard assessment. It builds upon the
hazard identification and vulnerability assessment. A flood risk analysis for the City of El
Segundo should include two components: (1) the life and value of property that may incur losses
from a flood event (defined through the vulnerability assessment); and (2) the number and type of
flood events expected to occur over time. Within the broad components of a risk analysis, it is
possible to predict the severity of damage from a range of events. Flow velocity models can
assist in predicting the amount of damage expected from different magnitudes of flood events.
Community Flood Issues
What is Susceptible to Damage during a Flood Event?
The largest impact on communities from flood events is the loss of life and property. During
certain years, property losses resulting from flood damage are extensive. Losses in the City of El
Segundo over the past 25 years have totaled approximately $812,000. In 1995 and 1998, flood
related emergencies were declared.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 132
Property Loss Resulting from Flooding Events
The type of property damage caused by flood events depends on the depth and velocity of the
flood waters. Faster moving flood waters can wash buildings off their foundations and sweep
cars downstream. Pipelines, bridges, and other infrastructure can be damaged when high waters
combine with flood debris. Extensive damage can be caused by basement flooding and landslide
damage related to soil saturation from flood events. Most flood damage is caused by water
saturating materials susceptible to loss (i.e., wood, insulation, wallboard, fabric, furnishings, floor
coverings, and appliances). In many cases, flood damage to homes renders them unlivable.
Business/Industry
Flood events impact businesses by damaging property and by interrupting business. Flood events
can cut off customer access to a business as well as close a business for repairs. A quick response
to the needs of businesses affected by flood events can help a community maintain economic
vitality in the face of flood damage. Responses to business damages can include funding to assist
owners in elevating or relocating flood -prone business structures.
Public Infrastructure
Publicly owned facilities are a key component of daily life for all citizens of the county. Damage
to public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, flood control facilities, emergency
facilities, and offices can hinder the ability of the government to deliver services. Government
can take action to reduce risk to public infrastructure from flood events, as well as craft public
policy that reduces risk to private property from flood events.
Roads
During hazard events, or any type of emergency or disaster, dependable road connections are
critical for providing emergency services. Roads systems in the City of El Segundo are
maintained by multiple jurisdictions. Federal, state, county, and city governments all have a stake
in protecting roads from flood damage. Road networks often traverse floodplain and floodway
areas. Transportation agencies responsible for road maintenance are typically aware of roads at
risk from flooding.
Storm Water Systems
Local drainage problems are common throughout the City of El Segundo. The City of El
Segundo maintenance and operations staff is aware of local drainage threats. The problems are
often present where storm water runoff enters culverts or goes underground into storm sewers.
Inadequate maintenance can also contribute to the flood hazard in urban areas.
Water/Wastewater Treatment Facilities
The City of El Segundo receives its water services from the West Basin Municipal Water District
which is responsible for both potable and reclaimed water. Sewage from the west part of town is
sent to the Hyperion Treatment Plant on Vista Del Mar, while sewage from the east side of the
City goes to the Los Angeles County Sanitation District in San Pedro.
Water Quality
Environmental quality problems include bacteria, toxins, and pollution.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 133
SECTION 10: WINDSTORM HAZARDS
Why are Severe Windstorms a Threat to the City of El Segundo?
Severe wind storms pose a significant risk to life and property in the region by creating conditions
that disrupt essential systems such as public utilities, telecommunications, and transportation
routes. High winds can and do occasionally cause tornado -like damage to local homes and
businesses. Severe windstorms can present a very destabilizing effect on the dry brush that
covers local hillsides and urban wildland interface areas. High winds can have destructive
impacts, especially to trees, power lines, and utility services.
Figure 7 -1: Santa Ana Winds (Source: NASA's "Observatorium ")
Santa Ana Winds and Tornado -Like Wind Activity
Based on local history, most incidents of high wind in the City of El Segundo are the result of the
Santa Ana wind conditions. While high impact wind incidents are not frequent in the area,
significant Santa Ana Wind events and sporadic tornado activity have been known to negatively
impact the city.
What are Santa Ana Winds?
"Santa Ana winds are generally defined as warm, dry winds that blow from the east or northeast
(offshore). These winds occur below the passes and canyons of the coastal ranges of Southern
California and in the Los Angeles basin. Santa Ana winds often blow with exceptional speed in
the Santa Ana Canyon (the canyon from which it derives its name). Forecasters at the National
Weather Service offices in Oxnard and San Diego usually place speed minimums on these winds
and reserve the use of "Santa Ana" for winds greater than 25 knots." These winds accelerate to
speeds of 35 knots as they move through canyons and passes, with gusts to 50 or even 60 knots.
"The complex topography of Southern California combined with various atmospheric conditions
create numerous scenarios that may cause widespread or isolated Santa Ana events. Commonly,
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 134
Santa Ana winds develop when a region of high pressure builds over the Great Basin (the high
plateau east of the Sierra Mountains and west of the Rocky Mountains including most of Nevada
and Utah). Clockwise circulation around the center of this high pressure area forces air
downslope from the high plateau. The air warms as it descends toward the California coast at the
rate of 5 degrees F per 1000 feet due to compressional heating. Thus, compressional heating
provides the primary source of warming. The air is dry since it originated in the desert, and it
dries out even more as it is heated."
These regional winds typically occur from October to March, and, according to most accounts are
named either for the Santa Ana River Valley where they originate or for the Santa Ana Canyon,
southeast of Los Angeles, where they pick up speed.
What are Tornados?
Tornadoes are spawned when there is warm, moist air near the ground, cool air aloft, and winds
that speed up and change direction. An obstruction, such as a house, in the path of the wind
causes it to change direction. This change increases pressure on parts of the house, and the
combination of increased pressures and fluctuating wind speeds creates stresses that frequently
cause structural failures.
In order to measure the intensity and wind strength of a tornado, Dr. T. Theodore Fujita
developed the Fujita Tornado Damage Scale. This scale compares the estimated wind velocity
with the corresponding amount of suspected damage. The scale measures six classifications of
tornadoes with increasing magnitude from an "170" tornado to a "Fb +" tornado.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 135
Table 7 -1: Fujita Tornado Damage Scale
(Source: http: // weather .latimes.com /tornadoFAQ.asp)
Microbursts
Unlike tornados, microbursts, are strong, damaging winds which strike the ground and often give
the impression a tornado has struck. They frequently occur during intense thunderstorms. The
origin of a microburst is downward moving air from a thunderstorm's core. But unlike a tornado,
they affect only a rather small area.
University of Chicago storm researcher Dr. Ted Fujita first coined the term "downburst" to
describe strong, downdraft winds flowing out of a thunderstorm cell that he believed were
responsible for the crash of Eastern Airlines Flight 66 in June of 1975.
A downburst is a straight- direction surface wind in excess of 39 mph caused by a small - scale,
strong downdraft from the base of convective thundershowers and thunderstorms. In later
investigations into the phenomena he defined two sub - categories of downbursts: the larger
macrobursts and small microbursts.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 136
Wind
Scale
Estimated
Typical Damage
(mph)
FO
< 73
Light damage. Some damage to chimneys and TV antennas; breaks twigs
off trees; pushes over shallow- rooted trees.
Moderate damage. Peels surface off roofs; windows broken; light trailer
F 1
73 -112
houses pushed or overturned; some trees uprooted or snapped; moving
automobiles pushed off the road. 74 mph is the beginning of hurricane wind
speed.
Considerable damage. Roofs torn off frame houses leaving strong upright
F2
113 -157
Falls; weak buildings in rural areas demolished; trailer houses destroyed;
large trees snapped or uprooted; railroad boxcars pushed over; light object
missiles generated; cars blown off highway.
Severe damage. Roofs and some walls torn off frame houses; some rural
F3
158 -206
buildings completely demolished; trains overturned; steel - framed hangar -
warehouse -type structures torn; cars lifted off the ground; most trees in a
forest uprooted snapped, or leveled.
Devastating damage. Whole frame houses leveled, leaving piles of debris;
F4
207 -260
steel structures badly damaged; trees debarked by small flying debris; cars
and trains thrown some distances or rolled considerable distances; large
missiles generated.
Incredible damage. Whole frame houses tossed off foundations; steel -
F5
261 -318
reinforced concrete structures badly damaged; automobile -sized missiles
generated; trees debarked; incredible phenomena can occur.
Inconceivable damage. Should a tornado with the maximum wind speed in
F6-
319 to
excess of F5 occur, the extent and types of damage may not be conceived. A
F12
sonic
number of missiles such as iceboxes, water heaters, storage tanks,
automobiles, etc. will create serious secondary damage on structures.
Microbursts
Unlike tornados, microbursts, are strong, damaging winds which strike the ground and often give
the impression a tornado has struck. They frequently occur during intense thunderstorms. The
origin of a microburst is downward moving air from a thunderstorm's core. But unlike a tornado,
they affect only a rather small area.
University of Chicago storm researcher Dr. Ted Fujita first coined the term "downburst" to
describe strong, downdraft winds flowing out of a thunderstorm cell that he believed were
responsible for the crash of Eastern Airlines Flight 66 in June of 1975.
A downburst is a straight- direction surface wind in excess of 39 mph caused by a small - scale,
strong downdraft from the base of convective thundershowers and thunderstorms. In later
investigations into the phenomena he defined two sub - categories of downbursts: the larger
macrobursts and small microbursts.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 136
Macrobursts are downbursts with winds up to 117 mph which spread across a path greater than
2.5 miles wide at the surface and which last from 5 to 30 minutes. The microburst, on the other
hand is confined to an even smaller area, less than 2.5 miles in diameter from the initial point of
downdraft impact. An intense microburst can result in damaging winds near 270 km/hr (170 mph)
and often last for less than five minutes.
"Downbursts of all sizes descend from the upper regions of severe thunderstorms
when the air accelerates downward through either exceptionally strong
evaporative cooling or by very heavy rain which drags dry air down with it.
When the rapidly descending air strikes the ground, it spreads outward in all
directions, like a fast - running faucet stream hitting the sink bottom.
When the microburst wind hits an object on the ground such as a house, garage
or tree, it can flatten the buildings and strip limbs and branches from the tree.
After striking the ground, the powerful outward running gust can wreak further
havoc along its path. Damage associated with a microburst is often mistaken for
the work of a tornado, particularly directly under the microburst. However,
damage patterns away from the impact area are characteristic of straight -line
winds rather than the twisted pattern of tornado damage."
Tornados, like those that occur every year in the Midwest and Southeast parts of the United
States, are a rare phenomenon in most of California, with most tornado -like activity coming from
micro - bursts.
Local History of Windstorm Events
While the effects of Santa Ana Winds are often overlooked, it should be noted that in 2003, two
deaths in Southern California were directly related to the fierce condition. A falling tree struck
one woman in San Diego. The second death occurred when a passenger in a vehicle was hit by a
flying pickup truck cover launched by the Santa Ana Winds.
Table 7 -2: Santa Ana Wind Events during 2003 in the Vicinity
The following Santa Ana wind events were featured in news resources during 2003
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 137
"One of the strongest Santa Ana windstorms in a decade toppled 26 power
January 6, 2003
poles in Orange early today, blew over a mobile derrick in Placentia,
OC Register
crushing two vehicles, and delayed Metrolink rail service." This
windstorm also knocked out power to thousands of people in northeastern
Orange County.
January 8, 2003
"Santa Ana's roared into Southern California late Sunday, blowing over
CBSNEWS.com
trees, trucks and power poles. Thousands of people lost power."
Fire Officials Brace for Santa Ana Winds - - "The forest is now so dry
and so many trees have died that fires, during relatively calm conditions,
March 16, 2003
are running as fast and as far as they might during Santa Ana Winds. Now
dailybulletin.com
the Santa Ana season is here. Combine the literally tinder dry conditions
with humidity in the single digits and 60 -80 mph winds, and fire officials
shudder."
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 137
Table 7 -3: Major Windstorms in the Vicinity of City of El Segundo
(Source: http : / /www.wrh.noaa.gov /sandiego/ research /Guide /weatherhistory.pdf)
Date
November 5 -6, 1961
February 10 -11, 1973
October 26 -27, 1993
October 14, 1997
December 29. 1997
March 28 -29, 1998
i
September 2, 1998
December 6, 1998
December 21 -22, 1999
March 5 -6, 2000
April 1, 2000
December 25 -26, 2000
Location and Damage
Santa Ana winds. Fire in Topanga Canyon
Strong storm winds: 57 mph at Riverside, 46 Newport Beach. Some
200 trees uprooted in Pacific Beach alone
Santa Ana winds. Fire in Laguna Hills
Santa Ana winds: gusts 87 mph in central Orange County. Large
fire in Orange County
Gusts 60+ mph at Santa Ana
Strong storm winds in Orange County: sustained 30 -40 mph. Gust
70 mph at Newport Beach, gust 60 Huntington Beach. Trees down,
power out, and damage across Orange and San Diego Counties. 1
illegal immigrant dead in Jamul. 1
Strong winds from thunderstorms in Orange County with gusts to
40mph. Large fires in Orange County
Thunderstorm in Los Alamitos and Garden Grove: gust 50 -60 mph
called "almost a tornado"
Santa Ana winds: gust 68 mph at Campo, 53 Huntington Beach, 44
Orange. House and tree damage in Hemet.
Strong thunderstorm winds at the coast: gust 60 mph at Huntington
Beach Property damage and trees downed along the coast
Santa Ana winds: gust 93 mph at Mission Viejo, 67 Anaheim Hills
Santa Ana winds: gust 87 mph at Fremont Canyon. Damage and
injuries in Mira Loma, Orange and Riverside Counties
February 13, 2001 Thunderstorm gust to 89 mph in east Orange
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 138
Following is a glimpse of major tornado -like events to hit the City of El Segundo, and
surrounding areas:
Table 7 -4: Major Tornado -like Events in the Vicinity of City of El Segundo 1958 -2001
Date
Location and Damage
April 1, 1958
Tornado: Laguna Beach
February 19, 1962
Tornado: Irvine
April 8, 1965
Tornado: Costa Mesa
November 7, 1966
Newport Beach and Costa Mesa: Property Damage
March 16, 1977
Tornado skipped from Fullerton to Brea Damage to 80 homes and
injured four people
February 9, 1978
Tornado: Irvine. Property damage and 6 injured
January 31, 1979
Tornado Santa Ana Numerous power outages
November 9, 1982
Tornadoes in Garden Grove and Mission Viejo. Property damage
January 13, 1984
Tornado: Huntington Beach. Property damage
March 16, 1986
Tornado: Anaheim. Property damage
February 22 -24, 1987
Tornadoes and waterspouts: Huntington Beach
January 18, 1988
Tornadoes: Mission Viejo and San Clemente. Property damage
February 28, 1991
Tornado: Tustin
March 27, 1991
Tornado: Huntington Beach
December 7, 1992
Tornadoes: Anaheim and Westminster Property damage
January 18, 1993
Tornado: Orange County Property damage
February 8, 1993
Tornado: Brea. Property damage
February 7, 1994
Tornado from Newport Beach to Tustin. Roof and window damage.
Trees were also knocked down
December 13, 1994
Two waterspouts about 0.5 mile off Newport Beach
December 13, 1995
Funnel cloud near Fullerton Airport
March 13, 1996
Funnel cloud in Irvine
November 10 -11, 1997
Waterspout came ashore at Newport Pier on the 10th and dissipated
over western Costa Mesa. Tornadoes in Irvine on the 1 1 th and a
funnel cloud developed. I Oth: Winds estimated at 60 -70 mph. 1 1 the
Minor power outages occurred with little property damage. A
fisherman was blown from one end of Newport Pier to the other.
Property and vehicle damage in Irvine from flying debris. Ten cars
were thrown a few feet.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 139
Table 7 -4: Major Tornado -like Events in the Vicinity of City of El Segundo 1958 -2001
December 21, 1997
Waterspout and tornado in Huntington Beach. Damage to boats,
houses, and city property
February 24, 1998
Tornado in Huntington Beach. Property damage with a power
outage, roof flew '/ mile
March 13 -14, 1998
Numerous waterspouts between Long Beach, Huntington Beach, and
Catalina
March 31 -April 1, 1998
Numerous funnel clouds reported off Orange County coastline, two
of which became waterspouts off Orange County. One waterspout
briefly hit the coast off the Huntington Beach pier.
June 6, 1998
Two funnel clouds off Dana Point
December 31, 1998
Funnel clouds in Santa Ana. Waterspout off Costa Mesa coast
February 21, 2000
Tornado: Anaheim Hills. Property damage
October 28, 2000
Funnel clouds around Newport Beach and Costa Mesa
January 10, 2001
Funnel cloud at Orange County Airport and Newport Beach
February 24, 2001
Tornado in Orange. Damage to warehouse, 6 structures, fences, and
telephone wires.
Windstorm Hazard Assessment
Hazard Identification
A windstorm event in the region can range from short term microburst activity lasting only
minutes to a long duration Santa Ana wind condition that can last for several days as in the case
of the January 2003 Santa Ana wind event. Windstorms in the region can cause extensive
damage including heavy tree stands, exposed coastal properties, road and highway infrastructure,
and critical utility facilities.
Figure 7 -1 shows the direction of the Santa Ana winds as they travel from the stable, high -
pressure weather system called the Great Basin through the canyons and towards the low- pressure
system off the Pacific. Clearly the area of the City of El Segundo is in the direct path of the
ocean -bound Santa Ana winds.
Vulnerability and Risk
With an analysis of the high wind and tornado events depicted in the "Local History" section, we
can deduce the common windstorm impact areas including impacts on life, property, utilities,
infrastructure and transportation. Additionally, if a windstorm disrupts power to local residential
communities, the American Red Cross and City resources might be called upon for care and
shelter duties. Displacing residents and utilizing city resources for shelter staffing and disaster
cleanup can cause an economic hardship on the City.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 140
Community Windstorm Issues
What is Susceptible to Windstorms?
Life and Property
Based on the history of the region, windstorm events can be expected, perhaps annually, across
widespread areas of the region which can be adversely impacted during a windstorm event. This
can result in the involvement of City of El Segundo emergency response personnel during a wide -
ranging windstorm or microburst tornadic activity. Both residential and commercial structures
with weak reinforcement are susceptible to damage. Wind pressure can create a direct and frontal
assault on a structure, pushing walls, doors, and windows inward. Conversely, passing currents
can create lift suction forces that pull building components and surfaces outward. With extreme
wind forces, the roof or entire building can fail causing considerable damage.
Debris carried along by extreme winds can directly contribute to loss of life and indirectly to the
failure of protective building envelopes, siding, or walls. When severe windstorms strike a city,
downed trees, power lines, and damaged property can be major hindrances to emergency
response and disaster recovery.
The Beaufort Scale below, coined and developed by Sir Francis Beaufort in 1805, illustrates the
effect that varying wind speed can have on sea swells and structures:
Table 7 -5: Beaufort Scale
(Source: Source: http:// www. compuweather .com/decoder- charts.html)
Beaufort
Force
Speed
(mph)
Wind Description - State of Sea - Effects on Land
0
Less 1
Calm - Mirror -like - Smoke rises vertically
1
1 -3
Light - Air Ripples look like scales; No crests of foam - Smoke drift shows
direction of wind, but wind vanes do not
2
4-7
Light Breeze - Small but pronounced wavelets; Crests do not break - Wind
vanes move; Leaves rustle; You can feel wind on the face
Gentle Breeze - Large Wavelets; Crests break; Glassy foam; A few
3
8 -12
whitecaps - Leaves and small twigs move constantly; Small, light flags are
extended
4
13 -18
Moderate Breeze - Longer waves; Whitecaps - Wind lifts dust and loose
paper; Small branches move
5 19 -24 j Fresh Breeze - Moderate, long waves; Many whitecaps; Some spray -
I Small trees with leaves begin to move
Strong Breeze - Some large waves; Crests of white foam; Spray - Large
6 25 -31 branches move; Telegraph wires whistle; Hard to hold umbrellas
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 141
Beaufort
Speed
Wind Description - State of Sea - Effects on Land
Force
(mph)
7
32 -38
Near Gale - White foam from breaking waves blows in streaks with the
wind - Whole trees move; Resistance felt walking into wind
Gale - Waves high and moderately long; Crests break into spin drift,
8
39 -46
blowing foam in well marked streaks - Twigs and small branches break off
trees; Difficult to walk
9
47 -54
Strong Gale - High waves with wave crests that tumble; Dense streaks of
foam in wind; Poor visibility from spray - Slight structural damage
Storm - Very high waves with long, curling crests; Sea surface appears
10
55 -63
white from blowing foam; Heavy tumbling of sea; Poor visibility - Trees
broken or uprooted; Considerable structural damage
Violent Storm - Waves high enough to hide small and medium sized ships;
11
64 -73
Sea covered with patches of white foam; Edges of wave crests blown into
froth; Poor visibility - Seldom experienced inland; Considerable structural
damage
12 1 >74 Hurricane - yea white wan spray. roam ana spray renaer visionity almost
non - existent - Widespread damage. Very rarely experienced on land.
Utilities
Historically, falling trees have been the major cause of power outages in the region. Windstorms
such as strong microbursts and Santa Ana Wind conditions can cause flying debris and downed
utility lines. For example, tree limbs breaking in winds of only 45 mph can be thrown over 75
feet. As such, overhead power lines can be damaged even in relatively minor windstorm events.
Falling trees can bring electric power lines down to the pavement, creating the possibility of
lethal electric shock.
Infrastructure
Windstorms can damage buildings, power lines, and other property and infrastructure due to
falling trees and branches. During wet winters, saturated soils cause trees to become less stable
and more vulnerable to uprooting from high winds.
Increased Fire Threat
Perhaps the greatest danger from windstorm activity in Southern California comes from the
combination of the Santa Ana winds with the major fires that occur every few years in the
urban /wildland interface. With the Santa Ana winds driving the flames, the speed and reach of
the flames is even greater than in times of calm wind conditions.
Transportation
Windstorm activity can have an impact on local transportation in addition to the problems caused
by downed trees and electrical wires blocking streets and highways. During periods of extremely
strong Santa Ana winds, major highways can be temporarily closed to truck and recreational
vehicle traffic. However, typically these disruptions are not long lasting, nor do they carry a
severe long term economic impact on the region.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 142
SECTION 8: TSUNAMI HAZARDS
Why Are Tsunamis a Threat to El Segundo?
History has shown that the probability of a tsunami in the planning area is an extremely low
threat. However, if a tsunami should occur, the consequences would be great. The impact could
cause loss of life, destroy thousands of high priced homes and greatly affect the region's
downtown and coastal businesses, and have a profound impact on tourism. Even if all residents
and visitors were safely evacuated, the damage to property in this densely populated, high
property value area would still be tremendous.
California's Tsunamis
"Since 1812, the California coast has had 14 tsunamis with wave heights higher than three feet;
six of these were destructive. The Channel Islands were hit by a significant tsunami in the early
1800s. The worst tsunami resulted from the 1964 Alaskan Earthquake and caused 12 deaths and
at least $17 million in damages in Northern California."
(Source: http: // education. sdsc. edu /optiputer/htmILinks /califomia _ tsunami.htmi)
What are Tsunamis?
The phenomenon we call "tsunami" (soo- NAH -mee) is a series of traveling ocean waves of
extremely long length generated primarily by earthquakes occurring below or near the ocean
floor. Underwater volcanic eruptions and landslides can also generate tsunamis. In the deep
ocean, the tsunami waves move across the deep ocean with a speed exceeding 500 miles per hour,
and a wave height of only a few inches. Tsunami waves are distinguished from ordinary ocean
waves by their great length between wave crests, often exceeding 60 miles or more in the deep
ocean, and by the time between these crests, ranging from 10 minutes to an hour.
As they reach the shallow waters of the coast, the waves slow down and the water can pile up into
a wall of destruction up to 30 feet or more in height. The effect can be amplified where a bay,
harbor or lagoon funnels the wave as it moves inland. Large tsunamis have been known to rise
over 100 feet. Even a tsunami 1 -3 feet high can be very destructive and cause many deaths and
injuries.
Tsunamis typically are classified as either local or distant. Tsunamis from local sources usually
result from earthquakes occurring off nearby coats. Tsunamis from distant sources are the most
common type observed along the California Coast. Tsunamis generated by earthquakes in South
America and the Aleutian - Alaskan region have posed a greater hazard to the West Coast of the
United States than locally generated tsunamis. There is a history of Pacific -wide tsunamis
occurring every 10 to 20 years. (Source: TyCom EIR, 9/2001).
What causes Tsunami?
There are many causes of tsunamis but the most prevalent is earthquakes. In addition, landslides,
volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can
generate tsunamis.
Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonic Theory is based on an earth model characterized by a small number of lithospheric
plates, 40 to 150 miles thick that float on a viscous under -layer called the asthenosphere. These
plates, which cover the entire surface of the earth and contain both the continents and sea floor,
move relative to each other at rates of up to several inches per year. The region where two plates
come in contact is called a plate boundary, and the way in which one plate moves relative to
another determines the type of boundary: spreading, where the two plates move away from each
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 143
other; subduction, where the two plates move toward each other and one slides beneath the other;
and transform, where the two plates slide horizontally past each other. Subduction zones are
characterized by deep ocean trenches, and the volcanic islands or volcanic mountain chains
associated with the many subduction zones around the Pacific Rim are sometimes called the Ring
of Fire.
Earthquakes and Tsunamis
An earthquake can be caused by volcanic activity, but most are generated by movements along
fault zones associated with the plate boundaries. Most strong earthquakes, representing 80% of
the total energy released worldwide by earthquakes, occur in subduction zones where an oceanic
plate slides under a continental plate or another younger oceanic plate.
Not all earthquakes generate tsunamis. To generate a tsunami, the fault where the earthquake
occurs must be underneath or near the ocean, and cause vertical movement of the sea floor over a
large area, hundreds or thousands of square miles. "By far, the most destructive tsunamis are
generated from large, shallow earthquakes with an epicenter or fault line near or on the ocean
floor." The amount of vertical and horizontal motion of the sea floor, the area over which it
occurs, the simultaneous occurrence of slumping of underwater sediments due to the shaking, and
the efficiency with which energy is transferred from the earth's crust to the ocean water are all
part of the tsunami generation mechanism. The sudden vertical displacements over such large
areas, disturb the ocean's surface, displace water, and generate destructive tsunami waves.
Although all oceanic regions of the world can experience tsunamis, the most destructive and
repeated occurrences of tsunamis are in the Pacific Rim region.
Tsunami Earthquakes
The September 2, 1992 Earthquake (M7.2) was barely felt by residents along the coast of
Nicaragua. Located well off - shore, the severity of shaking on a scale of Modified Mercalli I to
XII, was mostly II along the coast, and reached III at only a few places. Twenty to 70 minutes
after the earthquake occurred, a tsunami struck the coast of Nicaragua with wave amplitudes up to
13 feet above normal sea level in most places and a maximum run -up height of 35 ft. The waves
caught coastal residents by complete surprise and caused many casualties and considerable
property damage.
This tsunami was caused by a tsunami earthquake, an earthquake that produces an unusually large
tsunami relative to the earthquake magnitude. Tsunami earthquakes are characterized by a very
shallow focus, fault dislocations greater than several meters, and fault surfaces that are smaller
than for a normal earthquake.
Tsunami earthquakes are also slow earthquakes, with slippage along the fault beneath the sea
floor occurring more slowly than it would in a normal earthquake. The only known method to
quickly recognize a tsunami earthquake is to estimate a parameter called the seismic moment
using very long period seismic waves (more than 50 seconds /cycle). Two other destructive and
deadly tsunamis from tsunami earthquakes have occurred in recent years in Java, Indonesia (June
2, 1994) and Peru (February 21, 1996).
"Less frequently, tsunami waves can be generated from displacements of water
resulting from rock falls, icefalls and sudden submarine landslides or slumps.
Such events may be caused impulsively from the instability and sudden failure of
submarine slopes, which are sometimes triggered by the ground motions of a
strong earthquake. For example in the 1980's, earth moving and construction
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 144
work of an airport runway along the coast of Southern France, triggered an
underwater landslide, which generated destructive tsunami waves in the harbor of
Thebes." (Source: Imp::: ioc 1.uncsc0.urg. itic• cowcnts.p1ip:'1d =1 60)
Tsunami Characteristics
How Fast?
Unnoticed tsunami waves can travel at the speed of a commercial jet plane, over 500 miles per
hour. They can move from one side of the Pacific Ocean to the other in less than a day. This
great speed makes it important to be aware of the tsunami as soon as it is generated. Scientists
can predict when a tsunami will arrive at various places by knowing the source characteristics of
the earthquake that generated the tsunami and the characteristics of the sea floor along the paths
to those places. Tsunamis travel much slower in more shallow coastal waters where their wave
heights begin to increase dramatically.
How Big?
Offshore and coastal features can determine the size and impact of tsunami waves. Reefs, bays,
entrances to rivers, undersea features and the slope of the beach all help to modify the tsunami as
it attacks the coastline. When the tsunami reaches the coast and moves inland, the water level can
rise many feet. In extreme cases, water level has risen to more than 50 feet for tsunamis of
distant origin and over 100 feet for tsunami waves generated near the earthquake's epicenter. The
first wave may not be the largest in the series of waves. One coastal community may see no
damaging wave activity while in another nearby community destructive waves can be large and
violent. The flooding can extend inland by 1,000 feet or more, covering large expanses of land
with water and debris.
How Frequent?
Since scientists cannot predict when earthquakes will occur, they cannot determine exactly when
a tsunami will be generated. However, by looking at past historical tsunamis and run -up maps,
scientists know where tsunamis are most likely to be generated. Past tsunami height
measurements are useful in predicting future tsunami impact and flooding limits at specific
coastal locations and communities.
Types of Tsunamis
Pacific -Wide and Regional Tsunamis
Tsunamis can be categorized as "local" and Pacific -Wide. Typically, a Pacific -Wide tsunami is
generated by major vertical ocean bottom movement in offshore deep trenches. A "local"
tsunami can be a component of the Pacific -Wide tsunami in the area of the earthquake or a wave
that is confined to the area of generation within a bay or harbor and caused by movement of the
bay itself or landslides.
On December 26, 2004 the second biggest earthquake in recorded history occurred off the coast
of Indonesia. The Magnitude 9.3 earthquake unleashed a devastating tsunami that traveled
thousands of kilometers across the Indian Ocean, taking the lives of nearly 300,000 people in
countries as far apart as Indonesia, the Maldives, Sri Lanka and Somalia. The catastrophe was
one of the deadliest events in modern history.
In 1960, a large tsunami caused widespread death and destruction throughout the Pacific was
generated by an earthquake located off the coast of Chile. It caused loss of life and property
damage not only along the Chile coast but also in Hawaii and as far away as Japan. The Great
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 145
Alaskan Earthquake of 1964 killed 106 people and produced deadly tsunami waves in Alaska,
Oregon and California.
In July 1993, a tsunami generated in the Sea of Japan killed over 120 people in Japan. Damage
also occurred in Korea and Russia but spared other countries since the tsunami wave energy was
confined within the Sea of Japan. The 1993 Japan Sea tsunami is known as a "regional event"
since its impact was confined to a relatively small area. For people living along the northwestern
coast of Japan, the tsunami waves followed the earthquake within a few minutes.
During the 1990's, destructive regional tsunamis also occurred in Nicaragua, Indonesia, the
Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Peru, killing thousands of people. Others caused property
damage in Chile and Mexico. Some damage also occurred in the far field in the Marquesas
Islands (French Polynesia) from the July 30, 1995, Chilean and February 21, 1996, Peruvian
tsunamis.
In less than a day, tsunamis can travel from one side of the Pacific to the other. However, people
living near areas where large earthquakes occur may find that the tsunami waves will reach their
shores within minutes of the earthquake. For these reasons, the tsunami threat to many areas such
as Alaska, the Philippines, Japan and the West Coast of the United States can be immediate (for
tsunamis from nearby earthquakes which take only a few minutes to reach coastal areas) or less
urgent (for tsunamis from distant earthquakes which take from three to 22 hours to reach coastal
areas).
History of Regional Tsunamis
Local
A local tsunami may be the most serious threat as it strikes suddenly, sometimes before the
earthquake shaking stops. Alaska has had six serious local tsunamis in the last 80 years and
Japan has had many more.
Local History of Tsunamis
Tsunamis have been documented extensively in California since 1806. Although the majority of
tsunamis have occurred in Northern California, Southern California has been impacted as well.
In the 1930's, four tsunamis struck the Los Angeles County, Orange County, and San Diego
County coastal areas. In Orange County the tsunami wave reached heights of 20 feet or more
above sea level. In 1964, following the Alaska Earthquake (Magnitude 8.2), tidal surges of
approximately 4 feet to 5 feet hit the Huntington Harbor area causing moderate damage.
Table 8 -1 Tsunami Events in California 1930 -2004
(Source: Source: Worldwide Tsunami Database www.ngdc.noaa.gov)
Date
Location
Maximum Run- up *(m)
Earthquake Magnitude
08/31/1930
Redondo Beach
6.10
5.2
08/31/1930
Santa Monica
6.10
5.2
08/31/1930
Venice
6.10
5.2
03/11/1933
La Jolla
0.10
6.3
03/11/1933
Long Beach
0.10
6.3
08/21/1934
Newport Beach
12.00
Unknown
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Date
Location
Maximum Run- up *(m)
Earthquake Magnitude
02/09/1941
San Diego
Unknown
6.6
10/18/1989
Monterey
0.40
7.1
10/18/1989
Moss Landing
1.00
7.1
10/18/1989
Santa Cruz
0.10
7.1
04/25/1992
Arena Cove
0.10
7.1
04/25/1992
Monterey
0.10
7.1
09/01/1994
Crescent City
0.14
7. I
1110411000 Yoint Arguello J.UO
* Maximum Run -up (M) is the maximum water height above sea level in meters. The run -up is
the height the tsunami reached above a reference level such as mean sea level. It is not always
clear which reference level was used.
Tsunami Hazard Assessment
Hazard Identification
The tsunami threat to the City of El Segundo is considered low, although recent studies indicate a
possibility that an off -shore landslide could generate a tsunami that could threaten the coastal
areas. The risk is considered low and the impacts would be moderate to many of the properties in
the City.
Damage Factors of Tsunamis
Tsunamis cause damage in three ways: inundation, wave impact on structures, and erosion.
"Strong, tsunami- induced currents lead to the erosion of foundations and the
collapse of bridges and sea walls. Flotation and drag forces move houses and
overturn railroad cars. Considerable damage is caused by the resultant floating
debris, including boats and cars that become dangerous projectiles that may crash
into buildings, break power lines, and may start fires. Fires from damaged ships
in ports or from ruptured coastal oil storage tanks and refinery facilities can cause
damage greater than that inflicted directly by the tsunami. Of increasing concern
is the potential effect of tsunami draw down, when receding waters uncover
cooling water intakes of nuclear power plants."
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 147
Figure 8 -1: Tsunami Formation
Tsunamis are due to large off -shore earthquakes and ocean landslides. Dangerous tsunamis
would most likely originate in the Aleutian and Chilean offshore submarine trenches. The City's
vulnerable properties have a west - southwest facing orientation that may be vulnerable to tsunamis
or tidal surges from the south and from the west.
Tsunami Watches and Warnings
Warning System
The tsunami warning system in the United States is a function of the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's (NOAH) National Weather Service. Development of the tsunami
warning system was impelled by the disastrous waves generated in the 1964 Alaska Tsunami,
which surprised Hawaii and the U.S. West Coast, taking a heavy toll in life and property.
The disastrous 1964 tsunami resulted in the development of a regional warning system in Alaska.
The Alaska Tsunami Warning Center is in Palmer, Alaska. This facility is the nerve center for an
elaborate telemetry network of remote seismic stations in Alaska, Washington, California,
Colorado, and other locations. Tidal data is also telemetered directly to the ATWC from eight
Alaskan locations. Tidal data from Canada, Washington, Oregon, and California are available via
telephone, teletype, and computer readout.
Notification
The National Warning System ( NAWAS) is an integral part of the Alaska Tsunami Warning
Center. Reports of major earthquakes occurring anywhere in the Pacific Basin that may generate
seismic sea waves are transmitted to the Honolulu Observatory for evaluation. An Alaska
Tsunami Warning Center is also in place for public notification of earthquakes in the Pacific
Basin near Alaska, Canada, and Northern California. The Observatory Staff determines action to
be taken and relays warnings over the NAWAS circuits to inform and warn West Coast states.
The State NAWAS circuit is used to relay the information to the Orange County Operational
Area warning center which will in turn relay the information to local warning points in coastal
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 148
areas. The same information is also transmitted to local jurisdictions over appropriate radio
systems, teletype, and telephone circuits to ensure maximum dissemination.
A Tsunami Watch Bulletin is issued if an earthquake has occurred in the Pacific Basin and could
cause a tsunami. A Tsunami Warning Bulletin is issued when an earthquake has occurred and a
tsunami is spreading across the Pacific Ocean. When a threat no longer exists, a Cancellation
Bulletin is issued.
Vulnerability and Risk
With an analysis of tsunami events depicted in the "Local History" section, it can be deduced that a
tsunami would significantly impact life, property, infrastructure and transportation.
Community Tsunami Issues
What is Susceptible to Tsunami?
Electrical power generator plant and refinery operations are located in the potentially impacted
areas.
Tsunami "maximum run -up" projections were modeled by the University of Southern California
and distributed by the California Office of Emergency Services for the purposes of identifying
tsunami hazards. The tsunami model was the result of a combination of inundation modeling and
onsite surveys and shows maximum projected inundation levels from tsunamis along the entire
coast of Los Angeles County. The maximum run -up for the maps below is approximately 42 feet.
This means that based on the scenario tsunami, the displaced water level would be approximately
42 feet above the normal tide for that day and time.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 149
Map 8 -1: Tsunami Run -Up Map
(Source: Los Angeles County All - Hazard Mitigation Plan)
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Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 150
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Life and Property
Based on the local history events and projected `run -up" modeling of tsunamis, it is estimated
that less than 2% of the City would be directly impacted. One critical facility is located in the
projected run -up inundation areas. (Source: Fire Chief) In addition to direct impacts, the City
would be significantly impacted by regional damages to infrastructure.
Even though the risk of tsunami to the region is relatively low, the impacts could be very high.
Mitigation measures including public awareness and posting of signs could have significant
effects on the survivability of the impacted sites. It is contemplated that the City of El Segundo
will initiate a tsunami awareness program in the near future to address the potential threats
associated with the tsunami hazard.
Infrastructure
Tsunamis (and earthquakes) can damage buildings, power lines, and other property and
infrastructure due to flooding. Tsunamis can result in collapsed or damaged buildings or blocked
roads and bridges, damaged traffic signals, streetlights, and parks, among others. Damage to
public water and sewer systems, transportation networks, and flood channels would greatly
impact daily life for residents.
Roads blocked by objects during a tsunami may have severe consequences to people who are
attempting to evacuate or who need emergency services. Emergency response operations can be
complicated when roads are blocked or when power supplies are interrupted. Industry and
commerce can suffer losses from interruptions in electric services and from extended road
closures. They can also sustain direct losses to buildings, personnel, and other vital equipment.
There are direct consequences to the local economy resulting from tsunamis related to both
physical damages and interrupted services.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 151
SECTION 9: TECHNOLOGICAL AND HUMAN- CAUSED HAZARDS
Hazardous Materials Incident
Why are Hazardous Materials a Threat to the City of El Segundo?
The City of El Segundo maintains a Safety Element to the General Plan which provides an
overview of the City's industrial locations and the potential involvement of hazardous materials
incidents. Specific locations of hazardous materials are identified in the City of El Segundo
Hazardous Materials Area Plan which is maintained by the Fire Department's Environmental
Safety Division.
Hazardous materials are any substance or combination of substances that because of quantity,
concentration, or characteristics may cause or significantly contribute to an increase in death or
serious injury, or pose substantial hazards to humans and/or the environment.
Hazardous material incidents differ from other emergency response situations because of the wide
diversity of causative factors and the pervasiveness of the potential threat. Circumstances such as
the prevailing wind and geographic features in the vicinity of emergency incidents are relevant
factors that may greatly increase the hazardous chemical dangers. Incidents may occur at fixed
facilities where, most likely, the occupants have filed site - specific emergency response
contingency and evacuation plans. However, incidents may also occur at any place along any
land, water or air transportation routes, and (in event of vessel mishaps, aircraft accidents, misuse
of agricultural chemicals and illegal dumping) may occur in unpredictable areas, relatively
inaccessible by ground transportation.
In El Segundo the vast majority of hazardous material incidents are handled before they become a
major disaster. Nevertheless, the emergency organization needs to be flexible and evolutionary in
its response to a developing incident. The Hazardous Materials Area Plan is designed to
accommodate both the large number of relatively routine minor spill incidents and the truly
catastrophic hazardous material disaster.
The increasing volume and variety of hazardous materials that are generated, stored, or
transported within the City is a concern to public officials and the community. A major
hazardous material accident and/or spill could endanger public health and safety within two miles
of the accident scene. Several fixed site industrial firms use potentially hazardous materials to
operate their businesses. Other threats include commercial airliners which routinely takeoff and
land in the Los Angeles International Airport and significantly increase the overall potential
disaster threat.
Specific Hazards that Threaten the City of El Segundo
The threat of a major hazardous material incident in El Segundo exists from seven
different sources: (1) commercial transport vehicles, (2) air transportation; (3) rail car, (4)
airborne industrial chemical release, (5) pipeline; (6) fixed facility; and (7) clandestine
dumping.
Freeway /Transportation
El Segundo is traversed by 2 major freeways; the San Diego Freeway (1 -405) and the Glenn
Anderson — Century Freeway (I -105). These freeways are heavily traveled by trucks moving
many types of materials produced by chemical manufacturing facilities within El Segundo, many
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 152
of them hazardous. Commercial routes include El Segundo Boulevard, Grand Avenue, Imperial
Highway, and Sepulveda Boulevard (SR -1). An accident on any major commercial route
involving a vehicle carrying hazardous materials could impact thousands of residents depending
on wind conditions, and time of day.
Air Transportation
The City of El Segundo is near the flight pattern of arriving and departing commercial aircraft
carriers at the Los Angeles International Airport and Hawthorne Municipal Airport. There is
always a risk of an in -flight emergency and/or catastrophic failure of the aircraft over the City, or
the Pacific Ocean. Such an incident would significantly impact the City.
Pipelines
Pipelines owned and operated by various companies run beneath the City's streets. Some
pipelines enter from South and travel north along Sepulveda Boulevard and Aviation Street, and
exit the City to the north, beneath Imperial Highway to the Los Angeles International Airport.
The pipes vary in size from 6 to 18 inches in diameter, and buried at different depths. A rupture
of any of these pipelines could pose major hazards to persons, property and environment.
Ruptures in these lines have occurred at various locations outside the City, and will continue to
pose risk to the community.
Fixed Facility
A serious hazardous material threat exists from an accidental spill and/or incident at one of the
estimated 250 known facilities that manufacture, warehouse, and process toxic chemicals and/or
generate hazardous waste materials within or next to City boundaries. Although there are
numerous facilities involved with hazardous materials, they are less of a threat due to required
plant contingency and evacuation plans.
Clandestine Dumping
Clandestine dumping is the criminal act of disposing of toxic materials and hazardous waste on
public or private property. As the costs and restrictions increase for legitimate hazardous waste
disposal sites, it can be anticipated that illegal dumping of hazardous materials will increase
proportionately.
Transportation Accidents
Major Air Crash
A major air crash that occurs in a heavily populated residential area can result in considerable loss
of life and property. The impact of a disabled aircraft as it strikes the ground creates the likely
potential for multiple explosions, resulting in intense fires. The time of day when the crash
occurs may significantly affect the extent of damage to persons and property. Damage
assessment and disaster relief efforts associated with an air crash incident will require support
from other local governments, private organizations and in certain instances from the state and
federal governments.
The intense fires, until controlled, will limit search and rescue operations. Police barricades will
be needed to block off the affected area. The crowds of onlookers and media personnel will have
to be controlled. Injured or displaced persons will require emergency medical care, food and
temporary shelter. Many families may be separated, particularly if the crash occurs during
working hours. Investigators from the National Transportation and Safety Board and the Los
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 153
Angeles County Coroners Office will have short-term jurisdiction over the crash area and
investigations will be completed before the area is released for clean up.
The clean -up operation may consist of the removal of large debris, clearing of roadways,
demolishing unsafe structures and towing of demolished vehicles. It can be anticipated that the
mental health needs of response personnel, survivors and the surrounding residents will greatly
increase due to the trauma associated with such a catastrophe. A coordinated response team,
comprised of mental health professionals, will take a proactive approach toward identifying and
addressing mental health needs stemming from any traumatic disaster.
Air Traffic in the Vicinity of El Segundo
The City of El Segundo is located in the 14 miles southwest of downtown Los Angeles. The City
is comprised primarily of commercial /industrial areas. The skies in the area of El Segundo are
heavily occupied by aircraft originating and departing from a number of airports located in
Southern California. The airports nearest to El Segundo, handling the greatest amount of air
traffic are as follows:
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX): LAX is the fourth busiest airport in the
world and has experienced a four percent air traffic growth rate in recent years. Planes
arrive and department at a rate of one per minute.
Long Beach Airport (LGB): LGB is ranked the 12th busiest airport nationally in terms
of air traffic that it handles and is experiencing a 0.5 percent decrease in the rate of
traffic. Planes arrive and depart at a rate of 1.5 every two minutes.
Aircraft flying in the area of El Segundo are located in the Los Angeles Terminal Control Area
(TCA). The TCA is airspace restricted to large, commercial airliners. Each TCA has an
established maximum and minimum altitude in which a large aircraft must travel. Smaller
aircraft desiring to transit the TCA may do so by obtaining Air Traffic Control clearance. The
aircraft may then proceed to transit when traffic conditions permit. Aircraft departing from other
than LAX, whose route of flight would penetrate the TCA, are required to give this information to
Air Traffic Control on appropriate frequencies. Pilots operating small aircraft often rely on
geographical landmarks, rather than charts, to indicate their locations. If a pilot is unfamiliar with
the geographical landmarks of the Southern California basin, they may misinterpret a particular
landmark and inadvertently enter the restricted TCA airspace. This misunderstanding may result
in a mid -air collision.
Over the past ten years, there have been significant occurrences of near -miss collisions in or near
Los Angeles International Airport. Each year, more than 20 average runway incursions occur on
LAX runways. This threat continues to grow each year as passenger flights and cargo transports
continue to increase, and the FAA flight control systems struggle to keep up.
Following are recorded crashes in and around the Los Angeles International Airport based on
commercial and domestic flights into or out of LAX (on average, over 10 emergency landings
occur due to in -flight emergencies yearly):
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Table 9 -1: Major Air Crashes near the Los Angeles International Airport
Year
Event
2000
Alaska Air Flight #261 enroute to LAX on an in -flight emergency and catastrophic
instrument failure, crashed into the Pacific Ocean just 7 air minutes from LAX (88
passengers and crew killed);
2000
KLM 767 Passenger Jet dropped an engine cover due to bird strike onto Dockweiler
State Beach immediately after takeoff and made a successful emergency landing;
1991
February 1991 — a collision between a US Air 737B and a Skywest Swearingen 226
Metroliner occurred on the runway of LAX killing 22 and injuring 87.
1980
2 single engine planes collided over El Segundo onto Mariposa Avenue and Sepulveda
Blvd, killing 3 and injuring 6 people on the ground.
1978
Continental Airlines DC -10 blew both tires on takeoff and aborted takeoff, crashing
600 feet off the runway and coming to rest on Vista Del Mar at the Los Angeles /El
Segundo border killing 2 and injuring 200 passengers.
1969
A B -26 crashed into an apartment complex on Sycamore Avenue in El Segundo killing
4 aboard, and 2 on the ground;
1969
A United 727 suffered catastrophic failure on takeoff and crashed into Santa Monica
Bay killin g all 28 passengers and crew;
1969
A Scandinavian DC -8 crashed 7 miles from the airport into Santa Monica Bay on pilot
error — killing 15, injuring 28 passengers.
1963
A Western Airlines DC -6 crashed on a go-around in low visibility conditions.
Currently, an airport security plan is under consideration by the City of Los Angeles to increase
the airport capacity of LAX to approximately 78 million annual passengers (MAP) per year. This
substantially increases the potential of an aviation emergency occurring in or near El Segundo.
The FAA has promised to improve its radar and navigational systems, yet system failures grow
each year — increasing the risk of a catastrophic aviation emergency in or near El Segundo.
Nearly all of the crashes involve pilot error or a combination of traffic control error, pilot error,
judgment, maintenance oversight or mechanical failure — these situations substantially increase
the risk of an aviation emergency in or near El Segundo.
Commercial Transportation Incident (Rail/Truck)
A major commercial transportation (rail /truck) incident that occurs in a heavily populated
industrial area or residential area can result in considerable loss of life and property. When a
commercial truck is involved in an accident, there is no longer control as to the direction the truck
will travel. Potential hazards could be overturned tank trailers, direct impact either into a
residence or industrial building, or entering into the normal flow of traffic. When a rail car is
involved in an accident (BLEVE or rupture) or derailment, a combination of products and
materials that are extremely hazardous and/or flammable may be released.
Each of these hazards encompasses many threats, such as hazardous materials incident, fire,
explosion, severe damage to rail lines, roadways, adjacent buildings or vehicles, roadway
closures, evacuations, and loss of life if pedestrians or those in either the adjacent buildings or
vehicles are affected by the incident.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 155
Civil Unrest
The spontaneous disruption of normal, orderly conduct and activities in urban areas, or outbreak
of rioting or violence that is of a large nature is referred to as civil unrest. Civil unrest can be
spurred by specific events, such as large sporting events or criminal trials, or can be the result of
long -term disfavor with authority. Civil unrest is usually noted by the fact that normal on -duty
police and safety forces cannot adequately deal with the situation until additional resources can be
acquired. This is the period when civil unrest can grow to large proportions.
Threat to law enforcement and safety personnel can be severe and bold in nature. Securing of
essential facilities and services is necessary. Looting and fires can take place because of
perceived or actual non - intervention by authorities.
History of Civil Unrest in the City of El Segundo
Occasional civil unrest incidents have impacted areas within the City or the entire City.
Following the Rodney King Trial in 1992, major incidents of looting, arson, and civil unrest from
neighboring jurisdictions (Hawthorne, Gardena and Inglewood) affected the City of El Segundo
for up to 72 hours. In the area within South Central Los Angeles and bordering communities near
El Segundo, over 800 businesses burned to the ground, and personal property damages resulted in
over 1 billion dollars in losses, 54 deaths, and numerous injuries occurred.
National Security Emergency
Because of international political changes, the possibility of full -scale nuclear war is significantly
reduced. However, limited nuclear strikes by rogue nations, terrorist activities, and radiological
materials accidents are still likely. Terrorist activities could result in the use nuclear weapons — a
weapon of mass destruction (WMD) being detonated or incorporated into a non - nuclear explosive
device ( "dirty bomb ") that would not provide a nuclear explosion, but spread nuclear materials
and radiation in the area of the explosion.
The following is provided for information and planning purposes:
Air Burst
An air burst, by definition, is when a nuclear weapon is detonated and the fireball does not touch
the surface of the earth. Usually, the weapon is set to detonate at a height of between 5,000 and
15,000 feet. Air bursts are generally selected for their capability to generate high over - pressure
and shock effect over large areas, as well as to ignite fires for great distances. Neither radiation
nor radioactive fallout is considered to be a significant factor in the event of an air burst.
Surface Burst
A nuclear detonation is considered a surface burst when the fireball generated touches the surface
of the earth. Surface bursts could include water bursts, underwater bursts and underground
bursts. Surface bursts produce large amounts of radioactive fallout. Therefore, some targets may
be selected not only for destroying facilities, but to also use the downwind fallout to prevent
access or restrict movement in large geographical areas.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 156
Detonation of a nuclear bomb can produce various damaging effects. Included are blast and over-
pressure, intense heat and light, nuclear radiation (fission and fusion), electromagnetic pulse, and
for surface bursts, radioactive fallout.
Blast
When the weapon is detonated, a tremendous pressure is developed. This over - pressure rapidly
expands outward in all directions, creating extremely high winds. The expansion continues until
the over - pressure is reduced to normal pressure. The rapid outward expansion of air creates a
vacuum that must equalize. The winds then reverse to the opposite direction and continue until
the air pressure is equalized. Damage and injury are caused not only by the outward expansion
phase of the wind and pressure, but also in the opposite direction when the air is rushing back to
fill the vacuum. It is believed that an ordinary California home would be destroyed at about 1.5
to 2 psi, often 2 to 5 miles from the detonation.
Thermal Radiation
Thermal radiation is a burst of intense light and heat. This phenomenon can initiate fires as well
as produce casualties. A one - megaton explosion can produce flash - blindness up to 13 miles on a
clear day, or 53 miles on a clear night. Thermal radiation can cause skin and retinal burns many
miles from the point of detonation. A one - megaton explosion can cause first- degree burns at
distances of approximately 7 miles, second - degree burns at approximately 6 miles, and third -
degree burns at approximately 5 miles from ground zero. Detonation of a single thermonuclear
weapon could cause many thousands of burn casualties.
Initial Radiation
Defined as that radiation emitted during the first minute after detonation, it is comprised of
gamma rays and neutrons. For large yield weapons, the range of the initial radiation is less than
that of the lethal blast and thermal radiation effects. However, with respect to small yield
weapons, the initial radiation may be the lethal effect with the greatest range.
Fallout
Produced by surface debris drawn into and irradiated by the fireball, then rising into the
atmosphere and eventually returning to earth. When a nuclear detonation occurs, fission products
and induced radioactive material from the weapon casing and debris that was pulled up into the
fireball returns to earth as fallout. A source of ionizing radiation, fallout may be deposited miles
from the point of detonation and thus affect people otherwise safe from the other effects of the
weapon. The radiation danger associated with fallout decreases as the radioactive material
decays. Decay rates range from several minutes to several years.
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
Intense electric and magnetic fields that can damage unprotected electronic equipment. This
effect is most pronounced in high altitude bursts (above 100,000 feet). Surface bursts typically
produce significant EMP up to the 1 psi over - pressure range, while air bursts produce somewhat
less. No evidence exists suggesting that EMP produces harmful effects in humans.
Dirty Bomb
A dirty bomb is a conventional explosive salted with radioactive isotopes — cesium, cobalt and
iridium isotopes that are widely used for industrial and medical purposes -- in order to spew out
nuclear material and contaminate a wide area. The military usefulness of such devices is widely
disputed. The TNT in such a bomb may still be more dangerous than the nuclear material. Its
destructive power would depend on the size of the conventional bomb and the volume and nature
of the nuclear material.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 157
Domestic Terrorism
Terrorism is the use of fear for intimidation, usually for political goals. Terrorism is a crime
where the threat of violence is often as effective as the commission of the violent act itself.
Domestic Terrorism focuses on local threats of terrorism using commonly used weapons;
weapons of mass destruction; and civil unrest which may be designed to disrupt businesses and
other services. Tactics of civil unrest may includes blockades, riots, acts of civil disobedience,
trespassing, vandalism, disrupting transportation routes, and interfering with computer networks.
Persons employing terrorist activities ordinarily attack high profile targets in order to generate
media coverage and widespread public attention and fear. Accordingly, health care clinics,
government offices, public places with high concentrations of pedestrians, and other, similar,
facilities are all potential terrorist targets.
Specific Situations
Obvious structural targets include:
• Government
• Religious groups
• Racial groups or of a specific national origin
• Business
• Public infrastructure including major shipping ports, major airport, and major rail terminals
A significant date to a particular terrorist group may be April 19th (based upon the 1993 Branch
Davidian incident in Waco, Texas) and the April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City, OK Bombing of
Federal Building, and the Columbine High School shootings on April 20, 1999. Other dates
include 9 -11, for the anniversary of the East Coast Terrorist attacks in New York, Washington
D.C., and Pennsylvania on September 11, 2001.
Potential individual targets include:
• Government and school officials
• Religious or ethnic leaders
• Business persons
• Visiting dignitaries
• Leaders of radical groups
Special events held that might be a terrorist target:
• Conventions or meetings
• Newsworthy trials
• Religious or ethnic festivals
The greatest threat from terrorism is directly related to the City of El Segundo' proximity to the
Los Angeles International Airport. The Airport ranked one of the top in the world with 61
million passengers and 2.1 million tons of goods in 2006 alone. In the event of a major crash,
explosion, or biochemical release, the residents of El Segundo could be significantly impacted.
Public Health Emergency
The City of El Segundo, like most California cities, has no Public Health Office or Public Health
Officer. The County of Los Angeles Department of Health and the State of California, under the
Department of Health Services (DHS), manage local public health and safety issues nationally in
coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Centers for Disease Control
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 158
(CDC). Local health departments and physicians are required to report on 83 different diseases.
Public health labs are required to report 18 of the 83 reportable diseases.
Problems (infection or illness) would be identified by a variety of entities:
• Clinicians (urgent care, hospitals, clinics)
• Pharmacists
• Veterinarians
• Animal Control
• Vector Control
• Emergency medical personnel (first responders, EMT's, Paramedics, ER personnel)
• Laboratorians
• Pathologists
• Coroner
Under the direction of the Director of DHS, the Division of Communicable Disease Control
(DCDC) would have primary responsibility for planning and coordinating the DHS (state)
response to a public health emergency. The Emergency Preparedness Office (EPO) is a branch of
DHS that is responsible for ensuring that the Department of Health Services is prepared to
respond to disasters and for coordinating DHS disaster response activities.
The response activities at the State level would be carried out in collaboration with the
Emergency Medical Services Authority (EMSA), the Health and Human Services Agency, and
the Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES).
The Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management (OEM) and Department of Health
would coordinate personnel and material resource acquisition and distribution in coordination
with local, state, and federal agencies. In addition, potential pharmaceutical distribution sites
have been identified in each locale within of Los Angeles County to assist in dispensing
pharmaceuticals or vaccines if there is a credible public health threat.
A public health emergency could be linked to intentional exposure of a contagious disease that
may be treated as an act of terrorism by law enforcement officials. However, the underlying
public health emergency still must be addressed at the local level. The most realistic presentation
of a public health emergency is a natural pandemic associated with influenza, or an intentional
(terrorist) act of exposing the public to a bio- weaponized material (smallpox, anthrax, etc.)
The worst natural disaster in modern times was the infamous "Spanish flu" of 1918 -1919, which
caused 20 million deaths worldwide and over 500,000 deaths in the U.S. Although the Asian
influenza pandemic of 1957 and the Hong Kong influenza pandemic of 1968 were not as deadly
as the Spanish influenza pandemic, both were associated with high rates of illness and social
disruption.
Influenza is a highly contagious viral disease. Pandemics occur because of the ability of the
influenza virus to change into new types, or strains. People may be immune to some strains of
the disease either because they have had that strain of influenza in the past or because they have
recently received influenza vaccine. However, depending on how much the virus has changed,
people may have little or no immunity to the new strain. Small changes can result in localized
epidemics. But, if a novel and highly contagious strain of the influenza virus emerges, influenza
pandemic can occur and affect populations around the world.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 159
California, with its west coast location and several major ports of entry for flights (LAX) and
shipping from Asia (a likely location for the development of a novel virus), would likely be
among the first U.S. locations for influenza pandemic to establish a foothold.
The California Department of Health Services (DHS) estimates that the impact of an influenza
pandemic on California's population of 35 million could include:
• 8.8 million persons ill with influenza (estimated range: 5.3 million to 12.3 million);
• 4.7 million outpatient visits (estimated range: 2.8 million to 6.6 million);
• 97,200 persons hospitalized (estimated range: 58,300 to 136,000);
• 21, 500 deaths (estimated range: 12,900 to 30,200).
These estimates underscore the need for advance planning to lessen the impact of a pandemic.
Smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, public health vaccines ended in 1972 in the United
States. Live viruses were maintained as part of government weapons programs. These types of
agents may be directed toward a civilian population in manner similar to the intentional release of
Anthrax in domestic mail in October 2001 in Florida, Washington, and New Jersey, resulting in 5
deaths. Other Class "A" agents include: anthrax, plague, tularemia, botulism, and viral
hemorrhagic fevers (filovirouses and arenaviruses).
Class B viruses include: Q fever, Brucellosis (Brucella abortus, etc), Glanders (Burkholderia
mallei), Viral encephalitides (Venezuelan equine encephalitis), Staphylococcal enterotoxin B),
Food/Waterborne (Salmonella, Shigella„ Cholera, Cryptosporidium.
Other viruses, like the West Nile virus (WNV), which was discovered in 1999 in New York City,
and St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) could impact the City of El Segundo. In just under 3 years, the
WNV reached Los Angeles County (September 2002). SLE is endemic to Imperial County for
over 20 years. There is no cure for these and most viruses. In 2002 alone, the WNV epidemic
infected over 3400 victims across the United States; of those infected the CDC has reported over
200 deaths.
Vaccinations also present a potential risk to the public because a small percentage of those
receiving vaccinations may have adverse reactions — which are sometimes fatal. Reactions may
include allergies, disability, or development of actual illness as a direct result of preventive
measures taken.
Public Health Emergencies in the City of El Segundo
A local crisis or disease cluster develops with an illness presented by patient onset that strains the
resources of public safety in response, transport, and treatment of those infected with a disease or
virus. Local health departments begin active surveillance, which may trigger a national
surveillance. Major issues and challenges associated with this type of emergency are: identifying
the disease, eliminating transmission of the disease (isolation, vector control, and possible
quarantine), treatment of those already infected, surveillance of the disease, treatment of those
exposed to an infection but not yet showing symptoms, and the potential for dealing with mass
fatalities associated with a public health emergency (epidemic), and addressing the panic and fear
associated with wide spread disease or epidemic.
California maintains plans to address public health emergencies: the Department of Health
Services (CDHS) "Bioterrorism Surveillance and Epidemiologic Response Plan," and the
Department of Health Services (DHS) "Influenza Pandemic Response Plan." The Federal
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 160
government and Office of Homeland Security have additional plans in place. Many are currently
under development.
The Public Health Officer has the authority under California Health and Safety Code to institute a
variety of measures, including, but limited to isolation, quarantine, and to order the destruction of
public and private property declared to be a threat to the public health and safety (infection or
contamination). These are generally extreme measures that are implemented when a severe crisis
or state of emergency exists or is declared.
Pandemic
The California Influenza Pandemic Response Plan states "in California, an influenza pandemic
(worldwide epidemic) could result in nine million persons ill with influenza. The number of
persons hospitalized would probably be about 97,000 persons (compared with about 3,000 in a
normal year) and 21,000 deaths (compared with about 200 in a normal year). In order to lessen
the impact of a pandemic, the Department of Health Services (DHS) has developed the "Influenza
Pandemic Response Plan " to promote an orderly and effective response, from the first novel
virus alert through the conclusion of the last wave of the pandemic.
Biohazards and Bioterrorism
Bioterrorism and its potential for mass destruction have been subjects of increasing concern.
Terrorist groups have used or threatened to use biological agents in a variety of circumstances,
both domestically and internationally. Current concerns regarding the threat of bioterrorism
result from the production of biological weapons for use in the 1991 Gulf War and from the
increasing number of countries that are engaged in the proliferation of such weapons. Many
foreign countries possess offensive biological weapons programs and the existence of these
programs increases the likelihood that biological expertise will be transferred, directly or
indirectly, to groups and individuals with grievances against the government or society.
The growth of religious cults and extremist political groups also increases the threat of
bioterrorism today. In 1995, a Japanese doomsday cult released the nerve agent Sarin in a Tokyo
subway following several failed bioterrorist attacks in Japan. The group had also planned similar
attacks in the United States (U.S.). A significant biological attack in the U.S. was the intentional
contamination of restaurant salad bars with Salmonella by a religious cult in Oregon in 1984, it
was the first major bioterrorism act reported.
The most significant biological terrorist attack on US soil occurred on the east coast in October
2001 through December 2001. Military (weapons) grade anthrax was sent via the United States
Postal system in letters addressed to elected officials and prominent members of the print and
television media. When the letters were opened, millions of spores were released infecting all
surfaces and people entering the area. Five people died and hundreds were exposed.
California is vulnerable to bioterrorist incidents. California has the largest population and the
largest economy in the nation and continues to be a major port of entry for travelers to the U.S.
One in every eight Americans lives in California and two- thirds of the population lives in the
coastal urban areas surrounding the San Francisco and Los Angeles metropolitan areas.
California is the home to numerous extremist groups, some motivated to bring about social
disruption. In addition, numerous sophisticated biotechnology laboratories that could provide
essential supplies and facilities for potential bioterrorists onsite or by theft are located in
California.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 161
The public health infrastructure at the local and state levels must be prepared to detect, control,
and prevent illness and injury resulting from biological and chemical terrorism, especially a
covert terrorist attack. Preparation for bioterrorism involves strengthening of the existing
infrastructure for the surveillance of infectious diseases; detection, and investigation of outbreaks;
identification of etiologic agents and their modes of transmission; the development of prevention
and control strategies; and; the mobilization and management of resources required to respond to
disease outbreaks and other health emergencies.
Bioterrorism Preparations
The County of Los Angeles and State of California maintains aggressive public health
surveillance programs. In addition, the use of vaccines for influenza is encouraged for those at
risk (children, elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. The United States through the
CDC, Health and Human Services, and Office of Homeland Security are currently evaluating the
use of vaccines for smallpox to public health workers.
There are concerns that the smallpox virus could be used for bioterrorism. The risk for smallpox
occurring as a result of a deliberate release by terrorists is not known, but is considered very low.
Members of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the National
Vaccine Advisory Committee (NVAC), two groups that provide recommendations to CDC and
the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on vaccine use and policies, met to
review current smallpox vaccine recommendations. There is an expected availability of about
286 million doses of smallpox vaccine by the end of the 2002. This stockpile would be enough to
protect every United States citizen, if needed.
City Technological and Human - Caused Hazard Issues
Because of the nature of technological and human - caused hazards it is difficult to identify
specific locations or populations clusters that would be vulnerable to a particular hazardous event.
As such, no specific infrastructure, government structure, population centers have been identified
as being targets or at any greater risk than any other location.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 162
APPENDIX A: MASTER RESOURCE DIRECTORY
The Resource Directory provides contact information for local, regional, state, and federal
programs that are currently involved in hazard mitigation activities. The Hazard Mitigation
Advisory Committee may look to the organizations on the following pages for resources and
technical assistance. The Resource Directory provides a foundation for potential partners in
action item implementation.
The Hazard Mitigation Advisory Committee will continue to add contact information for
organizations currently engaged in hazard mitigation activities. This section may also be used by
various city members interested in hazard mitigation information and projects.
American Public Works Association
Level: National Hazard: Multi http: / /www.apwa.net
2345 Grand Boulevard Suite 500
Kansas City, MO 64108 -2641 Ph: 816- 472 -6100 1 Fx: 816- 472 -1610
Notes: The American Public Works Association is an international educational and professional
association of public agencies, private sector companies, and individuals dedicated to providing high
quality public works goods and services.
Association of State Floodplain Managers
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floods.org
2809 Fish Hatchery Road
Madison, WI 53713- -- - - - - - - � Ph: 608- 274 -0123 � Fx: - - - - -- --
Notes: The Association of State Floodplain Managers is an organization of professionals involved in
floodplain management, flood hazard mitigation, the National Flood Insurance Program, and flood
preparedness, warning and recovery
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)
Level: National - - Hazard: Earthquake www.bssconline.ora - - - - - -
1090 Vermont Ave., NW Suite 700
Washington, DC 20005 Ph: 202 - 289 -7800 Fx: 202 - 289 -109
Notes: The Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC) develops and promotes building earthquake risk
mitigation regulatory provisions for the nation.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 163
California Department of Transportation (CalTrans)
Level: State I Hazard: Multi http: / /www.dot.ca.gov/
120 S. Spring Street _ . — -- — - -- — � -- -- — -- — -- -- —
Los Angeles, CA 90012 — — — — — —I Ph: 213- 897 -3656 — LFx: —
Notes: CalTrans is responsible for the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the
California State Highway System, as well as that portion of the Interstate Highway System within the
state's boundaries. Alone and in partnership with Amtrak, Caltrans is also involved in the support of
intercity passenger rail service in California.
California Resources Agency
Level: State I Hazard: Multi I http: / /resources.ca.gov/
1416 Ninth Street — Suite 1311
Sacramento, CA 95814 — — LPh: 916 - 653 -5656 — Fx: — — —
Notes: The California Resources Agency restores, protects and manages the state's natural, historical
and cultural resources for current and future generations using solutions based on science, collaboration
and respect for all the communities and interests involved.
CALFIRE - The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF)
Level: State — — — Hazard: Multi — — http://www.fire.ca.gov/php /index.ph —
210 W. San Jacinto
Perris CA 92570 Ph: 909 - 940 -6900 Fx:
Notes: The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) protects over 31 million acres
of California's privately -owned wildlands. CDF emphasizes the management and protection of
California's natural resources.
California Division of Mines and Geology (DMG)
Level: State Hazard: Multi ! www.consrv.ca.gov /c1,s /index.htm
801 K Street MS 12 -30
Sacramento, CA 95814 — — — — _j Ph_916 -445 -1825 i Fx_ 916- 445 -5718
Notes: The California Geological Survey develops and disseminates technical information and advice
on California's geology, geologic hazards, and mineral resources.
California Environmental Resources Evaluation System ( CERES)
Level: State Hazard: Multi I http: / /ceres.ca.gov/
900 N St. Suite 250
Sacramento, Ca. 95814 Ph: 916 -653 -2238 I Fx:
Notes: CERES is an excellent website for access to environmental information and websites.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 164
California Department of Water Resources (DWR)
Level: State Hazard: Flood http: / /www.dwr.water.ca.gov
- - - -- ------------------------------------
1416 90' Street
Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph_916_653 -6192 1 Fx: -
Notes: The Department of Water Resources manages the water resources of California in cooperation
with other agencies, to benefit the State's people, and to protect, restore, and enhance the natural and
human environments.
California Department of Conservation: Southern California Regional Office
Level State _ Hazard: Multi - www.consrv.ca.gov -
655 S. Hope Street #700
Los Angeles, CA 90017-2321 ; Ph: 213 - 239 -0878 ; Fx: 213_239 -0984 -
Notes: The Department of Conservation provides services and information that promote environmental
health, economic vitality, informed land -use decisions and sound management of our state's natural
resources.
California Planning Information Network
Level State - - - - - Hazard: Multi - www.caloin.ca.gov
Ph: Fx:
Notes: The Governor's Office of Planning and Research (OPR) publishes basic information on local
planning agencies, known as the California Planners' Book of Lists. This local planning information is
available on -line with new search capabilities and up -to -the- minute updates.
EPA, Region 9
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi http://www,epa.gov/reizionO9
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105 Ph: 415- 947 -8000 Fx: 415- 947 -3553
Notes: The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is to protect human health and to
safeguard the natural environment through the themes of air and global climate change, water, land,
communities and ecosystems, and compliance and environmental stewardship.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Region IX
- - - T - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.fema.gov
1 111 Broadway - - - _ _. _Suite 1200 - - - - - - - - -
Oakland, CA 94607 Ph: 510- 627_7100 - - i Fx: 510 -627 -7112
Notes: The Federal Emergency Management Agency is tasked with responding to, planning for,
recovering from and mitigating against disasters.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 165
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Mitigation Division
Level: Federal I Hazard: Multi I www.fema.l;ov /fima /planhowto.shtm
500 C Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 Fx:
Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's
mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection,
with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities
throughout the country.
Floodplain Management Association
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.floodplain.org
P.O. Box 50891
-- --
Sparks, NV 89435 -0891 Ph: 775- 626 -6389 Fx: 775- 626 -6389
Notes: The Floodplain Management Association is a nonprofit educational association. It was
established in 1990 to promote the reduction of flood losses and to encourage the protection and
enhancement of natural floodplain values. Members include representatives of federal, state and local
government agencies as well as private firms.
Governor's Office of Emergency Services (OES)
Level: State Hazard: Multi www.oes.ca.gov
P.O. Box 419047
Rancho Cordova, CA 95741 -9047 Ph: 916 845- 8911 Fx: 916 845- 8910
Notes: The Governor's Office of Emergency Services coordinates overall state agency response to
major disasters in support of local government. The office is responsible for assuring the state's
readiness to respond to and recover from natural, manmade, and war - caused emergencies, and for
assisting local governments in their emergency preparedness, response and recovery efforts.
Landslide Hazards Program, USGS
Level: Federal Hazard: Landslide http: / /landslides.usgs.gov /index.html
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive MS 906
Reston, VA 20192 Ph: 703 -648- 4000 Fx:
Notes: The NLIC website provides good information on the programs and resources regarding
landslides. The page includes information on the National Landslide Hazards Program Information
Center, a bibliography, publications, and current projects. USGS scientists are working to reduce long-
term losses and casualties from landslide hazards through better understanding of the causes and
mechanisms of ground failure both nationally and worldwide.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 166
Los Angeles County Economic Development Corporation
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.laedc.orjz
444 S. Flower Street 34'h Floor
Los Angeles, CA 90071 Ph: 213 - 236 -4813 Fx. 213- 623 -0281
Notes: The LAEDC is a private, non - profit 501 13 organization established in 1981 with the mission to
attract, retain and grow businesses and jobs in the Los Angeles region. The LAEDC is widely relied
upon for its Southern California Economic Forecasts and Industry Trend Reports. Lead by the
renowned Jack Kyser (Sr. Vice President, Chief Economist) his team of researchers produces numerous
publications to help business, media and government navigate the LA region's diverse economy.
Los Angeles County Public Works Department
Level: County Hazard: Multi http: / /Iadpw.org
900 S. Fremont Ave.
Alhambra, CA 91803 Ph: 626- 458 -5100 Fx:
Notes: The Los Angeles County Department of Public Works protects property and promotes public
safety through Flood Control, Water Conservation, Road Maintenance, Bridges, Buses and Bicycle
Trails, Building and Safety, Land Development, Waterworks, Sewers, Engineering, Capital Projects
and Airports
National Resources Conservation Service
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi I http: / /www.nres.usda.gov//
10 and Independence Ave., SW Room 5105 -A
Washington, DC 20250 Ph: 202 - 720 -7246 Fx: 202 - 720 -7690
Notes: NRCS assists owners of America's private land with conserving their soil, water, and other
natural resources, by delivering technical assistance based on sound science and suited to a customer's
specific needs. Cost shares and financial incentives are available in some cases.
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
Level: National Hazard: Wildfire http:// www. nfpa.org /catalog/home /index.gsp
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02169 -7471 Ph: 617- 770 -3000 Fx: 617 770 -0700
Notes: The mission of the international nonprofit NFPA is to reduce the worldwide burden of fire and
other hazards on the quality of life by providing and advocating scientifically -based consensus codes
and standards, research, training and education
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 167
National Floodplain Insurance Program (NFIP)
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood www.fema.gov/nfi
C Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 Fx:
Notes: The Mitigation Division manages the National Flood Insurance Program and oversees FEMA's
mitigation programs. It has of a number of programs and activities of which provide citizens Protection,
with flood insurance; Prevention, with mitigation measures and Partnerships, with communities
throughout the country.
National Oceanic /Atmospheric Administration
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www.noaa.gov
14"' Street and Constitution Ave NW I Rm 6013
Washington, DC 20230 Ph: 202 - 482 -6090 Fx: 202 - 482 -3154
Notes: NOAA's historical role has been to predict environmental changes, protect life and property,
provide decision makers with reliable scientific information, and foster global environmental
stewardship.
National Weather Service, Office of Hydrologic Development
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood http://www.nws.noaa.gov
East West Highway + SSMC2
Silver Spring, MD 20910 Ph: 301- 713 -1658 Fx: 301- 713 -0963
Notes: The Office of Hydrologic Development (OHD) enhances National Weather Service products by:
infusing new hydrologic science, developing hydrologic techniques for operational use, managing
hydrologic development by NWS field office, providing advanced hydrologic products to meet needs
identified by NWS customers
National Weather Service
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi _http:/ /www.nws.noaa.gov/
520 North Elevar Street
Oxnard, CA 93030 Ph: 805 -988- 6615 Fx:
Notes: The National Weather Service is responsible for providing weather service to the nation. It is
charged with the responsibility of observing and reporting the weather and with issuing forecasts and
warnings of weather and floods in the interest of national safety and economy. Briefly, the priorities
for service to the nation are: 1. protection of life, 2. protection of property, and 3. promotion of the
nation's welfare and economy.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 168
Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County
Level: County — Hazard: Flood http: / /www.lacsd.ora/
1955 Workman Mill Road
Whittier, CA 90607 Ph:562- 699 -7411 x2301 Fx:
Notes: The Sanitation Districts provide wastewater and solid waste management for over half the
population of Los Angeles County and turn waste products into resources such as reclaimed water,
energy, and recyclable materials.
South Bay Economic Development Partnership
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.southbaypartnership.com
3858 Carson Street Suite 110
Torrance, CA 90503— 1 Ph: 310 - 792 -0323
IRX :310- 543 -9886
Notes: The South Bay Economic Development Partnership is a collaboration of business, labor,
education and government. Its primary goal is to plan an implement an economic development and
marketing strategy designed to retain and create jobs and stimulate economic growth in the South Bay
of Los Angeles County.
South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD)
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi www.agmd.gov
21865 E. Copley Drive
Diamond Bar, CA 91765 I Ph: 800 - CUT -SMOG I Fx:
Notes: AQMD is a regional government agency that seeks to achieve and maintain healthful air quality
through a comprehensive program of research, regulations, enforcement, and communication. The
AQMD covers Los Angeles and Orange Counties and parts of Riverside and San Bernardino Counties.
Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.scec.ors!
3651 Trousdale Parkway Suite 169
Los Angeles, CA 90089 -0742 1 Ph. 213 - 740 -5843 Fx: 213/740 -0011
Notes: The Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) gathers new information about earthquakes
in Southern California, integrates this information into a comprehensive and predictive understanding
of earthquake phenomena, and communicates this understanding to end -users and the general public in
order to increase earthquake awareness, reduce economic losses, and save lives.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 169
Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG)
Level: Regional i Hazard: Multi www.scag.ca.gov
818 W. Seventh Street 12`h Floor r
Los Angeles, CA 90017 Ph: 213 - 236 -1800 Fx: 213- 236 -1825
Notes: The Southern California Association of Governments functions as the Metropolitan Planning
Organization for six counties: Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura and Imperial.
As the designated Metropolitan Planning Organization, the Association of Governments is mandated by
the federal government to research and draw up plans for transportation, growth management,
hazardous waste management, and air quality.
State Fire Marshal (SFM)
Level: State Hazard: Wildfire http: / /osfin.fiire.ca.gov
1131 "S" Street
Sacramento, CA 95814 Ph: 916 - 445 -8200 Fx: 916- 445 -8509
Notes: The Office of the State Fire Marshal (SFM) supports the mission of the California Department
of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) by focusing on fire prevention. SFM regulates buildings in which
people live, controls substances which may, cause injuries, death and destruction by fire; provides
statewide direction for fire prevention within wildland areas; regulates hazardous liquid pipelines;
reviews regulations and building standards; and trains and educates in fire protection methods and
responsibilities.
The Community Rating System (CRS)
Level: Federal Hazard: Flood http: / /www.fema. og v /nfip /crs.shtm
500 C Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20472 Ph: 202 -566 -1600 I Fx:
Notes: The Community Rating System (CRS) recognizes community floodplain management efforts
that go beyond the minimum requirements of the NFIP. Property owners within the County would
receive reduced NFIP flood insurance premiums if the County implements floodplain management
practices that qualify it for a CRS rating. For further information on the CRS, visit FEMA's website.
United States Geological Survey
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi http: / /www.usgs.gov/
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, CA 94025 Ph: 650- 853 -8300 I Fx:
Notes: The USGS provides reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth;
minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral
resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 170
US Army Corps of Engineers
Level: Federal 1 Hazard: Multi_ http: / /www.usace.army.mil
P.O. Box 532711
Los Angeles CA 90053- 2325 Ph: 213 -452- 3921 j Fx:
Notes: The United States Army Corps of Engineers work in engineering and environmental matters. A
workforce of biologists, engineers, geologists, hydrologists, natural resource managers and other
professionals provide engineering services to the nation including planning, designing, building and
operating water resources and other civil works projects.
USGS Water Resources
Level: Federal Hazard: Multi www. water. ust;s.Qov
6000 J Street Placer Hall
Sacramento, CA 95819 -6129_ _— Ph: 916 - 278 -3000 Fx: 916- 278 -3070
Notes: The USGS Water Resources mission is to provide water information that benefits the Nation's
citizens: publications, data, maps, and applications software.
Western States Seismic Policy Council (WSSPQ
Level: Regional Hazard: Earthquake www.wsspc.org/home.html
125 California Avenue Suite D201, #1
Palo Alto, CA 94306 Ph: 650- 330 -1101 Fx: 650 -326 -1769
Notes: WSSPC is a regional earthquake consortium funded mainly by FEMA. Its website is a great
resource, with information clearly categorized – from policy to engineering to education.
Westside Economic Collaborative C/O Pacific Western Bank
Level: Regional Hazard: Multi I http: / /www.westside -la.or
120 Wilshire Boulevard
Santa Monica, CA 90401 Ph: 310458 -1521 Fx: 310 -458 -6479
Notes: The Westside Economic Development Collaborative is the first Westside regional economic
development corporation. The Westside EDC functions as an information gatherer and resource center,
as well as a forum, through bringing business, government, and residents together to address issues
affecting the region: Economic Diversity, Transportation, Housing, Workforce Training and Retraining,
Lifelong Learning, Tourism, and Embracing Diversity.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 171
APPENDIX B: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Public participation is a key component to any strategic planning process. It is very important
that such broad - reaching plans not be written in isolation. Agency participation offers an
opportunity for impacted departments and organizations to provide expertise and insight into the
planning process. Public participation offers citizens the chance to voice their ideas, interests,
and opinions. The Federal Emergency Management Agency also requires public input during the
development of mitigation plans.
The City of El Segundo Mitigation Plan integrated a cross - section of public input throughout the
planning process. To accomplish this goal, the Planning Team developed a public participation
process through five components: (1) developing a Planning Team comprised of knowledgeable
individuals representative of the City; (2) conducting a survey of "Levels of Concerns" to verify
the primary concerns of the community as it relates to hazards; (3) soliciting the assistance of
local media representatives and local newspapers to announce the progress of the planning
activities and to announce the availability of the Draft Mitigation Plan; (4) creating opportunities
for the community as well as public agencies to review the Draft Mitigation Plan; (5) conducting
a public meeting at the City Disaster Council and the City Council where the public had an
opportunity to express their views concerning the Draft Mitigation Plan.
Integrating public participation during the development of the Mitigation Plan has ultimately
resulted in increased public awareness. Through public involvement, the mitigation plan reflects
community issues, concerns, and new ideas and perspectives on mitigation opportunities and plan
action items.
Hazard Mitigation Planning Team
The preparation of the Mitigation Plan was the responsibility of the Hazard Mitigation Planning
Team, which consisted of representatives from seven City departments and two El Segundo
Unified School District Departments. The members had an understanding of how the City is
organized and how the city, region, and environment might be affected by hazard events. The
Planning Team guided the development of the Plan, and assisted in developing plan goals and
action items, identifying stakeholders and plan reviewers, and sharing local expertise to create a
more comprehensive plan.
Meetings
The following meetings were facilitated by City Consultant, Carolyn J. Harshman of Emergency
Planning Consultants:
Meeting #1: Pre - Training May 29, 2007
Emergency Planning Consultants (EPC) delivered pre- training to the Planning Team. The pre -
training consisted of the history of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000, the purpose and role of
hazard mitigation, and the planning process. The Pre - Training lasted approximately 1 hour.
Meeting #2: Kick -Off May 29, 2007
EPC facilitated a workshop where participants had an opportunity to learn about various hazards,
assess and rank the local threats, examine hazard maps, and complete the FEMA Worksheets
contained in FEMA 386 -2 Understanding Your Risks. Part of the discussion included a
presentation by EPC of historical disaster events across the country. Those slides served as a
backdrop for discussing potential mitigation activities.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 172
There was an extensive discussion on various methods of engaging the public in the mitigation
process. The Planning Team prepared a draft media release and discussed a public opinion
survey provided by EPC. The Kick -Off Meeting lasted approximately 1 hour.
Meeting #3: Pre - Training: Mitigation July 31, 2007
EPC delivered pre- training to the Planning Team. The pre - training consisted of the concepts and
issues related to developing mitigation actions. The pre - training lasted approximately 2 hours.
Meeting #4: Mitigation Actions July 31, 2007
EPC delivered the Draft Hazard Analysis and the individual jurisdiction representatives discussed
missing information, data, and maps. EPC distributed copies of the Mitigation Actions Planning
Tools to assist the Team in developing Goals and Action Items appropriate to their hazards. The
Planning Tools provided a process for collecting the mitigation actions presently in practice in the
City, as well as identifying future mitigation actions.
A brainstorming process was then conducted to develop the goals for the Plan. The Planning
Team discussed sample goal language then broke into individual jurisdictions to finalize goal
language. Following a discussion on the alternatives available for ranking mitigation actions, the
Team agreed to cluster the rankings of the Mitigation Actions by hazard as follows: #1 Multi -
Hazard, #2 Earthquakes (including Liquefaction), #3 Flooding, #4 Tsunami, and #5
Technological and Human - Caused Hazards. Prioritization of the individual action items was
accomplished using the STAPLEE model (see Meeting #5).
The next task was to examine a FEMA- approved Mitigation Plan to get an idea of how mitigation
actions are written. Each of the jurisdictions was pleased to announce the broad range of
mitigation actions already being practiced. In addition, EPC provided a list of actions that were
identified in the Capital Improvement Plan or other planning documents.
To facilitate the creative process, EPC developed a list of nearly 300 mitigation actions gathered
from dozens of Mitigation Plans across the country. Because of the easy access to mitigation
actions already in practice as well as the opportunity to review the recommendations from other
City's, the process of identifying appropriate mitigations actions was accomplished in a very
efficient manner.
Meeting #5: STAPLEE September 10, 2007
The consultant introduced the Planning Team to the STAPLEE Tool (Social, Technical,
Administrative, Political, Legal, Economic, and Environmental) as one of many means available
to prioritize mitigation actions. The results of the STAPLEE ranking can be seen in Plan
Maintenance — Table 1.
Public Meetings
City of El Segundo conducted two public meetings concerning the Draft Mitigation Plan. The
City's Disaster Council heard the item on April 15, 2008. The City Council heard the item on
May 6, 2008. The Council was supportive of the overall goal established by the Hazard
Mitigation Planning Team to become a more Disaster Resistant community. The City Council
commended the Planning Team representatives for its dedication and efforts to satisfy the DMA
2000 requirements.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 173
Invitation Process
The Planning Team identified possible public notice sources. The City of El Segundo Multi -
Hazard Mitigation Plan was posted on the City website on March 25`h. The City Council Meeting
Agenda was posted at City Hall on May 2, 2008, The City Council Meeting agenda packet was
posted on the City's website. The local community access cable television channel carried the
meeting City Council meeting announcement.
Results
The Planning Team began the presentation to the City Council by providing an overview of the
project objectives. The Planning Team Chair (Fire Chief) and Consultant presented the staff
report on the Plan, including an overview of the Hazard Analysis, Mitigation Goals, and
Mitigation Actions. The staff presentation concluded with a summary of the input received
during the public review of the document. The meeting participants were encouraged to present
their views and make suggestions on possible mitigation actions. The Chair then fielded
questions from the City Council. The meeting lasted approximately (length of meeting)
and was aired on local cable access for approximately (length of time).
The City Council was
Hazard
(vote) in its adoption of the City of El Segundo Multi -
Mitigation Plan.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 174
Appendix B- Attachment I
El Segundo Hazard Mitigation Plan Survey Results
® Protecting our Comazmuity: Challenges and opportunities for Mitigating Hazards - survey Resuts
A Survey by the City of El Segundo
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Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 175
Appendix B — Attachment 2
List of Plan Reviewers
Andrews, Dwayne
Los Angeles Air Force Base
Arguelles, Cecilia
Mattel
Arkus, George
Aerospace
Bates, Jason
NC4
Bolton, Jeffery
Aerospace
Boulgarides, Jim
El Segundo City Council
Brown, John
International Rectifier
Cardenas, David
LAX/LAWA
Colimitras, Katie
EDS Information Systems
Colin, Mark
Chevron Texaco
Cortez, Victor
Aerospace
Crowe, Bill
Assistant City Manager
Cummings, Bob
Aerospace
Cummings, Dave
El Segundo Police Department
Davis, Rodney
Mattel
DeAnda, Richard
Mattel
deRocili, Roland
Raytheon
Fleming, Joseph
Computer Sciences Corporation
Garcia, Dan
El Segundo Public Works Department
Garey, Mike
Xerox
Garza, Jim
El Segundo Unified School District
Gogliuzzo, Ralph
United Water
Groman, Craig
Los Angeles Air Force Base
Guyle, David
Northrop Grumman
Hailey, Eddie
Pacific Corporate Towers
Harrison, Jon
Boeing
Herron, Tyrone
Los Angeles Air Force Base
Hudson, Martin Ph.D., G.E.
Consultant in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering
Hunter, Eric
Aerospace
Ibarra, L
Continental Development
Jacobson, Carl
Glentek
Kelfer, Deborah
Candle
Kohn, Rita
Northrop Grumman
Krumbach, Walter
El Segundo Police Department
Ma, Hannah
DirecTV
Marchewka, Terry
International Rectifier
McDowell, Kelly
El Segundo City Council
Messinger, Jeffrey
Aerospace
Mickelson, Mary
ECFMG
Milley, Alexander
Computer Sciences Corporation
Navarette, David
Infonet
Nix, Diane
International Rectifier
Olds, Jerry R.
Northrop Grumman
O'Reilly, Dick
Infonet
Podganski, Jozef
Computer Sciences Corporation
Poe, Daryl
Raytheon
Post, Larry
Raytheon
Reina, Toni
Continental Development
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 176
Risk, Laurie
El Segundo Police Department
Robinson, Jeff
El Segundo Fire Department
Ross, Ric
NC4
Sanchez, Alex
NRG
Scott- Martinet, Karen
Northrop Grumman
Sherman, Marilyn
Otis
Simon Jr., Ed
DirecTV
Singer, James
Xerox
Smith, Kevin
El Segundo Fire Department
Snyder, Alaina
Northrop Grumman
Snyder, Sam
Los Angeles County Office of Education
Sosa, David
Raytheon
Soter, Joseph
Aerospace
Sproul, Ralph
Chevron Texaco
Stenlake, Rick
Boeing
Stewart, Jeff
El Segundo City Manager
Tavera, Mitch
El Segundo Police Department
Wilkinson, Rhonda
DirecTV
Yantz, Geoff
El Segundo Unified School District
Zahnow, Mitchell
Northrop Grumman
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 177
Appendix B — Attachment 3
City Council Resolution
RESOLUTION NO.
A RESOLUTION ADOPTING THE EL SEGUNDO MULTI -
HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN IN ACCORDANCE WITH " C.F.R.
§ 201.6.
The City Council of the City of El Segundo does resolve as follows:
SECTION 1: The City Council finds as follows:
A. The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires local
governments to draft a Hazard Mitigation Plan to receive certain
federal funding;
B. Failure to comply with the timely submission of an approved
Mitigation Plan could prevent the City from obtaining financial
reimbursement from the federal government following a
catastrophic event;
C. The City prepared the Hazard Mitigation Plan which is attached as
Exhibit 'A" and incorporated by reference ( "Plan "). The Plan will
assist City Council, City staff, and other El Segundo community
leaders in making decisions that would enhance the safety of El
Segundo residents, business owners, and City infrastructure.
SECTION 2: The Plan is adopted as set forth in Exhibit A. The City Manager, or
designee, is authorized to execute any required documents to obtain additional
federal or state approvals for the Plan.
SECTION 3: This Resolution will become effective immediately upon adoption.
PASSED AND ADOPTED this day of 12008.
Kelly McDowell, Mayor
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 178
ATTEST:
STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES ) SS
CITY OF EL SEGUNDO )
I, Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk of the City of El Segundo, California, do hereby
certify that the whole number of members of the City Council of said City is five;
that the foregoing Resolution No. was duly passed and adopted by said
City Council, approved and signed by the Mayor, and attested to by the City
Clerk, all at a regular meeting of said Council held on the day of
, 2008, and the same was so passed and adopted by the following
vote:
AYES:
NOES:
ABSENT:
ABSTAIN:
Cindy Mortesen, City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
MARK D. HENSLEY, CITY ATTORNEY
By:
Karl H. Berger, Assistant City Attorney
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 179
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APPENDIX C: BENEFIT /COST ANALYSIS
Benefit /cost analysis is a key mechanism used by the state Office of Emergency Services (OES),
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other state and federal agencies in evaluating
hazard mitigation projects, and is required by the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 93 -288, as amended.
This appendix outlines several approaches for conducting economic analysis of hazard mitigation
projects. It describes the importance of implementing mitigation activities, different approaches
to economic analysis of mitigation strategies, and methods to calculate costs and benefits
associated with mitigation strategies. Information in this section is derived in part from: The
Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, and Federal Emergency
Management Agency Publication 331, Report on Costs and Benefits of Hazard Mitigation.
This section is not intended to provide a comprehensive description of benefit/cost analysis, nor is
it intended to provide the details of economic analysis methods that can be used to evaluate local
projects. It is intended to (1) raise benefit /cost analysis as an important issue, and (2) provide
some background on how economic analysis can be used to evaluate mitigation projects.
Why Evaluate Mitigation Strategies?
Mitigation activities reduce the cost of disasters by minimizing property damage, injuries, and the
potential for loss of life, and by reducing emergency response costs, which would otherwise be
incurred.
Evaluating hazard mitigation provides decision - makers with an understanding of the potential
benefits and costs of an activity, as well as a basis upon which to compare alternative projects.
Evaluating mitigation projects is a complex and difficult undertaking, which is influenced by
many variables. First, natural disasters affect all segments of the communities they strike,
including individuals, businesses, and public services such as fire, police, utilities, and schools.
Second, while some of the direct and indirect costs of disaster damages are measurable, some of
the costs are non - financial and difficult to quantify in dollars. Third, many of the impacts of such
events produce "ripple- effects" throughout the community, greatly increasing the disaster's social
and economic consequences.
While not easily accomplished, there is value, from a public policy perspective, in assessing the
positive and negative impacts from mitigation activities, and obtaining an instructive benefit/cost
comparison. Otherwise, the decision to pursue or not pursue various mitigation options would
not be based on an objective understanding of the net benefit or loss associated with these actions.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 183
What are Some Economic Analysis Approaches for Mitigation Strategies?
The approaches used to identify the costs and benefits associated with hazard mitigation
strategies, measures, or projects fall into two general categories: benefit /cost analysis and cost -
effectiveness analysis. The distinction between the two methods is the way in which the relative
costs and benefits are measured. Additionally, there are varying approaches to assessing the
value of mitigation for public sector and private sector activities.
Benefit /Cost Analysis
Benefit /cost analysis is used in hazards mitigation to show if the benefits to life and property
protected through mitigation efforts exceed the cost of the mitigation activity. Conducting
benefit /cost analysis for a mitigation activity can assist communities in determining whether a
project is worth undertaking now, in order to avoid disaster related damages later. Benefit /cost
analysis is based on calculating the frequency and severity of a hazard, avoided future damages,
and risk.
In benefit /cost analysis, all costs and benefits are evaluated in terms of dollars, and a net
benefit/cost ratio is computed to determine whether a project should be implemented (i.e., if net
benefits exceed net costs, the project is worth pursuing). A project must have a benefit/cost ratio
greater than 1 in order to be funded.
Cost - Effectiveness Analysis
Cost - effectiveness analysis evaluates how best to spend a given amount of money to achieve a
specific goal. This type of analysis, however, does not necessarily measure costs and benefits in
terms of dollars. Determining the economic feasibility of mitigating hazards can also be
organized according to the perspective of those with an economic interest in the outcome. Hence,
economic analysis approaches are covered for both public and private sectors as follows.
Investing in public sector mitigation activities
Evaluating mitigation strategies in the public sector is complicated because it involves
estimating all of the economic benefits and costs regardless of who realizes them, and
potentially to a large number of people and economic entities. Some benefits cannot be
evaluated monetarily, but still affect the public in profound ways. Economists have
developed methods to evaluate the economic feasibility of public decisions that involve a
diverse set of beneficiaries and non - market benefits.
Investing in private sector mitigation activities
Private sector mitigation projects may occur on the basis of one of two approaches: it
may be mandated by a regulation or standard, or it may be economically justified on its
own merits. A building or landowner, whether a private entity or a public agency,
required to conform to a mandated standard may consider the following options:
1. Request cost sharing from public agencies;
2. Dispose of the building or land either by sale or demolition;
3. Change the designated use of the building or land and change the
hazard mitigation compliance requirement; or
4. Evaluate the most feasible alternatives and initiate the most cost
effective hazard mitigation alternative.
The sale of a building or land triggers another set of concerns. For example, real estate
disclosure laws can be developed which require sellers of real property to disclose known
defects and deficiencies in the property, including earthquake weaknesses and hazards to
prospective purchasers. Correcting deficiencies can be expensive and time consuming,
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 184
but their existence can prevent the sale of the building. Conditions of a sale regarding the
deficiencies and the price of the building can be negotiated between a buyer and seller.
How Can an Economic Analysis be Conducted?
Benefit /cost analysis and cost - effectiveness analysis are important tools in evaluating whether or
not to implement a mitigation activity. A framework for evaluating alternative mitigation
activities is outlined below:
1. Identify the Alternatives: Alternatives for reducing risk from hazards can include
structural projects to enhance disaster resistance, education and outreach, and acquisition
or demolition of exposed properties, among others. Different mitigation project can assist
in minimizing risk to hazards, but do so at varying economic costs.
2. Calculate the Costs and Benefits: Choosing economic criteria is essential to
systematically calculating costs and benefits of mitigation projects and selecting the most
appropriate alternative. Potential economic criteria to evaluate alternatives include:
- Determine the project cost. This may include initial project
development costs, and repair and operating costs of maintaining projects over
time.
- Estimate the benefits. Projecting the benefits or cash flow resulting
from a project can be difficult. Expected future returns from the mitigation effort
depend on the correct specification of the risk and the effectiveness of the
project, which may not be well known. Expected future costs depend on the
physical durability and potential economic obsolescence of the investment. This
is difficult to project. These considerations will also provide guidance in
selecting an appropriate salvage value. Future tax structures and rates must be
projected. Financing alternatives must be researched, and they may include
retained earnings, bond and stock issues, and commercial loans.
- Consider costs and benefits to society and the environment. These
are not easily measured, but can be assessed through a variety of economic tools
including existence value or contingent value theories. These theories provide
quantitative data on the value people attribute to physical or social environments.
Even without hard data, however, impacts of structural projects to the physical
environment or to society should be considered when implementing mitigation
projects.
- Determine the correct discount rate. Determination of the discount
rate can just be the risk -free cost of capital, but it may include the decision
maker's time preference and also a risk premium. Including inflation should also
be considered.
3. Analyze and Rank the Alternatives: Once costs and benefits have been quantified,
economic analysis tools can rank the alternatives. Two methods for determining the best
alternative given varying costs and benefits include net present value and internal rate of
return.
- Net present value. Net present value is the value of the expected future
returns of an investment minus the value of expected future cost expressed in
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 185
today's dollars. if the net present value is greater than the project costs, the
project may be determined feasible for implementation. Selecting the discount
rate, and identifying the present and future costs and benefits of the project
calculates the net present value of projects.
- Internal Rate of Return. Using the internal rate of return method to
evaluate mitigation projects provides the interest rate equivalent to the dollar
returns expected from the project. Once the rate has been calculated, it can be
compared to rates earned by investing in alternative projects. Projects may be
feasible to implement when the internal rate of return is greater than the total
costs of the project.
Once the mitigation projects are ranked on the basis of economic criteria, decision -
makers can consider other factors, such as risk; project effectiveness; and economic,
environmental, and social returns in choosing the appropriate project for implementation.
How are Benefits of Mitigation Calculated?
Economic Returns of Hazard Mitigation
The estimation of economic returns, which accrue to building or land owner as a result of hazard
mitigation, is difficult. Owners evaluating the economic feasibility of mitigation should consider
reductions in physical damages and financial losses. A partial list follows:
- Building damages avoided
- Content damages avoided
- Inventory damages avoided
- Rental income losses avoided
- Relocation and disruption expenses avoided
- Proprietor's income losses avoided
These parameters can be estimated using observed prices, costs, and engineering data. The
difficult part is to correctly determine the effectiveness of the hazard mitigation project and the
resulting reduction in damages and losses. Equally as difficult is assessing the probability that an
event will occur. The damages and losses should only include those that will be borne by the
owner. The salvage value of the investment can be important in determining economic
feasibility. Salvage value becomes more important as the time horizon of the owner declines.
This is important because most businesses depreciate assets over a period of time.
Additional Costs from Hazards
Property owners should also assess changes in a broader set of factors that can change as a result
of a large natural disaster. These are usually termed "indirect" effects, but they can have a very
direct effect on the economic value of the owner's building or land. They can be positive or
negative, and include changes in the following:
- Commodity and resource prices
- Availability of resource supplies
- Commodity and resource demand changes
- Building and land values
- Capital availability and interest rates
- Availability of labor
- Economic structure
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 186
- Infrastructure
- Regional exports and imports
- Local, state, and national regulations and policies
- Insurance availability and rates
Changes in the resources and industries listed above are more difficult to estimate and require
models that are structured to estimate total economic impacts. Total economic impacts are the
sum of direct and indirect economic impacts. Total economic impact models are usually not
combined with economic feasibility models. Many models exist to estimate total economic
impacts of changes in an economy. Decision makers should understand the total economic
impacts of natural disasters in order to calculate the benefits of a mitigation activity. This
suggests that understanding the local economy is an important first step in being able to
understand the potential impacts of a disaster, and the benefits of mitigation activities.
Additional Considerations
Conducting an economic analysis for potential mitigation activities can assist decision - makers in
choosing the most appropriate strategy for their community to reduce risk and prevent loss from
hazards. Economic analysis can also save time and resources from being spent on inappropriate
or unfeasible projects. Several resources and models are listed on the following page that can
assist in conducting an economic analysis for hazard mitigation activities.
Benefit/cost analysis is complicated, and the numbers may divert attention from other important
issues. It is important to consider the qualitative factors of a project associated with mitigation
that cannot be evaluated economically. There are alternative approaches to implementing
mitigation projects. Many communities are looking towards developing multi- objective projects.
With this in mind, opportunity rises to develop strategies that integrate hazard mitigation with
projects related to watersheds, environmental planning, community economic development, and
small business development, among others. Incorporating hazard mitigation with other
community projects can increase the viability of project implementation.
Resources
CUREe Kajima Project, Methodologies For Evaluating The Socio- Economic Consequences Of
Large Earthquakes, Task 7.2 Economic Impact Analysis, Prepared by University of California,
Berkeley Team, Robert A. Olson, VSP Associates, Team Leader; John M. Eidinger, GandE
Engineering Systems; Kenneth A. Goettel, Goettel and Associates Inc.; and Gerald L. Horner,
Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1997.
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Benefit /Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects,
Riverine Flood, Version 1.05, Hazard Mitigation Economics Inc., 1996.
Federal Emergency Management Agency Report on Costs and Benefits of Natural Hazard
Mitigation. Publication 331, 1996.
Goettel and Horner Inc., Earthquake Risk Analysis Volume III: The Economic Feasibility of
Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings in The City of Portland, Submitted to the Bureau of
Buildings, City of Portland, August 30, 1995.
Goettel and Horner Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects Volume V,
Earthquakes, Prepared for FEMA's Hazard Mitigation Branch, October 25, 1995.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 187
Horner, Gerald, Benefit /Cost Methodologies for Use in Evaluating the Cost Effectiveness of
Proposed Hazard Mitigation Measures, Robert Olson Associates, Prepared for Oregon State
Police, Office of Emergency Management, July 1999.
Interagency Hazards Mitigation Team, State Hazard Mitigation Plan, (Oregon State Police —
Office of Emergency Management, 2000).
Risk Management Solutions, Inc., Development of a Standardized Earthquake Loss Estimation
Methodology, National Institute of Building Sciences, Volume I and II, 1994.
VSP Associates, Inc., A Benefit/Cost Model for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,
Volumes 1 and 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Numbers 227
and 228, 1991.
VSP Associates, Inc., Benefit/Cost Analysis of Hazard Mitigation Projects: Section 404 Hazard
Mitigation Program and Section 406 Public Assistance Program, Volume 3: Seismic Hazard
Mitigation Projects, 1993.
VSP Associates, Inc., Seismic Rehabilitation of Federal Buildings: A Benefit/Cost Model,
Volume 1, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, Publication Number 255, 1994.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 188
APPENDIX D: ACRONYMS
Federal Acronyms
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ATC
Applied Technology Council
b /ca
benefit/cost analysis
BFE
Base Flood Elevation
BLM
Bureau of Land Management
BSSC
Building Seismic Safety Council
CDBG
Community Development Block Grant
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CRS
Community Rating System
EDA
Economic Development Administration
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
ER
Emergency Relief
EWP
Emergency Watershed Protection (NRCS Program)
FAS
Federal Aid System
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIRM
Flood Insurance Rate Map
FMA
Flood Mitigation Assistance (FEMA Program)
FTE
Full Time Equivalent
GIS
Geographic Information System
GNS
Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences (International)
GSA
General Services Administration
HAZUS
Hazards U.S.
HMGP
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
HMST
Hazard Mitigation Survey Team
HUD
Housing and Urban Development (United States, Department of)
IBHS
Institute for Business and Home Safety
ICC
Increased Cost of Compliance
IHMT
Interagency Hazard Mitigation Team
NCDC
National Climate Data Center
NFIP
National Flood Insurance Program
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NHMP
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan (also known as "409 Plan ")
NIBS
National Institute of Building Sciences
NIFC
National Interagency Fire Center
NMFS
National Marine Fisheries Service
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPS
National Park Service
NRCS
Natural Resources Conservation Service
NWS
National Weather Service
SBA
Small Business Administration
SHMO
State Hazard Mitigation Officer
TOR
Transfer of Development Rights
UGB
Urban Growth Boundary
URM
Unreinforced Masonry
USACE
United States Army Corps of Engineers
USBR
United States Bureau of Reclamation
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 189
USFA
United States Fire Administration
USFS
United States Forest Service
USGS
United States Geological Survey
WSSPC
Western States Seismic Policy Council
California Acronyms
AandW
Alert and Warning
AA
Administering Areas
AAR
After Action Report
ARC
American Red Cross
ARP
Accidental Risk Prevention
ATC20
Applied Technology Council20
ATC21
Applied Technology Council2l
BCP
Budget Change Proposal
BSA
California Bureau of State Audits
CAER
Community Awareness and Emergency Response
CalARP
California Accidental Release Prevention
CalBO
California Building Officials
CalEPA
California Environmental Protection Agency
CaIREP
California Radiological Emergency Plan
CALSTARS
California State Accounting Reporting System
Ca1TRANS
California Department of Transportation
CBO
Community Based Organization
CD
Civil Defense
CDF
California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
CDMG
California Division of Mines and Geology
CEC
California Energy Commission
CEPEC
California Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council
CESRS
California Emergency Services Radio System
CHIP
California Hazardous Identification Program
CHMIRS
California Hazardous Materials Incident Reporting System
CHP
California Highway Patrol
CLETS
California Law Enforcement Telecommunications System
CSTI
California Specialized Training Institute
CUEA
California Utilities Emergency Association
CUPA
Certified Unified Program Agency
DAD
Disaster Assistance Division (of the state Office of Emergency Svcs)
DFO
Disaster Field Office
DGS
California Department of General Services
DHSRHB
California Department of Health Services, Radiological Health Branch
DO
Duty Officer
DOC
Department Operations Center
DOE
Department of Energy (U.S.)
DOF
California Department of Finance
DOJ
California Department of Justice
DPA
California Department of Personnel Administration
DPIG
Disaster Preparedness Improvement Grant
DR
Disaster Response
DSA
Division of the State Architect
DSR
Damage Survey Report
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 190
DSW
Disaster Service Worker
DWR
California Department of Water Resources
EAS
Emergency Alerting System
EDIS
Emergency Digital Information System
EERI
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
EMA
Emergency Management Assistance
EMI
Emergency Management Institute
EMMA
Emergency Managers Mutual Aid
EMS
Emergency Medical Services
EOC
Emergency Operations Center
EOP
Emergency Operations Plan
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)
EPEDAT
Early Post Earthquake Damage Assessment Tool
EPI
Emergency Public Information
EPIC
Emergency Public Information Council
ESC
Emergency Services Coordinator
FAY
Federal Award Year
FDAA
Federal Disaster Assistance Administration
FEAT
Governor's Flood Emergency Action Team
FEMA
Federal Emergency Management Agency
FFY
Federal Fiscal Year
FIR
Final Inspection Reports
FIRESCOPE
Firefighting Resources of Southern California Organized for Potential
Emergencies
FMA
Flood Management Assistance
FSR
Feasibility Study Report
FY
Fiscal Year
GIS
Geographical Information System
HAZMAT
Hazardous Materials
HAZMAT
Hazardous Mitigation
HAZUS
Hazards United States (an earthquake damage assessment prediction tool)
HAD
Housing and Community Development
HEICS
Hospital Emergency Incident Command System
HEPG
Hospital Emergency Planning Guidance
HIA
Hazard Identification and Analysis Unit
HMEP
Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness
HMGP
Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
IDE
Initial Damage Estimate
IA
Individual Assistance
IFG
Individual and Family Grant (program)
IRG
Incident Response Geographic Information System
IPA
Information and Public Affairs (of State Office of Emergency Services)
LAN
Local Area Network
LEMMA
Law Enforcement Master Mutual Aid
LEPC
Local Emergency Planning Committee
MARAC
Mutual Aid Regional Advisory Council
MHFP
Multi - Hazard Functional Plan
MHID
Multi - Hazard Identification
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
NBC
Nuclear, Biological, Chemical
NEMA
National Emergency Management Agency
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 191
NEMIS
National Emergency Management Information System
NFIP
National Flood Insurance Program
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association
NPP
Nuclear Power Plant
NSF
National Science Foundation
NWS
National Weather Service
OA
Operational Area
OASIS
Operational Area Satellite Information System
OCC
Operations Coordination Center
OCD
Office of Civil Defense
OEP
Office of Emergency Planning
OES
California Governor's Office of Emergency Services
OSHPD
Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development
OSPR
Oil Spill Prevention and Response
PA
Public Assistance
PC
Personal Computer
PDA
Preliminary Damage Assessment
PIO
Public Information Office
POST
Police Officer Standards and Training
PPA/CA
Performance Partnership Agreement/Cooperative Agreement (FEMA)
PSA
Public Service Announcement
PTAB
Planning and Technological Assistance Branch
PTR
Project Time Report
RA
Regional Administrator (OES)
RADEF
Radiological Defense (program)
RAMP
Regional Assessment of Mitigation Priorities
RAPID
Railroad Accident Prevention and Immediate Deployment
RDO
Radiological Defense Officer
RDMHC
Regional Disaster Medical Health Coordinator
REOC
Regional Emergency Operations Center
REPI
Reserve Emergency Public Information
RES
Regional Emergency Staff
RIMS
Response Information Management System
RMP
Risk Management Plan
RPU
Radiological Preparedness Unit (OES)
RRT
Regional Response Team
SAM
State Administrative Manual
SARA
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act
SAVP
Safety Assessment Volunteer Program
SBA
Small Business Administration
SCO
California State Controller's Office
SEMS
Standardized Emergency Management System
SEPIC
State Emergency Public Information Committee
SLA
State and Local Assistance
SONGS
San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
SWEPC
Statewide Emergency Planning Committee
TEC
Travel Expense Claim
TRU
Transuranic
T -T -T
Train- the - Trainer
UPA
Unified Program Account
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 192
UPS
Uninterrupted Power Source
USAR
Urban Search and Rescue
USGS
United States Geological Survey
WC
California State Warning Center
WAN
Wide Area Network
WIPP
Waste Isolation Pilot Project
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 193
APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY
Acceleration The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity
at the earth's surface is 9.8 meters per second squared. That means that every
j second that something falls toward the surface of earth its velocity increases
by 9.8 meters per second.
Asset Any manmade or natural feature that has value, including, but not limited to
people; buildings; infrastructure like bridges, roads, and sewer and water
systems; lifelines like electricity and communication resources; or
environmental, cultural, or recreational features like parks, dunes, wetlands, or
landmarks.
Base Flood Flood that has a 1 percent probability of being equaled or exceeded in any
given year. Also known as the 100 -year flood.
Base Flood Elevation Elevation of the base flood in relation to a specified datum, such as the
(BFE) National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929. The Base Flood Elevation is used
as the standard for the National Flood Insurance Program.
Bedrock The solid rock that underlies loose material, such as soil, sand, clay, or gravel.
Building A structure that is walled and roofed, principally above ground and
permanently affixed to a site. The term includes a manufactured home on a
permanent foundation on which the wheels and axles carry no weight.
Coastal High Hazard Area, usually along an open coast, bay, or inlet that is subject to inundation by
Area j storm surge and, in some instances, wave action caused by storms or seismic
sources.
Coastal Zones The area along the shore where the ocean meets the land as the surface of the
land rises above the ocean. This land/water interface includes barrier islands,
estuaries, beaches, coastal wetlands, and land areas having direct drainage to
the ocean.
Community Rating An NFIP program that provides incentives for NFIP communities to complete
System (CRS) activities that reduce flood hazard risk. When the community completes
specified activities, the insurance premiums of policyholders in these
communities are reduced.
Computer -Aided A computerized system enabling quick and accurate electronic 2 -D and 3 -D
Design And Drafting drawings, topographic mapping, site plans, and profile /cross- section drawings.
(CADD)
Contour A line of equal ground elevation on a topographic (contour) map.
Critical Facility Facilities that are critical to the health and welfare of the population and that .
j are especially important following hazard events. Critical facilities include, but
are not limited to, shelters, police and fire stations, and hospitals.
Debris The scattered remains of assets broken or destroyed in a hazard event. Debris
caused by a wind or water hazard event can cause additional damage to other
assets.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 194
Digitize I To convert electronically points, lines, and area boundaries shown on maps !
into x, y coordinates (e.g., latitude and longitude, universal transverse
mercator (UTM), or table coordinates) for use in computer applications.
Displacement Time The average time (in days) which the building's occupants typically must
operate from a temporary location while repairs are made to the original
building due to damages resulting from a hazard event.
Duration How long a hazard event lasts.
Earthquake A sudden motion or trembling that is caused by a release of strain accumulated
within or along the edge of earth's tectonic plates.
Erosion Wearing away of the land surface by detachment and movement of soil and
rock fragments, during a flood or storm or over a period of years, through the
action of wind, water, or other geologic processes.
Erosion Hazard Area Area anticipated being lost to shoreline retreat over a given period of time.
Essential Facility
Extent
Extratropical
Cyclone
Fault
The projected inland extent of the area is measured by multiplying the average
annual long -term recession rate by the number of years desired.
iElements important to ensure a full recovery of a community or state
following a hazard event. These would include: government functions, major
employers, banks, schools, and certain commercial establishments, such as
grocery stores, hardware stores, and gas stations.
The size of an area affected by a hazard or hazard event.
Cyclonic storm events like Nor'easters and severe winter low- pressure
systems. Both West and East coasts can experience these non - tropical storms
that produce gale -force winds and precipitation in the form of heavy rain or
snow. These cyclonic storms, commonly called Nor'easters on the East Coast .
because of the direction of the storm winds, can last for several days and can
be very large — 1,000 -mile wide storms are not uncommon.
A fracture in the continuity of a rock formation caused by a shifting or
dislodging of the earth's crust, in which adjacent surfaces are differentially
displaced parallel to the plane of fracture.
Federal Emergency Independent agency created in 1978 to provide a single point of accountability
Management Agency for all Federal activities related to disaster mitigation and emergency
(FEMA) preparedness, response and recovery.
Fire Potential Index Developed by USGS and USFS to assess and map fire hazard potential over
(FPI) broad areas. Based on such geographic information, national policy makers
and on- the - ground fire managers established priorities for prevention activities
in the defined area to reduce the risk of managed and wildfire ignition and
spread. Prediction of fire hazard shortens the time between fire ignition and
initial attack by enabling fire managers to pre - allocate and stage suppression
forces to high fire risk areas.
Flash Flood A flood event occurring with little or no warning where water levels rise at an i
extremely fast rate.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 195
Flood
A general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of .
normally dry land areas from (1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters, (2) the
unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source,
or (3) mudflows or the sudden collapse of shoreline land.
Flood Depth
Height of the flood water surface above the ground surface.
Flood Elevation
Elevation of the water surface above an established datum, e.g. National
Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929, North American Vertical Datum of 1988, or
Mean Sea Level.
Flood Hazard Area
The area shown to be inundated by a flood of a given magnitude on a map.
Flood Insurance Rate
Map of a community, prepared by the Federal Emergency Management .
Map (FIRM)
Agency that shows both the special flood hazard areas and the risk premium
i
zones applicable to the community.
Flood Insurance
A study that provides an examination, evaluation, and determination of flood
Study (FIS)
hazards and, if appropriate, corresponding water surface elevations in a
community or communities.
Floodplain
Any land area, including watercourse, susceptible to partial or complete
inundation by water from any source.
Frequency
A measure of how often events of a particular magnitude are expected to
occur. Frequency describes how often a hazard of a specific magnitude,
duration, and/or extent typically occurs, on average. Statistically, a hazard
with a 100 -year recurrence interval is expected to occur once every 100 years
on average, and would have a 1 percent chance – its probability – of
happening in any given year. The reliability of this information varies
depending on the kind of hazard being considered.
Fujita Scale of
Rates tornadoes with numeric values from FO to F5 based on tornado wind
Tornado Intensity
speed and damage sustained. An FO indicates minimal damage such as broken
tree limbs or signs, while and F5 indicated severe damage sustained.
Functional
The average time (in days) during which a function (business or service) is
Downtime
to provide its services due to a hazard event.
Geographic Area
tunable
e physical area in which the effects of the hazard are experienced.
I— � Impacted
Geographic
A computer software application that relates physical features on the earth to a
Information Systems
(GIS)
database to be used for mapping and analysis.
Ground Motion
The vibration or shaking of the ground during an earthquake. When a fault
ruptures, seismic waves radiate, causing the ground to vibrate. The severity of
I the vibration increases with the amount of energy released and decreases with
distance from the causative fault or epicenter, but soft soils can further amplify
:.
ground motions
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 196
Hazard A source of potential danger or adverse condition. Hazards in this how to
series will include naturally occurring events such as floods, earthquakes,
I tornadoes, tsunami, coastal storms, landslides, and wildfires that strike
I populated areas. A natural event is a hazard when it has the potential to harm
people or property. -- — –
Hazard Event A specific occurrence of a particular type of hazard.
Hazard Identification The process of identifying hazards that threaten an area.
Hazard Mitigation Sustained actions taken to reduce or eliminate long -term risk from hazards and
their effects.
Hazard Profile A description of the physical characteristics of hazards and a determination of
j various descriptors including magnitude, duration, frequency, probability, and
extent. In most cases, a community can most easily use these descriptors when
they are recorded and displayed as maps.
HAZUS (Hazards A GIS -based nationally standardized earthquake loss estimation tool
U.S.) developed by FEMA.
Hurricane
Hydrology
An intense tropical cyclone, formed in the atmosphere over warm ocean areas,
in which wind speeds reach 74- miles - per -hour or more and blow in a large
spiral around a relatively calm center or "eye." Hurricanes develop over the
north Atlantic Ocean, northeast Pacific Ocean, or the south Pacific Ocean east
of 160 °E longitude. Hurricane circulation is counter - clockwise in the Northern
Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.
The science of dealing with the waters of the earth. A flood discharge is
developed by a hydrologic study.
Infrastructure Refers to the public services of a community that have a direct impact on the
quality of life. Infrastructure includes communication technology such as
phone lines or Internet access, vital services such as public water supplies and
sewer treatment facilities, and includes an area's transportation system such as
airports, heliports; highways, bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, overpasses, railways,
bridges, rail yards, depots; and waterways, canals, locks, seaports, ferries,
harbors, dry docks, piers and regional dams.
Intensity A measure of the effects of a hazard event at a particular place.
Landslide Downward movement of a slope and materials under the force of gravity.
Lateral Spreads Develop on gentle slopes and entail the sidelong movement of large masses of
soil as an underlying layer liquefies in a seismic event. The phenomenon that
joccurs when ground shaking causes loose soils to lose strength and act like
viscous fluid. Liquefaction causes two types of ground failure: lateral spread
and loss of bearing strength.
iLiquefaction Results when the soil supporting structures liquefies. This can cause structures j
I to tip and topple.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 197
Lowest Floor
I Under the NFIP, the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including
basement) of a structure.
rMagnitude
—�
A measure of the strength of a hazard event. The magnitude (also referred to
as severity) of a given hazard event is usually determined using technical
measures specific to the hazard.
Mitigation Plan
A systematic evaluation of the nature and extent of vulnerability to the effects
of hazards typically present in the state and includes a description of actions to
i
minimize future vulnerability to hazards.
National Flood
Federal program created by Congress in 1968 that makes flood insurance
Insurance Program
available in communities that enact minimum floodplain management
(NFIP)
regulations in 44 CFR §60.3.
National Geodetic
Datum established in 1929 and used in the NFIP as a basis for measuring
Vertical Datum of
flood, ground, and structural elevations, previously referred to as Sea Level
1929 (NGVD)
Datum or Mean Sea Level. The Base Flood Elevations shown on most of the j
Flood Insurance Rate Maps issued by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency are referenced to NGVD.
j National Weather
Prepares and issues flood, severe weather, and coastal storm warnings and can
Service (NWS)
provide technical assistance to Federal and state entities in preparing weather
and flood warning plans.
I
Nor'easter
An extra - tropical cyclone producing gale -force winds and precipitation in the
form of heavy snow or rain.
Outflow
Follows water inundation creating strong currents that rip at structures and
pound them with debris, and erode beaches and coastal structures.
Planimetric
I Describes maps that indicate only Human - Caused features like buildings.
Planning
The act or process of making or carrying out plans; the establishment of goals,
policies and procedures for a social or economic unit.
Probability
A statistical measure of the likelihood that a hazard event will occur.
Recurrence Interval
i The time between hazard events of similar size in a given location It is based
on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any
given year.
Repetitive Loss
A property that is currently insured for which two or more National Flood
Property
Insurance Program losses (occurring more than ten days apart) of at least
$1000 each have been paid within any 10 -year period since 1978.
Replacement Value
The cost of rebuilding a structure. This is usually expressed in terms of cost
per square foot, and reflects the present -day cost of labor and
materials to construct a building of a particular size, type and quality.
Richter Scale
A numerical scale of earthquake magnitude devised by seismologist C.F.
Richter in 1935.
Multi - Hazard Mitigation Plan - 198
Risk
The estimated impact that a hazard would have on people, services, facilities, I
and structures in a community; the likelihood of a hazard event resulting in an
adverse condition that causes injury or damage. Risk is often expressed in
relative terms such as a high, moderate or low likelihood of sustaining damage
above a particular threshold due to a specific type of hazard event. It also can
be expressed in terms of potential monetary losses associated with the
intensity of the hazard. — — —
Riverine
Of or produced by a river.
Scale
A proportion used in determining a dimensional relationship; the ratio of the
j distance between two points on a map and the actual distance between the two
points on the earth's surface.
_.
Scarp
A steep slope.
— _..
Scour
i Removal of soil or fill material by the flow of flood waters. The term is
frequently used to describe storm - induced, localized conical erosion around
i pilings and other foundation supports where the obstruction of flow increases
turbulence.
Seismicity
Describes the likelihood of an area being subject to earthquakes.
Special Flood Hazard
An area within a floodplain having a 1 percent or greater chance of flood j
Area (SFHA)
occurrence in any given year (100 -year floodplain); represented on Flood
Insurance Rate Maps by darkly shaded areas with zone designations that
1 include the letter A or V. j
Stafford Act
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL
100 -107 was signed into law November 23, 1988 and amended the Disaster
Relief Act of 1974, PL 93 -288. The Stafford Act is the statutory authority for
most Federal disaster response activities, especially as they pertain to FEMA
and its programs.
State Hazard
i The representative of state government who is the primary point of contact
Mitigation Officer
with FEMA, other state and Federal agencies, and local units of government in
(SHMO)
the planning and implementation of pre- and post- disaster mitigation activities
Storm Surge
Rise in the water surface above normal water level on the open coast due to
the action of wind stress and atmospheric pressure on the water surface.
Something
Structure
constructed. (See also Building)
Substantial Damage
Damage of any origin sustained by a structure in a Special Flood Hazard Area
whereby the cost of restoring the structure to its before - damaged condition
would equal or exceeds 50 percent of the market value of the structure before
the damage.
Super Typhoon
_FA typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph or more.
Surface Faulting
The differential movement of two sides of a fracture – in other words, the
location where the ground breaks apart. The length, width, and displacement
of the ground characterize surface faults.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 199
Tectonic Plate
Torsionally rigid, thin segments of the earth's lithosphere that may be assumed
to move horizontally and adjoin other plates. It is the friction between plate
I boundaries that cause seismic activity.
Topographic
Characterizes maps that show natural features and indicate the physical shape .
of the land using contour lines. These maps may also include manmade
features.
Tornado
A violently rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the
ground.
Tropical Cyclone
A generic term for a cyclonic, low- pressure system over tropical or subtropical
waters.
Tropical Depression
A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of less than 39 mph.
Tropical Storm
A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds greater than 39 mph and
less than 74 mph.
Tsunami
I Great sea wave produced by submarine earth movement or volcanic eruption.
Typhoon
A special category of tropical cyclone peculiar to the western North Pacific
Basin, frequently affecting areas in the vicinity of Guam and the North
Mariana Islands. Typhoons whose maximum sustained winds attain or exceed
150 mph are called super typhoons.
Vulnerability
I Describes how exposed or susceptible to damage an asset is. Vulnerability
depends on an asset's construction, contents, and the economic value of its
functions. Like indirect damages, the vulnerability of one element of the
i
I community is often related to the vulnerability of another. For example, many
businesses depend on uninterrupted electrical power – if an electric substation
is flooded, it will affect not only the substation itself, but a number of .
I
businesses as well. Often, indirect effects can be much more widespread and
j damaging than direct ones.
I — -- — —.
fi .
Vulnerability
The extent of injury and damage that may result from a hazard event of a
Assessment
given intensity in a given area. The vulnerability assessment should address
impacts of hazard events on the existing and future built environment.
Water Displacement When a large mass of earth on the ocean bottom sinks or uplifts, the column of
water directly above it is displaced, forming the tsunami wave. The rate of
displacement, motion of the ocean floor at the epicenter, the amount of
displacement of the rupture zone, and the depth of water above the rupture
zone all contribute to the intensity of the tsunami.
I Wave Run -up The height that the wave extends up to on steep shorelines, measured above a
reference level (the normal height of the sea, corrected to the state of the tide
at the time of wave arrival).
Wildfire An uncontrolled fire spreading through vegetative fuels, exposing and possibly
I consuming structures.
j Zone I A geographical area shown on a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) that
reflects the severity or type of flooding in the area.
Multi- Hazard Mitigation Plan - 200