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1949 JAN 26 CC MINS 554 El Segundo, California. January 26th, 1949 A regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Ei Segundo, California, was held in the Council Chamber of the City Hail of said City on the above date, having been called to order at 7M o�clock p._ M. b.v William R� Selby, Mayor. ROLL CALL. Councilmen Present-. Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor 33 -1-by. Ccuncilmer_ Absent None. READING OF ?aAIUTES OF PREVIOUS MEETING Tha minutes of the regular meeting held on the 19th day of January, 1949, having been reap, and no errors or omissions having been noted, it was moved by Councilman Baker, seconded by Councilman Swanson, the minutes of said meeting be approved as recorded. Carried. 'WRITTEN COMUNICATIONS, Written ccmmunica4.ions, received from the persons, firms or corporations hereinafter named, were read to the Council and were disposed of -,n the manner indicated, following reference to each hereinafter° ERNEST LER.O r KA11,10DE, dated Jan: 26, 1949; CATHERINE i� HOWNJRD, dated Jan. 24, ,9:9; LEONARD BO'iZ R :i,v- AN, SR., dated 1 -24 -1949; JOHN T. RAE, dated Jan. 24, 1949; RICHARD D. SHORTS, dated 1 -14 -1949; GEORGE D. LEWIS, dated Jan. 24, 1949; EDWIN COATS, JR., dated 1 -21 -1949; CECIL D. FOSTER, dated 1-26-190; LOUIS RICHARD TARR, dated Jan. 20, 1949; and BOB R. WILLIAMS, dated Jar.. 24, 1949, each being application_ for employment by the City of El Segundo. Ordered filed. 17"TIERIAL HIGHWAY ASSOCIATION, undated, postal card notice of its meeti *ig to be held on Saturday, January 29th, 1949, at Elsinore, California,, Ordered filed. MR. AND MRS. DON G.: LAWRENCE, dated 25 January 1949, objecting to allowing the sale of liQuor at the new store being built at the corner of Ma :opcsr Avenue and Center Street, IBS. ANNA. * . LAPvLOAN, dated January 24, 1949, expressing the hot,E -a; , tr:: liquor- license applied for by the new store at Center and Mariposa .:e­_ „r l� be denied. Following the reading of the letters from Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence n7i a;ws ',IanLoan, by general consent the City Clem was directed tc all° ress a Lion to the writers thereof, adv =sing them that the City Ccu~: :_11 does not have the right tc grant, or deny applications for liquor license , `rr a+G , Board of Equalization being the body which handles all such and DIE S that objections to any such applications should be filed with said Body, JOE PIPERSKY, dated 1- 22 -49, addressed to Mr. A. Gunn, Supt. of Streets, El Segundo, expressing appreciation for the quick and efficient manner in which the City caused the debris to be removed from his lots in Block 65, heretofore used by the City of El Segundo for the p= _.acement of material no longer used by said City, and releasing the City from further responsibility with respect to cleaning and leveling said lots. Ordered filed. W. WELLINGTON FARROW, dated January 25, 1949, offering to rent to the City of E1 Segundo, on a month to month basis, at the rental price of $1.00 per month, Lot 4, Block 65, E1 Segundo, for use by said City in placing thereon unused or surplus materials, conditioned upon a ten days notice of the termination of such rental agreement Following the reading of the communication from Mr. Farrow, it was moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Swanson, the following resolution be adopted, WHEREAS, this Council has received a communication in words and figures as follows.- tai..- WELLINGTON FARROW Attorney and Counselor at Law Inglewood, California January 25, 1949 City of El Segundo El Segundo, California Gentlemeno As the owner of Lot 4 in Block 65, City of E1 Segundo, it will be agreeable to me for the City to use the above described lot for the purpose of storing equip- ment and materials on a month to month rental or basis at $1.00 per month, upon the condition that the City will vacate and remove all materials or other things placed on said lot and leave the same in clean, usable condition upon a ten (10) days notice of the termination of this agreement. You may mail all checks to the address on this letterhead. Please advise me whether or not you desire to use the lot under the conditions above stated. I, I�Iii Yours very truly, W. WELLINGTON FARROW t; AND, WHEREAS, the Council has considered the said offer and feels that the same is fair; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of E1 Seg,_mdo, California, as foli.cwso First, Tnat said Council does hereby accept the kind offer made by Mrs Farrow in said above quoted communication -2- 555 556 and does hereby agree to pay the rental for said premises specified in said offer. Second. That the City Clerk is instructed to prepare and present to the Council, from time to time as same become payable, the necessary demands and warrants to make payment of the rental installments falling due under said agreement, which said demands need not be signed by claimant in view of the agreement hereby made. Third. That the City Clerk shall forward a copy of this resolution to said W. Wellington Farrow, as evidence of the acceptance of his said offer and this acceptance thereof shall constitute the arrangement for the use of said property by said City. On roll call, the foregoing.resolution was adopted by the following vote- Ayes-. Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes. Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. Mayor Selby at this time requested Councilmen Peterson, Swanson and Thompson to inspect said Lot 4, Block 65, and to designate where, on said lot, materials and equipments belonging to the various departments of the City under their jurisdiction, should be placed, and said Councilmen expressed their agreement with said request, CALIFORNIA CENTENNIALS COLT SSION, dated January 21, 1949, addressed to Mayor Selby,'being an invitation to attend a special preview of the California Centennials Commissionvs Historical Caravan, at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on January 31, February 1 or February 2nd. Ordered filed. SANDY WALLACE, dated January 25, 1949, being application to conduct a taxicab business in the City of El Segundo. By general consent said application w_�s referred to the Chief of Police for investigation and recommendation. LOUIS J. KROEGER AND ASSOCIATES, dated January 24, 1949, being an offer to undertake a classification and pay and administrative survey of various departments of the City of E1 Segundo, the charge for such survey to be $1850000, including all clerical and travel expenses. Moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Thompson, the following resolution be adopted. WHEREAS, this Council has received a communication in words and figures as follows: "LOUIS i. KROEGER AND ASSOCIATES January 24, 1949 Mayor Wm. Ro Selby 338 Whiting Street El Segundo, California Dear Mayor Selby. -3- S 537 This is to confirm and clarify the statements which I made in my meeting with you on Ja.nua ; - 21 Our organization is preparea and qualified to undertake a classification and pay and administrative suz -rey of your City. We have made a number of such surveys in the past, as indicated on the enclosed leaflet. We would suggest that the following procedure be followed, After approval by the Council, a meeting would be held with all department heads to explain the purposes of the survey, Each employee would describe his work on a. questionnaire, which descriptions would be reviewed and commented upon, but not changed, by supervisors. The survey staff would analyze each city position to determine its proper classification and understand its place in existing organization and procedures. Similar gobs would be classified together and tentative specifications prepared for each class. A tentative classi- fication plan would be submitted to the Council and then to the departments. Salary data from competing employers would be gathered and analyzed. ':her, a recommended final classification plat: and a compensation plan based upon it would be submitted together with suggestions for its installation and maintenance, The organization and procedures of each city department would be analyzed and a list of recommendations for improving the services, simplifying procedures and reducing expenditures would be submitted. We would, of course, be available to present, dis.uss and review these recommendations with the Council, up to a total of three meetings after their sub- mission, if that many meetings were desired. Our primary interest would be constructive suggestions for improvements and economies. We should not be concerned to criticize individuals nor to review facts already known to you. Our charge for such a complete survey would be $1850.00, including all clerical and travel expenses. We could start the survey within ten days at the most and complete it in three ,earths, A tentative classification plan could be ready in two mor.hs. Our experienze would '.tai: ate that such a survey would be of great, practical value to the City. We hope that we shall have the orperl-ur?ty of sa:°ving you. 4,ery truly yours, LHCobf Lyman. H, "'ozad, Assonat�_'° Enclosure - -�.- S 558 AND, WHEREAS, the Council has considered the said offer and feels that the same is fair and that such proposed survey would be of material benefit to the City; . NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of El Segundo, California, as follows: First- That said Council does hereby accept the offer made by Louis J. Kroeger and Associates in said hereinbefore quoted communication, to wit: $1850.00, for performing the survey as set forth in said offer, such survey to commence within ten days after notification of acceptance of such offer. Second- That the City Clerk shall forward a copy of this resolution to said Louis J. Kroeger and Associates, as evidence of the acceptance of their said offer and this acceptance thereof shall constitute the agreement between the City of E1 Segundo and said Louis J. Kroeger and Associates for the performance of the services set forth in their said offer dated January 24, 1949. On roll call, the foregoing resolution was adopted by the following vote: Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes - Councilmen None. Absent; Councilmen None. ORAL COMMLMI CATIONS. Mr. Frank Snow, Publicity Chairman of E1 Segundo Centennial Fiesta Committee, presented to the Council a scrap book he had prepared in connection with such publicity, and in presenting same stated that 'Messrs Loyd Moore, Ira & Escobar and Dexter K. Benson had assisted in the preparation of the said scrap book. He also thanked Councilman Swanson for the assistance given him in conducting such publicity. Following the presentation of said scrap book, it was moved by Mayor Selby, seconded by Councilman, Peterson, the following resolution be adopted: WHEREAS, Frank L. Snow has presented to this Council at this meeting a scrap book containing a complete pictorial and news record of the 1948 El Segundo Centennial Fiesta held in the City of E1 Segundo; AND, ; %REAS, the City Council has examined the same and finds the sane to be complete in every detail and � ^r_- stitutes a fine, permanent record of the said occasion for filing in the archives of the City; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that this Council does hereby express special than -ics to Mr. Snow for the time, effort and ability which he has invested in producing this fine and permanent record and does hereby again express to all those con -erned the great appreciation of the Council for the splendid demonstration of civic interest and enterprise which was manifested in the conceiving, bringing into being and actual presentation of the said Centennial Fiesta. On roll call, the foregoing resolution was adopted by the following vote: Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. REPORTS OF STANDING COi11ITTEES. Public Safety Commissioner Baker reported that he and the Chief of Police had made an investigation of parking conditions on 118th and 120th Streets, between Lapham Street and Aviation Boulevard, and as a result of such investigation he recommended that no parking be allowed on said streets at any time. Following the report and recommendations of Commissioner Baker, it was moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Swanson, that this Council does hereby approve and concur in the said recommendations, and that the City Attorney be and he is hereby authorized to prepare and present to this Council the necessary ordinance to accomplish the amendments to Ordinance No. 313 (the parking ordinance), as recommended to this Council by Public Safety Commissioner Baker. Carried by the following vote: Ayes: Councilmen Bakers Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. City Attorney Woodworth thereupon presented and read to the Council Ordinance No. 346, entitled: AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, AMENDING ORDINANCE NO. 313 (THE TRAFFIC ORDINANCE) OF SAID CITY BY ADDING TWO MV SUBDIVISIONS TO BE DESIGNATED AS (T) AND (U) RESPECTIVELY TO SECTION 1 OF ARTICLE XIV OF SAID ORDINANCE NO.'313. Councilman Baker thereafter introduced said Ordinance No. 346. REPORTS OF OFFICERS AND SPECIAL COMMITTEES. City Clerk McCarthy reported he had received a quotation of $1200.00 from the owner of the Easterly 45 ft. of the Southerly 175 feet of Lot 3, Block 13, Tract 1685, E1 Segundo, which property adjoins the Acacia Avenue Park on the west, and which the owner thereof had indicated a willingness to sell to the City at the quotation named. After discussion, it was moved by Councilman Swanson, seconded by Councilman Peterson, that the matter of the purchase by the City of the Easterly 45 feet of the Southerly 175 feet of Lot 3, Block 13, Tract 1685, El Segundo, be taken under advisement for the period of one week, and that in the meantime the Engineering Department be requested to prepare a sketch, showing the layout of the Acacia Avenue Park, together with the adjoining portion of said Lot 3, Block 13, Tract 1685, and present same to this Council for its further consideration. Carried by the following vote: Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. 511 559 560 City Clerk McCarthy reported he had this date conducted a publi:: auction for the sale of certain items of property owned by the City of E1 Segundo and no longer needed by said City, as heretofore advertised for sale; that all but two items which had been advertised for sale had been sold and that said sale netted a total return to the City of $1.44.50. City Clerk McCarthy reported that Mr. 0. O� Hesser had this date requested him to tender to the City Council Mr. HesserQs resignation as a member of the Veteranst Affairs Committee, Moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Thompson, that the resignation of 0. O� Hesser as a member of the Veterans' Affairs Committee of the City of E1 Segundo be and the same is hereby accepted, effective this date, and that the City Clerk be and he is hereby directed to address a communication to Mr. Hesser, expressing the appreciation of this Council for '!� excellent. work performed and the unselfish efforts given by Mr. Hesser as a" member of said Committee. Carried by the following vote: Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. Mr. Charles E. Lortz made a progress report respecting the procurement of easements for water line purposes over a portion of Sections 18 and 19, within the City of E1 Segundo. Water Superintendent Lortz reported that the removal of the steel water tank owned by the City of E1 Segundo had been completed by Macco Corporation approximately three weeks ago, that said removal had been completed in a satisfactory manner and he recommended acceptance of the work. Moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Thompson, the following resolution be adopted: RESOLVED, that the work of dismantling and removing a steel water tank and tower owned by the City of El Segundo, which work was performed by Macco Corporation, be and the same is hereby accepted; AND, BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that the Water Superintendent of the City of El Segundo be and he is hereby authorized to address a communication to said Macco Corporation, advising it of the acceptance of said work, and commending said Corporation for the neat and expeditious manner in which the work was accomplished. On roll call, the foregoing resolution was adopted by the foliouring vote: Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None, Absent: Councilmen None, Moved by Councilman Baker, seconded by Councilman Peterson, the following resolution, be adopted: -7- s 561 WHEREAS, there was presented to the City Council of the City of E1 Segundo, California, at its regular meeting of August 3, 1945, the "Tentative Revised Master Plan of Shore Line Development El Segundo - Manhattan Beach. ", dated July, 1945; AND, WHEREAS, at its said meeting, after consideration, said Council did by resolution adopted by it, conditionally approve the said "Tentative Revised Master Plan Shore Line Development El Segundo - Manhattan Beach. ", dated July, 1945; such conditions having particular reference to Parcels 30 and 30 -A, as shown on said revised master plan, and the location of the proposed shore line parkway, as shown on said revised plan; AND, WHEREAS, upon reconsideration of said revised master plan said Council believes, after careful review, that it is in not only the interest of said City, but in the interest of the general public as well, that the action hereinafter taken should be taken; NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOL'M by the City Council of the City of E1 Segundo, California, as follows: First: That in the opinion of said Council Parcels Nos. 30, 30 -A and 31 -B, indicated upon said revised master plan for acquisition,should be eliminated from the master plan of shore line development for the County of Los Angeles, E1 Segundo - Torrance section. Second: That the said above mentioned parcels are in .such close proximity to the existing El Segundo Refinery as to make the same undesirable and unattractive for acquisition or use by the public for public beach and park purposes, or for any use related thereto. Third: That said City Council respectfully requests that the Division of Beaches and Parks of the Department of Natural Resources of the State of California, take such action as may be necessary in order to eliminate the said Parcels Nos. 30, 30 -A and 31 -B from said Revised Master Plan of Shore Line Development for the County of Los Angeles, E1 Segundo - Torrance section, and that said parcels be not acquired for public beach, park or re- lated uses. Fourth: That the City Clerk be and he.is hereby authorized and instructed to forward a certified copy of this resolution to the "Division of Beaches and Parks, Department of Natural Resources, 1211 - 16th Street, Sacramento 14, California, for the attention of Mr. John A. Hennesey, Supervising Land Officer, as the earnest petition and request of the said City of El Segundo and of this City Council, in the premises. On roll call,.the foregoing resolution was adopted by the following vote; Ayes; Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent. Councilmen None. S 562 City Attorney Woodworth presented for the Councilfs approval, form of letter he had prepared, addressed to Standard Oil Company of California, dated January 27, 1949, requesting that said Company grant to the City of El Segundo an easement to install and maintain a 27 inch reinforced concrete cylindrical pipe line and appurtenances, through a portion of Section 19, Manhattan Beach, the proposed location of said line being more particularly set forth in said letter. Following the reading of the before mentioned letter, it was moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Swanson, the following resolution be adopted: RESOLVED, that a copy of that certain letter addressed to Standard Oil Company of California, dated January 27, 1949, be placed on file in the office of the City Clerk, said letter being hereby referred to for full particulars; that the City Council of the City of El Segundo does hereby approve the form of said letter and does hereby authorize the City Clerk of said City to sign and forward the original thereof, in due course, to the addressee on behalf of said City of El Segundo. On roll call, the foregoing resolution was adopted by the following vote: Ayes- Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes- Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. City Attorney Woodworth reported receipt of a request from the Auditor of Los Angeles County for his approval and consent to the cancellation of certain taxes erroneously 'Levied on certain property within the City of E1 Segundo, and he requested the Councills authorization to give such consent and approval. It was thereupon moved by Councilman Thompson, seconded by Councilman Baker, the following resolution be adopted: RESOLVED, that the City Attorney be and he is hereby authorized to approve, on behalf of the City of E1 Segundo, California, Cancellation Authorization No. 1092, R. E. Vol. 127, Code 2660, M. B. 381, page 6, Parcel 21; assessed to Russell J. and Ella M. Walker, 12720 Matteson Ave., Venice, - E1 Segundo - Lot 20, Block 6. Land Value $160, improvements $150. Cancel erroneous assessment of improvements $150 moved from above real property prior to 3 -1 -48. On roll call, the foregoing resolution was adopted by the following vote- Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes- Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. City Clerk McCarthy reported receipt from the Department of Public Works of the City of Los Angeles of Invoice No,. 11343, showing balance in Assigned and Depo.sited Funds of the City of El Segundo, in connection with construction of sewage treatment plant at Hyperion, one copy cf which he delivered to each the City Engineer and the City Attorney. wil S 563 UNFINISHED BUSINESS. Councilman Baker introduced Ordinance No. 347, entitled- AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, REPEALING ORDINANCE NO..180 OF SAID CITY ADOPTED ON THE 14TH DAY OF OCTOBER, 1931, AND ORDINANCE NO. 234 OF SAID CITY ADOPTED ON THE 4TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 1940, BOTH OF WHICH RELATE TO SET BACK LINES ALONG THE SOUTHERLY LINE OF IMPERIAL HIGHWAY WITHIN SAID CITY, which was read. Councilman Thompson introduced Ordinance No. 348, entitled: AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF EL SEGUNDO, CALIFORNIA, AMENDING ORDINANCE N0. 306 THE LAND USE PLAN - ZONING ORDINANCE) OF SAID CITY, AS AMMEn, RY AMENDING SUBDIVISIONS OF PARAGRAPH "A. USE" OF SECTION 4 THEREOF, A.ND BY ADDING SUBDIVISION 6 THERETO; BY AMENDING SUBPARAGRAPH 9 OF PARAGRAPH "A. USE" OF SECTION 6 OF SAID ORDINANCE; BY AMENDING SUBPARAGRAPHS 1 AND 2 OF PARAGRAPH "A. USE" OF SECTION 7 THEREOF; BY AMENDING SUBDIVISION "1. General" OF PARAGRAPH "A. USE" OF SECTION 12 THEREOF; AND BY AMENDING PARAGRAPHS "A ", "Brr y "C" y "D n y "En r "F"19 "G" AND rtH" OF PART I OF SECTION 13 OF SAID ORDINANCE NO. 306, which was read. PAYING BILLS. The following demands, having had the approval of the Committee on Finance and Records, were read: Automobile Club of So. Calif. General Fund General Fund 73027 American Red Cross $5.00 Armstrong Nurseries 20.82 B & P Service Company 18.00 C. V. Baird Auto Supply El Segundo Paint Center 29049 Douglass Automotive Sup. 20.41 Evans and Reeves Nurseries 8.34 12.80 Haas, Baruch & Co. Inglewood Merc. Co. 10.86 4.10 Grimes- Stassforth Stat. Co. 1M6 Multigraph Sales Agency 16.35 Inglewood Blueprint & Supply 2.14 Richardson's Printing 1.00 Inglewood Book & Stat. Co. 15.07 Skeyhan 5.64 Southern Calif. Edison Co. 10000 Mae D. Lewis 5.00 Industrial Stat. & Printing Co. 3.23 Westchester Cleaners 12.24 Victor D. McCarthy, City Clerk 33095 El Segundo Paint Center 5.50 American Elkhart Company 208038 Army Times 12.00 Donald J. Farrar 3.10 TOTAL — $555.35 Moved by.Councilman Swanson, seconded be allowed by Councilman Peterson, the demands and warrants ordered drawn on and paid out of the General Fund covering the same. Carried by the following vote: -10- S 564 Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. NDi BUSINESS. Mayor Selby stated he had been requested by the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce to attend a meeting this date of Mayors of various cities in the County of Los Angeles and other interested persons, to discuss various phases of a proposed bill to create a Rapid Transit District within the County of Los Angeles; that due to a prior engagement he had been unable to attend said meeting but had requested Councilman Swanson to attend in his stead, which Councilman Swanson had done. Councilman Swanson thereupon reported that opposition had been voiced to said bill by representatives of the Cities of Glendale, Burbank, Alhambra, Monrovia, Claremont and Signal Hill; also by a representative of the Miracle Mile Association and by Mr. Ruel Brown, of the League of California Cities; that such opposition was based principally upon the fact that in its present form, said bill would give the City of Los Angeles a majority of voting power on the governing board; that the final decision of the meeting was to present the bill to the Legislature within the next day or two for introduction, final action thereon to be deferred until the second session of the Legislature to permit interested persons to study the bill and thus have an opportunity to voice objections thereto, if any, prior to passage of the bill. After discussion, the Coun::il being disposed to voice objections to the bill in its present form and desiring to have an opportunity so to do, it was moved by Councilman Baker, seconded by Councilman Thompson, the resolution be adopted: following RESOLVED, that the City Clerk be and he is hereby authorized to forward a telegram to Assemblyman Glenn M. Anderson, stating that the City Council of the City of E1 Segundo is assuming that with reference to proposed Rapid Transit legislation, opportunity will be given to voice objections thereto prior to adoption, and that the same will not be adopted at the current session, but will be carried over until the session which will convene after the Constitutional recess; otherwise, the Council would be disposed to oppose adoption at this time. On roll call, the foregoing resolution was adopted by the following vote: Ayes: Councilmen Baker, Peterson, Swanson, Thompson and Mayor Selby. Noes: Councilmen None. Absent: Councilmen None. No further business appearing to be transacted at this meeting, it was moved by Councilman Peterson, seconded by Councilman Swanson, the meeting adjourn. Carried. ' Approved: Respectfully submitted, �� lam^- ✓ �'-6 Mayor. City C -11-